of Adherbigian, made him tributary, and left Efkander a fugitive and a wanderer from province to province. In the 818th year of the Hejirah, he rebuilt the fortrefs or cattle of the city of Herat, called lihtiared. din, which his father had formerly deftroyed, and employed 7000 men to finish the works, and paid them from his own treafure. He aifo rebuilt not only the walls of the city of Herat, but thofe of the city of Merou, which never had been rebuilt fince they had been laid in ruins by the irruptions of Zengis Khan. The eldeft fon of Shahrokh was Ulug Beg, who had the government of Mawarainahar, or province of Tranfoxane, with the Turquef fan. The fecond was Aboul Feth Ibrahim, who governed Perfia in the life-time of his father, for twenty years, and died twelve years before his father, in the year 838. This prince left many works in the city of Schiraz, which have preferved the memory of him; and among them a celebrated madrafiah, or college, known by the name of Dar Alfafa, the house of joy and of pleafurc. Of this prince there are many little poems and infcrip. tions extant; and it was to him that Scharf-ed-din Ali Jezdi, who is reputed to be the moft eloquent of the hiftorians of Perfia, dedicated his book, intitled Dhafer, or Zhafer Namel, the book of victories, or history of Tamerlane, which was written by Tamerlane's defire, in the year of the Hejirah 828. The third fon of Shahrokh was called Mirza Baïfanker or Baïfangor, who died alfo in the life-time of his father, in the year of the Hejirah 837, one year before the death of his brother Ibrahim. This prince left three children, A'lal. doulat, fultan Mahommed Mirza, father of Jadighiar, and Mirza Babor Aboul Caffem, who must be mistaken for another Babor, the fon of Omar Scheïk, and the grandfon of Aboufaïd. All these princes reigned feparately or conjointly, and made dreadful war on each other. The fourth fon of Shahrokh was Soïourgatmifch, who was empowered by his father to command the country of Gaznah and in India. This prince died in the year of the Hejirah 830, before his other two brothers, during the life and reign of Shahrokh his father. The fifth and laft fon of Shahrokh of whom hiftorians make mention, was Mirza Mahommed Gionki, who died in the year of the Hejirah $48, two years before his father. We may obferve here that Mirza Khalib Sultan, the fon of Miran Shah, the third fon of Tamerlane, who followed his ancestor in his expedition to Kathai, and who was prefent at his death, arrived, in the year of the Hejirah 807, in the city of Otrar, feized on the provinces of Tranfoxanes and Turqueftan; and that Shahrokh, his uncle, confirmed him in the poffeffion of them. It happened, however, that one of the lords of his court, by the naine of Houffain Khoudadaud, revolted four years after, feized on the perfun of the prince, kept him prifoner, and invited the king of Mo., gul, called Shamâ-Jehan, to take poffeffion of his eftates. But this prince punished the traitor for his defection, and fent his head to the fultan Shahrokh. Immediately after this execution, Shahrokh arrived at Mawaralnahar, and received the homage of Khalib, who had recovered his liberty. Hc treated him with diftinction, and the reign of the Sultan Houffaïn The literal translation of the A CHARACTER of the GEORGIAN and CIRCASSIAN WOMEN. [From the Travels of G. A. OLIVIER in Turkey, Egypt, and Perfia.] THROUGHOUT the Eaft, much is faid in praife of the beauty of the Georgian and Circaffian women, flaves brought to Conftantinople, and there fold while young, and thence fcattered all over Turkey, in order to ferve in the harems, or produce children to their mafters. Thefe women, from the account which has been given us of them by the female Chriftians of the country who frequent them, and from the fmall number of thofe whom the practice of phyfic has afforded us an opportunity to fee, have European features: almost all are fair, with dark hair; all are finely proportioned when they are young, but they generally acquire, through repofe, good living, and the frequent ufe of baths, an en bon point which conftitutes the delight of the Turks, and which, nevertheless, exceeds the limits of beautiful proportion. The Turks have nearly the fame ideas of the beauty of women as the Europeans, except that, in general, Óne muft not be furprised that But what must excite aftonishment is, that avarice should her. her. And the Chriftian priefts in that country endure and permit this infamous traffic for a few prayers and fome alms: fo true it is, according to them, that there is a way of accommodating matters with heaven. The price of these flaves, in the markets of Conftantinople, varies like that of all merchandize, and is regulated according to their number and that of the purchafers. They commonly coft from 500 to 1000 piaftres, that is, from 1000 to 2000 livres; but a female flave of a rare beauty amounts to an exceffive price, without there being a neceffity of expofing her to fale, because most of the rich men are always ready to make pecuniary facrifices in order to procure fuch for themselves. The men in place, and the ambitious, are likewife eager to purchase them, in order to lay them at the feet of their fovereign, or prefent them to their protectors, and place about them women, who, being indebted to them for their elevation, may endeavour, through gratitude, to contribute to that of their former masters. In no cafe does a female flave fhew herself naked to him who wishes to purchase her; this is contrary to Ottoman decorum and manners but when the is marriageable, it frequently happens that the purchafer fends a matron of his acquaintance to examine her, and afcertain whether he be a virgin. The prejudices of Europe, in re. gard to birth, not being known in the Levant, moft of the Turks marry, without difficulty, their flaves, or give them in marriage to their fons. In like manner they give, without repugnance, their daughters in marriage to the male flaves with whom they are pleafed; they grant them their freedom, and procure them commiffions, employments, or give them money to undertake a trade, or exercife a profeffion. The traffic for flaves was forbidden to the Jews and Chriftians who inhabit Turkey. No one is fuffered to enter the bazar where women are expofed to fale but Muffulmans. Europeans cannot be introduced there without a firmaun of the fultaun, which is granted only to the ambassadors and agents of foreign powers, when they are on the eve of quitting the Ottoman empire. A few days before our departure, we with pleasure availed ourselves of the firmaun which Citizen Carra Saint Cyr obtained, in order to fatisfy our curiofity in that refpect. In company with him, we faw the monuments escaped from barbarifm, time, and fire, the principal, mofques, the madhouses, the menagerie, and the market for female flaves; but whether the traders, apprized of our arrival, had made them retire, or whether this was not the feafon when they are moft numerous, we found few flaves in the bazar, and among thofe that we faw the greater part were veiled and fhut up in their rooms; fo that we could not fee them but for a moment through a window, which was by the fide of the door. We flopped to contemplate three of them, who ftruck us by their beauty and the tears which they fhed. They were tall, well made, and fcarcely fifteen years of age; one of them, with her head and left arm refting against the wall, vented fobs which wrung us to the heart. Nothing could divert her from her profound grief: her companions, leaning the one against the other, were holding each other by the hand while we furveyed them. They They caft on us looks which, doubt. lefs, expreffed their regret at having loft their liberty, at being torn from the arms of a too cruel father and mother, at having been feparated, perhaps, from thofe with whom love and hymen were to unite their fate. The traders, fwayed with ridiculous prejudices, fear the mifchievous looks of Chriftians and Europeans: a woman cannot be feen by them without being depreciated, without running the rifk of being affected by their malignant influence. Befides, these female flaves, ftill Chriftians, may, according to thefe traders, fall fuddenly in love with a man of their own religion, and attempt to make their efcape. They likewife fear that the too great affliction into which the flaves are plunged, by every thing that recalls to their mind recollections extremely dear, may occafion them to fall fick, or bring on a melancholy that may affect their health. The building has nothing re-, markable, and does not correfpond with the beauty of the caravanfaries, which it refembles in point of form and conftruction, nor to that of most of the bazars of the capital. You fee a fuite of fmall naked chambers, which receive the light only by a door and a little grated window, placed on one fide. It is into one of these rooms that the unfortunate creatures who belong to the fame trader are crowded: there it is that each waits till fate throws her into the hands of a man, young or old, robuft or infirm, mild or paffionare, good or bad, in order that the may become his wife or his concubine, or wait on the women of his harem. The negreffes whom commerce draws annually from Ethiopia or Nubia are brought up, as well as the white female flaves, in the religion of Mahomet, and treated with the fame kindness as the others; but being more particularly intended for the fervice of the harems, it feldom happens that they fhare the bed of their master. After a few years fervice, the greater part of them are married to white laves. Being both at liberty, to the hufband is given wherewith to fet up a little fhop, or exercife a profeffion, which may provide for their maintenance. Frequently they are kept in the house without being liberated; the wife ferves, in cafe of neceffity, as a wet nurse to the children of her miftrefs, and continues in the fervice of the harem: the hufband remains about the perfon of his mafter, and performs the fame fervice as before; he follows him in his walks, in his expeditions, and in the journies which his trade renders neceifary. In the Eaft, the women have not yet fufpected that the method to preferve longer their bloom, and enjoy, without interruption, the fafcinating pleafures of fociety, was to draw themfelves from duties the moft facred, by delivering into the hands of a hireling the precious pledges of their marriage. They find the careffes of the infant that they nourish with their milk far more fweet, far more agreeable, than the fmiles of a perfidious and corrupt world. If their mode of life is more fimple, lefs tumultuous, if their pleafures are lefs liv ly, lefs ftriking, they are amply indemnified by the calm of the fentes, by the peace of mind, by the heh they preferve, and by that which they tranfmit to their children. In the Eatt, they are fcarcely acquinted with that multitude of diforders occafioned by the difperfion of milk, thofe latte indurations and fecretions which afflict fo many European women, and carry them off in the flower of their age. If, through any extraordinary caufe, a woman lofe her milk, and find herfelf obliged to have recourfe to a strange nurfe, fhe receives her into her houfe, and caufes her to be treated in the fame refpect, and the fame attention, that the herself receives. Whether Muffulman or Chriftian, it depends on this foftermother no longer to abandon the infant that he has fed with her milk, to continue towards it her maternal care, and to receive all her life, from it or from its parents, marks of the most lively gratitude: it depends on her, in a word, to be incorporated in the family, and to be there confidered and refpected as a fecond mother." Through a luxury advantageous to the indigent, from which, befides, no inconvenience refults, moft of the opulent mothers, in the intention of preferving their en bon point, of repofing more quietly during the night, and of giving a more abundant nourishment to their children, place about them a fecond murfe, charged with the most laborious functions, to fuckle them during the night, to amufe them, and divert their attention during the day but the mother does not, on that account, think herfelf exempted from watching over the health of her child, from feeding it with her milk, from providing for all the wants that it appears to Eave, and from beftowing on it all the care that its age and weakness require. Throughout the Eaft, fterility of women is confidered as one of the greatest misfortunes that can happen to them; independently of a barren woman not obtaining the confidera. tion which he would have enjoyed as mother of a family, fhe finds herfelf almost always neglected by her husband; the fees him pafs into the arms of another woman; the is obliged to fubfcribe to the divorce which he demands; and, to complete her misfortunes, the can fcarcely ever, in fuch a cafe, find a fecond hufband. Befides, fterility prefents with it the idea of an imperfection in the organs, which humiliates her who is the object of it. When the figns of pregnancy do not manifeft themselves a few months after marriage, the wife, in her impatience, never fails to addrefs herfelf to matrons and phyficians, in order to ask them for fome beverage, fome particular recipe that may facilitate and haften the moment of conception. The former prepare peffaries, in which are contained the hotteft and most irritating fubstances, fuch as mufk, amber, bezoar, aloes, cardamum, ginger, pepper, cinna mon, cloves, &c. They at the fame time caufe moft of thefe drugs to be taken as an opiate, or mixed with aliments, at the risk of producing fome inflammation, or fome other diforder more or lefs dangerous. Unlefs the number of children be already confiderable, or the fortune of the husband deranged, if the wife, ftill young, after one or more lyings.in, find too great an interval before the be pregnant, she has recourfe to the fame means, and the employs the fame drugs. The houfes of the Muffulmans are difpofed in fuch a manner that the lodgings of the women is always feparated from that of the men: the former is called harem, or facred place, and the latter felamlik, or habitation of the man. At the houses of the great, there are two piles of buildings which |