field than has resulted from conventional acquisition approaches. For the incentive to be widely applicable, the risks and gain. must be satisfactory to both parties. Some carefully directed efforts will be needed to achieve a balance between the price and the uncertainties plus risk. A77-10467 V.P. Pitfalls in reliability program management. E. F. Thomas (General Dynamics Corp., Fort Worth, Tex.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 369-373. Potential pitfalls in reliability program management, which could be avoided if given proper attention during the reliability program planning phase, are discussed. The pitfalls considered are: transition of contract requirements into working paper; weak correction of deficiencies language for nonconformance; the accomplishment of reliability risk assessments; 'subcontracting' within the company; establishing program priorities during design, manufacture, test, and delivery; relevance of reliability predictions as related to product life phases; and the interface between reliability engineering and manufacturing/quality assurance. V.P. A77-10468 Report on reliability design and acquisition management. T. D. Hill and T. A. Musson (USAF, Systems Command, Andrews AFB, Washington, D.C.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 374-377. This paper is a report of the findings, recommendations, and pending implementing actions in the areas of Reliability Design Techniques and Acquisition Reliability Management, resulting from the Joint Logistics Commanders (JLC) Tri-Service Electronics Reliability Workshop held at the Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia, during the period May 5-9, 1975. (Author) A77-10469 Management of electronic equipment reliability. B. Reich and S. Grubman (U.S. Army, Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, N.J.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 378-382. The electronics system reliability workshop discussed resulted in short- and long-term recommendations for an ambitious wide-ranging program which may have a significant impact on the country's defense posture. The objective of the workshop was to identify problem areas and develop recommendations to improve electronic equipment reliability. The recommendations include such immediately implementable actions as: revising reliability test programs to yield 'real world' results; the development of a real-time field reliability reporting system to permit corrections, rather than merely the repair of design differences; and the publishing of revised and new reliability guidance documentation to allow for proper and enforceable contrast provisions. V.P. A77-10470 Integrated analysis of the assurance technologies. H. W. Wynholds (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.) and L. Bass (ECON, Inc., San Jose, Calif.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 394-398. Described is a methodology that enables the Program Manager, through a systematic approach, to appropriately fund and monitor the various product development and mission support activities which support his program. This paper discusses specific considerations and capabilities of the analysis methodology. Included is a tutorial example which illustrates the essential characteristics of Integrated Program Allocation (IPA). (Author) A77-10471 The pay-off of R & M trade-off. P. M. Stafford (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 399-404. USAF-supported research. The objectives of the present paper are: to identify individual tasks which represent the program elements of an R & M (Reliability and Maintainability) management plan; to evaluate the relative importance of each of the program elements in securing anticipated reliability and maintainability levels; and to make trade-off recommendations between R & M program elements while recognizing the inherent risk of such compromise. The trade-off opportunities for the various program elements are summarized in diagrams and tables. It appears from the discussion that these opportunities vary to a great extent with the development life cycle phase of the system. The tabulations presented may be used as a guide in determining where compromises might safely be attempted and where shortcuts may have catastrophic results. V.P. A77-10472 Bayesian reliability assessment from test data. J. E. Wolf (TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, Calif.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 411-419. The general problem of making an assessment of reliability from test data is addressed. The exact calculation of Bayesian confidence limits for any type of system (serial, parallel, bridge, etc.) for test data of any assumed nature (binomial, exponential, etc.) is described for data obtained at the component level and/or system level. A77-10473 (Author) Estimating the reliability of complex systems. J. N. Irwin (Hunting Engineers, Ltd., Ampthill, Beds., England). In: The principles of a technique developed to predict the reliability of complex weapon systems are outlined by applying the technique to an example which employs an over-simplification of a few of the necessary systems to enable a manned spacecraft to carry out a reentry and soft landing. The procedures described are admittedly tedious, but have proved to provide very satisfactory reliability assessments for very complex weapon systems. The advantages of the approach include: the network itself is very useful as a medium for communication and for promoting an understanding of a complex system; the initial runs often reveal unexpected features, leading to system design changes; the combined sampling procedure not only highlights the weaker parts of the design (from the reliability point of view), but also assists in planning adequate component trials. V.P. A77-10474 York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 426-429. A SCRAM system may be defined as a device which is designed to avert accidents by either shutting down or disarming the primary system as soon as a hazard occurs. Examples of SCRAM systems are the shutdown system of a nuclear reactor and a proximity warning device on an airplane. In the present paper, it is proposed that SCRAM systems be evaluated by the value of their inherent effectiveness which is defined as the conditional probability that the protective device will safe a hazard occurring at a time t, given that neither hazards nor any serious SCRAMs have occurred in the interval (0,t). The inherent effectiveness of a SCRAM system is shown to be composed of the eight design characteristics. An optimization methodology is developed for determining the optimal value of each of these characteristics so that they combine together to yield a maximal value of inherent effectiveness for minimum cost. V.P. A77-10476 An advanced development project aimed at improving the reliability of computer software (computer programs and associated data) is discussed, and the methodology developed to attack the problem is described. The first steps are aimed at introducing sound management and engineering practices to the art of computer programming and to develop a new assurance technology for computer software. The assurance technology is explained by first examining the techniques of verification, validation, and certification as they are applied to the test and evaluation of computer software; next, it is shown how these techniques provide technical manage. ment with the information required to determine whether the computer program products that evolve during the software development process are correct with respect to their specifications. Application of these techniques to several projects is reviewed, and the current status of the technology is assessed. V.P. A77-10477 I.C. screening, reliability or ripoff. J. T. Henderson (Gulton Industries, Inc., Albuquerque, N. Mex.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 452-455. The need for Specification Control Drawings (SCD's) on Integrated Circuits (IC's) is akin to the need for SCD's on semiconductors or any other part. The part must be completely defined, and continuous control of it must be maintained. Failure to do so may lead to calamities. A nondefined parameter shift or a noncontrolled parameter change may cause problems. Another need for SCD's is product improvement by weeding out potentially defective units (screening) and by selective tightening or restricting parameter limits (guard-banding). In the present paper the merits of SCD's are outlined. Some potential pitfalls of test methods for semiconductor devices are examined, using the MIL-STD-883A system as an example. The general aspects of obtaining a reliable integrated circuit are discussed. V.P. A77-10478 Comparison of DPA results on electronic components. S. L. Parker and L. A. Lawson (SCI Systems, Inc., Huntsville, Ala.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 456-460. The application of Destruct Physical Analysis (DPA) to diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits of the type currently used in aerospace equipment is discussed. Particular attention is given to the methods of evaluation and to the sample plans. The results, in terms of quantity accepted and rejected, are given for each method of procurement of parts for each type of part. The data presented may prove to be beneficial to both equipment manufacturers and customers for electronic hardware when deciding what type of parts program to specify during the design and development portions of a program. V.P. The Integrated Logistics Support function and its interdependent disciplines such as life cycle costing, reliability and maintainability engineering, spares determination and sparing philosophies is discussed in this paper. This inter-relationship is pursued from a Data Base Management Program (DBMP) viewpoint. The (DBMP) can be applied directly to the optimum design and selection of a system of equipment for a sailing vessel, an aircraft, a computer complex or a large orbiting space station. (Author) A77-10480 Maintainability analysis versus maintenance analysis Interfaces and discrimination. W. R. Downs (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., Huntington Beach, Calif.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 476-481. 19 refs. To clarify the present confusion regarding maintainability engineering and maintenance engineering analyses, the difference between the two is delineated as follows: maintainability engineering is directed at assuring a design performance capability that will permit attaining a required operational capability, while maintenance engineering is directed at assuring a proper integration of the system into the use environment in a manner which assures achieving the predicted system utilization. Both are concerned with minimizing required resources/costs. The differences are identified which must be recognized in order to achieve the objectives of the maintainability engineering program and the interchange of data between the two analyses, which is conducive to reduce program costs. V.P. A77-10482 R&M - Today's heating and cooling vs. solar energy. C. H. Karr (Westinghouse Research and Development Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.) and G. L. Wagner (Westinghouse Electric Corp., Astronuclear Div., Pittsburgh, Pa.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 491-499. 10 refs. The performance data on conventional heating and cooling components discussed include service-call rates, service-call costs, and failure mode types and frequencies which relate to electric and gas air-conditioners, gas and oil furnaces, and heat pumps. This current reliability performance is then extrapolated to a higher-potential future capability. It is shown that certain known failure modes are capable of significant improvement within the present state of the art. By assuming that these obvious problems have been attended to and greatly reduced, an estimate is obtained of how good conventional systems could be in the near future. The study reveals some interesting comparisons, observations, and conclusions concerning reliability and maintenance costs of present conventional systems, improved conventional systems, and candidate solar energy systems. V.P. A77-10483 Interface between maintainability and commercial aircraft spares support. J. E. Losee (Douglas Aircraft Co., Long Beach, Calif.). In: Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., January 20-22, 1976, Proceedings. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 500-503. A review of all aspects of the DC-10 program revealed that a new approach to spares support is imperative if an aircraft and a support system that would be financially attractive in the market place were to be produced. The general methodology currently used by Douglas Aircraft to develop the spare support program for the D-10 is described. V.P. A77-10916 * # Economic benefits of improved meteorological forecasts The construction industry. R. K. Bhattacharyya and J. S. Greenberg (ECON, Inc., Princeton, N.J.). International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 27th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 10-16, 1976, Paper 76-128. 12 p. 10 refs. Research supported by the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan; Contract No. NAS5-20021. Estimates are made of the potential economic benefits accruing to particular industries from timely utilization of satellite-derived six-hour weather forecasts, and of economic penalties resulting from failure to utilize such forecasts in day-to-day planning. The cost estimate study is centered on the U.S. construction industry, with results simplified to yes/no 6-hr forecasts on thunderstorm activity and work/no work decisions. Effects of weather elements (thunderstorms, snow and sleet) on various construction operations are indicated. Potential dollar benefits for other industries, including air transportation and other forms of transportation, are diagrammed for comparison. Geosynchronous satellites such as STORMSAT, SEOS, and SMS/GOES are considered as sources of the forecast data. R.D.V. A77-10920 # Policies for pricing commercially-useful space systems resulting from government programs. J. P. Stein and C. Wolf, Jr. (Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.). International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 27th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct 10-16, 1976, Paper 76-132. 8 p. Policies for pricing commercially-useful systems resulting from government programs include four principal options: (1) marginal cost pricing; (2) average cost pricing; (3) profit-maximizing pricing; and (4) multipart pricing. For efficient resource allocation in the short run, options (1) and (4) are optimal, whereas (2) and (3) are not. This conclusion requires an assumption that externalities and implementation costs are not so different for the several alternatives as to alter the result. Choosing among alternative policies on the basis of long-run efficiency is more complicated and less conclusive, entailing such elusive considerations as public and congressional reactions to operating deficits and shuttle revenues, stimulating technological advance, etc. Finally, the alternatives can be evaluated in terms of distributional criteria: how they affect costs and benefits paid or received by taxpayers, industry, and potential domestic and foreign users of space shuttle services. (Author) A77-10954* # Methods utilized in evaluating the profitability of commercial space processing. H. L. Bloom and P. T. Schmitt (General Electric Co., Valley Forge, Pa.). International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 27th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 10-16, 1976, Paper 76-261. 10 p. NASA-supported research. Profitability analysis is applied to commercial space processing on the basis of business concept definition and assessment and the relationship between ground and space functions. Throughput analysis is demonstrated by analysis of the space manufacturing of surface acoustic wave devices. The paper describes a financial analysis model for space processing and provides key profitability measures for space processed isoenzymes. B.J. A77-10968 # Legal and economic prerequisites to space industrialization. A. M. Dula (Butler, Binion, Rice, Cook, and Knapp, Houston, Tex.). International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 27th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 10-16, 1976, Paper ISL-76-29. 10 p. 10 refs. A survey is conducted regarding the areas of investment which are presently of interest to private industry in connection with space-based manufacturing and research activities. An investigation is carried out concerning the effects of legal regulations, especially tax and intellectual property law, on industry's willingness to invest in space research and manufacturing. It is found that the intellectual property law dramatically affects the willingness of the respondent industries to participate in space industrialization. G.R. A77-11305 # Use of computational models in long-term cost planning (Szamitasi modellek hasznalata hosszu idotavu tervezeseknel). L. Kocsvay (Nehezipari Miniszterium, Budapest, Hungary). Energia es Atomtechnika, vol. 29, May 1976, p. 211-213. In Hungarian. Broad computational models are devised for long-term cost effectiveness planning of power equipment procurement. A stable unchanging price level is entertained in a first approximation, and models with increasing, decreasing, and time-constant cost-level curves are also constructed. A long-term stationary slow rise in price level on a background of market equilibrium, and with conjunctural transient fluctuations abstracted, is considered for inflationary trends. Problems with imports, foreign exchange and currency, and rise in equipment prices because of inflation and lead time in realization of projects are touched upon. A tool-tiedown factor and a cost-rise index are defined. It is claimed that the models lead to great savings in computational labor in working out cost estimates. R.D.V. A77-11307 # Computational techniques applied to power investments /practical programming/ (Az energetikai beruhazasoknal alkalmazott szamitasi modszerek /gyakorlati programozas/). L. Kocsvay. Energia es Atom technika, vol. 29, June 1976, p. 261-272. In Hungarian. A variety of computer-oriented techniques for project control, sequencing and scheduling of operations, and cost optimization, applicable to investment programs for power plants and power equipment, are reviewed. The milestone system, cyclogram system, harmonogram system (process elapsed time and overlapping bands for scheduled operations), and scheduling based on power sources are discussed. Network techniques such as the critical path method, program evaluation and review techniques, and mesh point methods are compared. Difficulties in gaining acceptance for network techniques are mentioned. R.D.V. A77-11311 Co-operation in the European aircraft manufacturing industry and among the scheduled airlines /Brancker Memorial Lecture/. K. Hagrup (Scandinavian Airlines System, Bromma, Sweden; International Chamber of Commerce, Paris, France). Chartered Institute of Transport Journal, vol. 37, May 1976, p. 93-104. Cooperation (rather than competition) as the aviation industry has achieved it in AECMA (European Association of Aerospace Manufacturers), in AEA (Association of European Airlines), in ECAC (European Civil Aviation Conference), in KSSU (KLM, SAS, SWR, UTA) and in ATLAS (Air France, Alitalia, Iberia, Lufthansa, Sabena) and other cooperating groups in Europe is discussed. Particular emphasis is on the EEC commission's proposal regarding extended cooperation and centralization of the aerospace manufacturers and airlines of the EEC. Modifications of the EEC commission's proposal are suggested. B.J. A77-11344* Two major sets of safety problems associated with project scheduling are examined. The first set involves problems resulting from the improper scheduling of the safety tasks. The second involves problems which result from inadequate attention to scheduling of those project tasks which lead to tests and operations and includes condensed schedules, modified schedules, schedule workarounds, eliminated portions of the schedules and strung out schedules. B.J. A77-11584 # Spacelab A new era in communications R & D Project Management. C. E. Cheeseman (General Electric Co., Space Div., Philadelphia, Pa.). (European Industrial Space Study Group, U.S.-European Conference, 6th, Monte Carlo, Monaco, Oct. 13-16, 1975.) British Interplanetary Society, Journal, vol. 29, Nov. 1976, p. 695-708. The technical, managerial, and sponsorship aspects of some Spacelab communications payloads are discussed. It is seen that, as with all revolutionary new capabilities, major reconstructing of techniques and methods will be necessary to capitalize on the opportunities provides by Spacelab. The transition must begin several years before the first Spacelab flight. Government and industry must begin immediately to develop their joint programs and individual projects. The charges for experimenting must be defined to allow R & D choices to be made by the private sector, and the involved questions of government and industry must be addressed. In addition, hardware guidelines and constraints must be established to ensure the safety of the Orbiter, Spacelab, and crew and to reduce to a minimum the associated preparation costs to a potential use of Spacelab. V.P. A77-11587 # The potential of Spacelab for space applications missions and the organisation for its use. A. Lebeau, D. J. Shapland, and J. Collet (ESA, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France). (European Industrial Space Study Group, U.S.-European Conference, 6th, Monte Carlo, Monaco, Oct. 13-16, 1975.) British Interplanetary Society, Journal, vol. 29, Nov. 1976, p. 729-742. Some characteristic features of Spacelab design are examined, with particular reference to the pressurized module that provides a working laboratory environment, and the unpressurized pallet that permits direct exposure to the space environment. The ways in which mission flexibility and adaptability to a range of configurational and mission requirements were achieved are outlined, and the modular approach adopted in the design is illustrated. Spacelab missions, applications, and the respective payloads are discussed, and the mode of Spacelab usage and control is described. The part played by the European Space Agency in the Spacelab project is emphasized. V.P. A77-12248 # How construction times of power stations affect investment costs (Eromuvi beruhazasok atfutasidejenek koltsegkihatasa). L. Kocsvay (Nehezipari Miniszterium, Budapest, Hungary). Energia es Atomtechnika, vol. 29, Oct. 1976, p. 468-471. In Hungarian. A worldwide trend of increasing power station investment costs is noted, and the effect of lengthening of construction times and construction delays on investment costs is assessed. The combined effect of price increases and of funding over a 6-8 year construction period is investigated as an example. Additional labor costs and labor overtime costs, inflationary rises in labor costs and materials costs, accumulations in interest payments, and price-moderating trends connected with increases in labor and machine productivity, intensified mechanization of construction work, and improvements in project planning are dealt with. R.D.V. A77-13330 Managing by exception in space systems operation.G. J. Winchell (USAF, Offutt AFB, Neb.). Defense Management Journal, vol. 12, Oct. 1976, p. 64-68. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) has been one of the more successful U.S. space programs. The 4000th Aerospace Applications Group of the U.S. Air Force's Strategic Air Command, nicknamed the Four Grand, maintains command and control of the DMSP's on-orbit satellites. The group has combined the functions of operational control, technical manual preparation, system training, limited procurement, and design and development engineering of both hardware and software into a relatively small organization of approximately 200 people. Attention is given to aspects of data flow, the organizational structure of the Four Grand, and lessons provided by the experience of the Four Grand with the DMSP. G.R. A77-13364 Attention is extended from focus on civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering aspects of airport consultants' work to concern with risk capital financing, resources deployment, road vehicle traffic projections in the vicinity of airports, environmental problems, noise levels, expediting of passenger traffic (including: luggage searches, mobile lounges, etc.), and cost studies. The volume and nature of airport consultancy business in Britain are discussed. Construction supervision, the local social and political setting, and the international setting are also viewed as major concerns. R.D.V A77-13777 # Planning and installation of an information center on fatigue and associated aspects at the LBF. O. Buxbaum (Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Laboratorium für Betriebsfestigkeit, Darmstadt, West Germany). In: Problems with fatigue in aircraft; Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium and Colloquium, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2-5, 1975. Emmen, Switzer land, Eidgenössisches Flugzeugwerk, 1975, p. 5.1/1-5.1/5. The considered information center is to serve the needs of industry and research in providing up-to-date and critically analyzed technical information related to fatigue phenomena and the fatigue behavior of materials. In 1974 a predesign study concerning the information center was conducted, taking into account the group of potential users, the type of information expected, the scope of the literature of fatigue, organizational aspects, and financial questions. The results of the study are briefly discussed. G.R. A77-12455 York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975, p. 731-733. 5 refs. All project managers strive for cost and schedule realism. The Department of the Army has established a novel concept called the 'Total Risk Assessing Cost Estimate (TRACE)' to develop a new program cost-estimation procedure for research, development, test and evaluation cost realism. Such a procedure properly accommodates program uncertainties/risks inherent to specific work elements, and the high-risk work elements are budgeted accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to propose such a procedure which subscribes to a risk analysis approach and satisfies the essential elements of the TRACE concept. The procedure consists of two models: a cost impact model and a schedule variance model. Applications of the procedure to the NASA/Army Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft Project are also presented for illustration. (Author) A77-14550 # The future of safety in general aviation. B. W. Silver. A/AA Student Journal, vol. 14, Fall 1976, p. 12-15. The point is made that the level of safety in general aviation is not good, and that a good deal of the problem lies in the FAA certification process itself. It is argued that this process is not conducive to technically oriented, impartial engineering evaluation of the safety of small aircraft designs. The 'Delegation Option Authorization', whereby the FAA assigns the responsibility for type certification of new aircraft designs to the directors of the nine regional FAA offices, who in turn can pass the responsibility on to the manufacturer, has a built-in conflict of interest, since it essentially permits the manufacturer to certify his own products. It is unfortunate that lawsuits arising from aircraft accidents are becoming a greater enforcer of safety, in some respects, than design regulations. P.T.H. A77-14600 # Operations research model for investments scheduling in the transportation industry (Modele economico matematice de etapiaare a investitulor in transporturi). I. Cuncev (Institutul de Cercetari si Proiectari Tehnologice in Transporturi, Bucharest, Rumania). Revista Transporturilor si Telecomunicatiilor, vol. 3, no. 5, 1976, p. 412-417. 5 refs. In Rumanian. Estimates are made of the potential economic benefits accruing to particular industries from timely utilization of satellite-derived six-hour weather forecasts, and of economic penalties resulting from failure to utilize such forecasts in day-to-day planning. The cost estimate study is centered on the U.S. construction industry, with results simplified to yes/no 6-hr forecasts on thunderstorm activity and work/no work decisions. Effects of weather elements (thunderstorms, snow and sleet) on various construction operations are indicated. Potential dollar benefits for other industries, including air transportation and other forms of transportation, are diagrammed for comparison. Geosynchronous satellites such as STORMSAT, SEOS, and SMS/GOES are considered as sources of the forecast data. R.D.V. A77-10920 # Policies for pricing commercially-useful space systems resulting from government programs. J. P. Stein and C. Wolf, Jr. (Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.). International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 27th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct 10-16, 1976, Paper 76-132. 8 p. Policies for pricing commercially-useful systems resulting from government programs include four principal options: (1) marginal cost pricing; (2) average cost pricing; (3) profit-maximizing pricing; and (4) multipart pricing. For efficient resource allocation in the short run, options (1) and (4) are optimal, whereas (2) and (3) are not. This conclusion requires an assumption that externalities and implementation costs are not so different for the several alternatives as to alter the result. Choosing among alternative policies on the basis of long-run efficiency is more complicated and less conclusive, entailing such elusive considerations as public and congressional reactions to operating deficits and shuttle revenues, stimulating technological advance, etc. Finally, the alternatives can be evaluated in terms of distributional criteria: how they affect costs and benefits paid or received by taxpayers, industry, and potential domestic and foreign users of space shuttle services. (Author) A77-10954* # Methods utilized in evaluating the profitability of commercial space processing. H. L. Bloom and P. T. Schmitt (General Electric Co., Valley Forge, Pa.). International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 27th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 10-16, 1976, Paper 76-261. 10 p. NASA-supported research. Profitability analysis is applied to commercial space processing on the basis of business concept definition and assessment and the relationship between ground and space functions. Throughput analysis is demonstrated by analysis of the space manufacturing of surface acoustic wave devices. The paper describes a financial analysis model for space processing and provides key profitability measures for space processed isoenzymes. B.J. A77-10968 # Legal and economic prerequisites to space industrialization. A. M. Dula (Butler, Binion, Rice, Cook, and Knapp, Houston, Tex.). International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 27th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 10-16, 1976, Paper ISL-76-29. 10 p. 10 refs. A survey is conducted regarding the areas of investment which are presently of interest to private industry in connection with space-based manufacturing and research activities. An investigation is carried out concerning the effects of legal regulations, especially tax and intellectual property law, on industry's willingness to invest in space research and manufacturing. It is found that the intellectual property law dramatically affects the willingness of the respondent industries to participate in space industrialization. G.R. A77-11305 # Use of computational models in long-term cost planning (Szamitasi modellek hasznalata hosszu idotavu tervezeseknel). L. Kocsvay (Nehezipari Miniszterium, Budapest, Hungary). Energia es Atomtechnika, vol. 29, May 1976, p. 211-213. In Hungarian. Broad computational models are devised for long-term cost effectiveness planning of power equipment procurement. A stable unchanging price level is entertained in a first approximation, and models with increasing, decreasing, and time-constant cost-level curves are also constructed. A long-term stationary slow rise in price level on a background of market equilibrium, and with conjunctural transient fluctuations abstracted, is considered for inflationary trends. Problems with imports, foreign exchange and currency, and rise in equipment prices because of inflation and lead time in realization of projects are touched upon. A tool-tiedown factor and a cost-rise index are defined. It is claimed that the models lead to great savings in computational labor in working out cost estimates. R.D.V. A77-11307 # Computational techniques applied to power investments /practical programming/ (Az energetikai beruhazasoknal alkalmazott szamitasi modszerek /gyakorlati programozas/). L. Kocsvay. Energia es Atomtechnika, vol. 29, June 1976, p. 261-272. In Hungarian. A variety of computer-oriented techniques for project control, sequencing and scheduling of operations, and cost optimization, applicable to investment programs for power plants and power equipment, are reviewed. The milestone system, cyclogram system, harmonogram system (process elapsed time and overlapping bands for scheduled operations), and scheduling based on power sources are discussed. Network techniques such as the critical path method, program evaluation and review techniques, and mesh point methods are compared. Difficulties in gaining acceptance for network techniques are mentioned. R.D.V. A77-11311 Co-operation in the European aircraft manufacturing industry and among the scheduled airlines /Brancker Memorial Lecture/. K. Hagrup (Scandinavian Airlines System, Bromma, Sweden; International Chamber of Commerce, Paris, France). Chartered Institute of Transport Journal, vol. 37, May 1976, p. 93-104. Cooperation (rather than competition) as the aviation industry has achieved it in AECMA (European Association of Aerospace Manufacturers), in AEA (Association of European Airlines), in ECAC (European Civil Aviation Conference), in KSSU (KLM, SAS, SWR, UTA) and in ATLAS (Air France, Alitalia, Iberia, Lufthansa, Sabena) and other cooperating groups in Europe is discussed. Particular emphasis is on the EEC commission's proposal regarding extended cooperation and centralization of the aerospace manufacturers and airlines of the EEC. Modifications of the EEC commission's proposal are suggested. B.J. A77-11344* Two major sets of safety problems associated with project scheduling are examined. The first set involves problems resulting from the improper scheduling of the safety tasks. The second involves problems which result from inadequate attention to scheduling of those project tasks which lead to tests and operations and includes condensed schedules, modified schedules, schedule workarounds, eliminated portions of the schedules and strung out schedules. B.J. A77-11584 # Spacelab A new era in communications R & D Project Management. C. E. Cheeseman (General Electric Co., Space Div., Philadelphia, Pa.). (European Industrial Space Study Group, U.S.-European Conference, 6th, Monte Carlo, Monaco, Oct. 13-16, 1975.) British Interplanetary Society, Journal, vol. 29, Nov. 1976, p. 695-708. The technical, managerial, and sponsorship aspects of some Spacelab communications payloads are discussed. It is seen that, as with all revolutionary new capabilities, major reconstructing of techniques and methods will be necessary to capitalize on the opportunities provides by Spacelab. The transition must begin several years before the first Spacelab flight. Government and industry must |