by a ferics of defperate efforts, crowned with continual and decifive fuccefs. A fingle difafter muft, in his fituation, be fatal. No fooner was the refolution formed for retreating 'to the north, than it was carried into effect with almost incredible diligence and celerity. Abandoning Derby December 6, their vanguard entered Manchester on the ninth, and on the nineteenth they reached Carlisle; and, after reinforcing the garrifon at that place, the rebel army croffed the rivers Eden and Solway into Scotland, with all their artillery and military ftores, eluding the attempts of both the adverfe armies to intercept them on this memorable march, in which no violence was offered, no outrage or rapine committed, in a country abounding with plunder, and presenting every temptation to the unrestrained indulgence of military rapacity. On the twenty-first of December Carlisle was invested by the duke of Cumberland, who had now affumed the chief command, and surrendered on the thirtieth at diferetion. In the mean time, the prince regent proceeded to Glasgow, from which place he exacted heavy contributions, in revenge for the loyalty they had difplayed in the courfe of the rebellion; after which he invefted the caftle of Stirling, though with little prospect of fuccefs. General Hawley, now at the head of the king's forces in North Britain, marched to Falkirk, in order to relieve this fortrefs by an attack upon the rebels. On the feventeenth of January, 1746, however, the general was himself unexpectedly attacked by them, and, after sustaining for fome time a disorderly and irregular fight, was compelled to a precipitate retreat, not, indeed, fuffering so much lofs as difgrace, it having been customary with him to boast that, with two regiments of dragoons, he would drive the rebel army from one end of the kingdom to the other. The duke of Cumberland in perfon being now arrived at Edinburgh with large reinforcements, took upon him the command, and moving towards Linlithgow, the rebels not only abandoned the fiege of Stirling-caftle, but paffed the Forth

with evident fymptoms of confternation; and the prince pretender ftill continuing to advance northward, the duke of Cumberland, after fecuring the important paffes of Stirling and Perth, advanced to Aberdeen. This changeful drama now drew towards a termination. In the beginning of April, 1746, the duke began his march from Aberdeen, and, on the twelfth, paffed the deep and rapid river Spey, in fight of the advanced posts of the enemy, without oppofition. At Nairne, his royal highness received intelligence that the prince pretender had advanced from Inverness to Culloden, in order to give him battle. On the fixteenth, the duke decamped from Nairne early in the morning, and, after a march of nine miles, perceived the rebel army drawn up in battalia in thirteen divifions. About one in the afternoon the engagement began, and the highlanders attempted, as formerly at Preston-pans, to break the royal troops, by rushing down with their broad-fwords and Lochaber axes ; but being now prepared for this mode of fighting, they received the enemy with fixed bayonets, and kept up a continual firing by platoons, which did prodigious execution. Being thrown into visible disorder, the cavalry of the royal army attacked them in flank, and, in less than thirty minutes, the battle was converted into a general rout; and, orders being iffued to give no quarter, vast numbers were flain in the pursuit. It is even affirmed, that unneceffary and wanton barbarities were committed on the persons and families of the rebels long after the ceffation of refistance; and that the duke of Cumberland fullied the glory of his victory, by difplaying a savage thirst of revenge, and a courage untinctured with the feelings of humanity. As, nevertheless, the temper and conduct of this prince were. upon no other occafion tainted with this imputation, it is reasonable to believe, either that he was tranfported into thefe temporary exceffes by that rage which is fo frequent and horrid a concomitant and characteristic of civil difcord; or that he really conceived these severities to be

meceffary

neceffary for the prevention of farther refiftance on the part of the rebels. The pretender escaped with great difficulty from the field of battle; and after wandering for the space of many months a wretched and folitary fugitive among woods and lakes and mountains, and paffing through a series of the most extraordinary and romantic adventures, to be paralleled only by thofe of king Charles II. after the battle of Worcester, he found means, on the twentieth of September, to embark on board a small veffel, which conveyed him to Morlaix, in Bretagne. The executions which enfued on the fuppreffion of this rebellion feemed much more numerous than the neceffity of the cafe required; and the lords Balmerino, Lovat,* and Kilmarnock, suffered the sentence of decapitation on Tower hill, as did also the earl of Derwentwater, without any form of trial, being arraigned on the sentence paffed against him in 1716. The earl of Cromarty only received a pardon. Both houses of parliament presented addresses of congratulation to his majesty, and of thanks to his royal highness the duke, on this aufpicious occafion. The fum of twenty-five thousand pounds per annum was added, by the house of commons, to the revenue of the duke, now become the idol of the nation, and extolled as equal to the moft illustrious of its heroes.

During these tranfactions in England, the triumphs of marefchal Saxe in Flanders ftill continued. The king of France again taking the field in perfon, invested the city of Antwerp, which surrendered after a very flight resistance. Mons made a better defence, but was compelled to capitulate before the end of June and St. Guislain and Charleroy shared the fate of Mons and Antwerp. On the second of December, 1746, the trenches were opened before Namur,

and,

Lord Lovat, who was of a character infamously profligate, suffered with great dignity and refolution: "So much easier is it," fays fir Dudley Carleton on a fimilar occafion," for a man to die well than to live well."

and, on the twenty-third, that strong and important fortress, after an unavailing effort previously made by the prince of Lorraine, who now commanded the confederate army, for its relief, furrendered to the arms of France. On the thirtieth of September, marefchal Saxe croffed the Jaar, behind which river the allies were pofted, near the village of Roucoux, in order to force them to a battle After an obstinate conflict, in which the prince of Waldeck difplayed heroic bravery, the allies were obliged to abandon their posts with the lofs of five thousand men and thirty pieces of artillery, and retire to Maestricht; and this action terminated the campaign. A fingular instance of presence of mind is recorded on this occafion of the earl of Crawford, who, being attended by his aide-du-camp and a few dragoons, had rode out the morning preceding the battle to reconnoitre the fituation of the enemy, and fell in unexpectedly with one of their advanced guards. The - fergeant who commanded it immediately ordered his men to present their pieces; but the earl, without the flightest emotion, told him there was no occafion for that ceremony, and inquired if he had feen any of the enemy's parties; and, being answered in the negative, replied, "Très bien -tenez vous fur vos gardes-et fi vous etiez attaqué, j'aurai foin que vous foyéz foutenu."* This incident coming to the knowledge of marefchal Saxe, that commander difmiffed an officer on his parole with a complimentary mesfage to the earl, affuring him "that he could not pardon the fergeant for not procuring him the honor of his lordship's company to dinner." The ftates of Holland began now to be seriously alarmed at the progrefs of the French, and declared themselves determined to carry on the war with increase of vigor.

In March 1747, the allied forces took the field under the command of the duke of Cumberland; the prince of Waldeck

• Very well-be upon your guard; and, if you are attacked, I will take care that you fhall be fupported.

Waldeck and the marefchal Bathiani conducting the Dutch and Auftrian troops under him. The whole army amounted to more than one hundred thousand men. But, on account of the unusual inclemency of the weather, marefchal Saxe remained in his cantonments, contenting himself with obftructing the supplies of the allied army, and publicly declaring he would teach the duke of Cumberland, when his forces were fufficiently diminished by hunger and fickness, that it is the firft duty of a general to provide for the health and prefervation of his troops. In April, the French commander detached count Lowendahl, at the head of thirty thousand men, to invade Dutch Flanders; and Sluys, Sas-van-Ghent, and Hulft, were quickly reduced. The French general now prepared for a decent on Zealand; and the whole Dutch nation being feized with extreme confternation, violent popular commotions took place throughout all the provinces. The people at large, ever attached to the house of Orange, and mindful of the important fervices rendered to the republic by that illuftrious family, infifted upon the prince of Orange's being immediately invested with the dignity of ftadtholder; and the states-general not choosing, or not daring, to oppose the general sense of the nation, the prince was on the second day of May, 1747, declared stadtholder, and captain-general and admiral of the united provinces; and, in the course of the enfuing year, the dignity was made hereditary inthe house of Orange. Upon this change in affairs, many fpirited refolutions paffed in the affembly of the States. An augmentation of the army was decreed, the peasants were armed and exercised, inquiries were instituted into the conduct of the governors who had surrendered the towns on the frontier, and hoftilities were denounced against France both by fea and land. Marefchal Saxe, regardless of these internal changes and commotions, advanced with the grand army to Louvaine; and the duke of Cumberland took poft at Laffeldt, near Val, in order to cover the city of Maeftricht.