to 7 and 8 fathoms, until past Brandywine. When Cross Ledge Light shows white you are clear of Brandywine Shoal. From Brandywine to Buoy of the Middle, your course on the flood tide is NNW. W.; on ebb tide NNW. distance 15 miles. When in 7 fathoms of water the lighthouse bearing E., steer the course according to the tide as given, carrying 5 and 6 fathoms of water until abreast Fourteen Foot Bank Lighthouse, on the west side of the channel, marking the location of what is called Fourteen Foot Bank. When abreast of Fourteen Foot Bank Light keep Brandywine Light showing white which will guide you clear of Cross Ledge Shoals. In keeping the channel the Fourteen Foot Bank Lighthouse is left to the westward. (This light shows fixed during alternate periods of 14 and 40 seconds, separated by eclipses of 3 seconds' duration, while between the bearings NNW. through E. to SSE.E. (from seaward), and red throughout the remaining sector, covering the Brown Shoal to the southward, and Joe Flogger Shoal to the northward. Fog signal, (Daboll trumpet, blasts 5 seconds, intervals 25 seconds.) N. by W. W. 14 miles from the lighthouse is a spar buoy in 3 fathoms of water marking the lower end of Joe Flogger Shoal. As this shoal is of hard sand, nearly dry in places at low water, and rises quickly from 3 and 4 fathoms along most of its length of 15 miles, it should be approached cautiously.

In 4 fathoms water is a first-class nun buoy (replaced during winter by an iron ice buoy) painted red, marking western edge of Miah Maull Shoal, and starboard side of channel. Two and three-fourths miles NW. from Miah Maull Shoal Buoy is a black spar buoy, No 11A in 24 feet of water, marking the swash channel across Joe Flogger to the westward into Blake's channel, 12 miles N. by E. E. of No. 11A buoy, is the lighthouse on Cross Ledge Shoal. (This is a frame building on a granite pier, near the lower end of the shoal. Fixed white light during periods of 17 seconds, separated by eclipses of 3 seconds' duration, from NNW. through W. to SE. by S. (from seaward), and red through the remaining sector visible 13 miles. In foggy weather a bell is sounded at intervals of 10 seconds. Channel soundings 5 to 7 fathoms, soft bottom, and to the westward until approaching Cross Ledge Buoy, No. 14, when the eastern side has soft bottom, and west side getting harder. When abreast of Cross Ledge, keep Ship John Shoal Light showing as a white light, which will guide you clear of Cross Ledge Shoal. Two and one-quarter miles above the lighthouse is a gas buoy, showing a white light, buoy painted red (replaced during the winter by an iron ice buoy), in 42 fathoms of water, marking the elbow of Cross Ledge Shoal on the east side of the channel. One and five-eighths miles N. by W. from this buoy is a first-class nun buoy, red, (replaced during winter by an iron ice buoy), moored in 24 feet water, on the eastern side of the channel. Mahon River Light at mouth of Mahon River, west side of Delaware Bay, Delaware. Fixed white light, with two red sectors, the lower one between the bearings W. 5-16 N. and W. S., about 14 degrees (one and one-quarter points of the compass). The S. edge of the sector marks about 750 feet above the Elbow of Ledge Buoy (red, No. 14), and the N. edge marks the Cross Ledge Buoy No. 143. The upper one between the bearings SSW. W. and SSW. W., and marks the locality of Joe Flogger Shoal (upper end) Buoy, No. 13, black spar, and the northerly entrance to Blake Channel. The white light is visible 13 miles. From abreast Cross Ledge Buoy. No. 141, the course past Bombay Hook, and ranging the Port Penn Lights to Baker Shoal Buoy, is NW. N. on the flood, and NW. by N. on the ebb. Distance to Bombay Hook, 9 miles, and 113 miles farther to Baker Buoy. About 3 miles above Cross Ledge Buoy, No. 142, in 17 feet of water is a red nun buoy (replaced during winter by an iron ice buoy), on eastern side of the channel and marking the western edge of the shoal, making out from Ben Davis Point. About 5 miles above Cross Ledge Buoy, No. 14, is a black spar buoy in 24 feet water marking the northern end of Joe Flogger Shoal and the western side of channel. The western edge of the ship channel along Joe Flogger Shoal, between Joe Flogger Buoy, No. 9 (lower end), and Joe Flogger Buoy, No. 13 (upper end), is marked by three black buoys, Nos. 11, 11A, and 11B. N. W. distant 2 miles from black spar buoy (upper end of Joe Flogger), is the Ship John Shoal Lighthouse, an iron building in 8 feet of water on the east side of channel. (Shows fixed light during periods of 10 seconds, separated by eclipses of 5 seconds' duration, white from NNW. & W. through W. to SE. & S.

from seaward, and red throughout the remaining sector, visible about 13 miles. Building painted brown. In foggy weather a bell will be struck 3 blows in quick succession at intervals of 45 seconds.) Between the Ship John Shoal Lighthouse and Joe Flogger Shoal, the flood tide tends towards Cohansey Lighthouse, and the ebb sets across the Joe Flogger in the direction of Deep Water Point, WNW. About 1 miles from the Ship John Shoal Lighthouse is a black spar buoy in 5 fathoms, hard bottom, marking the eastern edge of Bombay Hook bar, which is steep to, and in places has but 5 feet water on it. When Cross Ledge Light shows white it guides clear of Ship John Shoal. Ship John Shoal Light showing white, guides clear of shoals on eastern side of channel above it. When it changes to red, it indicates

that you are running too near these shoals.

Cohansey Lighthouse.-A white frame dwelling standing on iron piles; top of lantern red. Situated on the New Jersey shore, bearing ENE. † E. from Bombay Hook Buoy, and NNE. 2 miles from Ship John Shoal Lighthouse. The channel here, between the Joe Flogger and Ship John Shoals, is about 1 mile wide, and care must be taken on leaving it, as on either side the water shoals quickly from 5 and 3 fathoms to 9 and 8 feet until past Arnold's Point. Four and five-eighth miles from Bombay Hook Buoy is Bombay Hook Lighthouse, a white brick building, lantern red, showing fixed white light, 14 miles from the western side of the channel. Opposite this lighthouse and on the eastern side of the channel is a red spar buoy in 18 feet water, marking the western edge of shoal off Arnold's Point. Just above Arnold's Point Buoy, the cut through Duck Creek Flats will be reached. This cut is marked with three spar buoys, two at the lower entrance, 18A on the starboard side and 15A on the port side, 15B marks the northerly end of cut port side. After passing Bombay Hook Lighthouse and up to Liston's Point, a distance of 3 miles, the soundings are 34 to 34 fathoms, and is the least water to be found in the Delaware channel between Cape Henlopen and Fort DelaFrom Liston's Point steer up for the range light at Port Penn, the front light fixed white during periods of 2 seconds separated by eclipses of 1 second's duration. The rear light is fixed white, keeping the rear or higher light open to the eastward of the lower light about point until near up to Ridge buoy, black No. 17, on the western side of channel, where the Reedy Island Range will be taken up and followed until up to Baker Shoal, which is marked by a spar buoy painted red, in 21 feet water, placed on the western point of the shoal above Stony Point, and is nearly abreast the turning point on the east side of channel. When near this buoy the lights on Finns Point, the front light fixed white during periods of 2 seconds separated by eclipses of 1 second's duration, the rear light fixed white, will come in range. Steer up for them about N. by E. water deepen ing when past Reedy Island to 5, 7 and 9 fathoms, soft and sticky bottom. Reedy Island (Front) Range.-Fixed light, during periods of 7 seconds, separated by eclipses of 1 second duration :

ware.

Thirty-six feet above sea level, on white dwelling, with lead-colored trimmings and green shutters. On the lower end of Reedy Island visible 11 miles. The light shows white from N. by E. E. to N. E.; in this sector the part covering Reedy Island and that portion of the river lying to the westward of the island the light is somewhat obscured. Between N. by E. E. and N. E., the part covering the dike, the light shows red (from seaward). Fog signal is a bell struck by machinery at intervals of 15 seconds.

The dike extending to the southward from the south end of Reedy Island, Delaware River, is covered by a narrow sector in this light in which the light shows red. The sector lies between N. by E. E. and N. E. (from seaward). Vessels bound into Reedy Island Harbor from the southward will keep the Port

Penn Ranges on, passing through the red cut in this light until reaching a white light, when they will be clear of the end of the dike, and are free to stand up the harbor.

Reedy Island (Rear) Range.-Fixed white light in the village of Port Penn, nearly 1 1-16 miles N. by W. in rear of Reedy Island front. Black, triangular, pyramidal, skeleton, iron tower; the upper 40 feet of its channel face covered with a day mark of horizontal slats. A white one-story frame dwelling, with lead-colored trimmings, green shutters and brown roof, just to the southward of the tower. This light and Reedy Island front in range intersects with the Port Penn Range line near Ridge Buoy, No. 17, black, and with the Finns Point Range line nearly abreast Baker Shoal Buoy, No. 20. The range should be used between the points of intersection, and vessels should not pass to the westward of it. When nearly up to the red and black spar buov, in 18 feet water, near the lower end of Pea Patch Shoals, the lights below Newcastle, the front light fixed white during periods of 2 seconds, separated by eclipses of 1 second's duration, the rear light fixed white, will come in range, bearing nearly NNW. Steer for them, keeping the detached tower (front) on with the rear or high light when the range line is followed. Go between the red spar buoy off Finns Point, on the east side of the channel, and the black spar buoy on the lower end of Bulkhead Shoals, soundings 5 to 6 fathoms, hard bottom. Deep draught, vessels will take care to pass from the Newcastle to Deep Water Point Ranges, to eastward of their intersections, and about halfway between the red nun buoy (replaced during winter by an iron ice buoy), Goose Island Flats and the black spar, marking the bight of the bulkhead. A red cut in the Finns Point rear light marks the Bulkhead Shoals, and will assist vessels in judging of the proper point at which to commence the turn at this locality. Vessels running on the ranges established here, when nearing the buoys next above or below the turning buoy, will see a faint reddish light shown from Finns Point rear tower; when abreast of either of these buoys the light will appear a bright red. The red light indicates the points at which the turn should commence.

Having passed the gas buoy showing a white light, buoy painted red (replaced during the winter by an iron ice buoy) in 18 feet water, on the western edge of Goose Island Flats (channel soundings 4 fathoms, soft bottom), and half-way between it and the black spar buoy (in 17 feet water), marking the bight of Bulkhead Shoal on the western side of channel, the lights of Deep Water Point, the front light fixed white during periods of 2 seconds, separated by eclipses of 1 second's duration, the rear light fixed white, will then be in range. Vessels of deep draught are cautioned not to go to the eastward of Deep Water Point Range when opposite the upper Bulkhead Buoy. Steer for the range lights on Deep Water Point until you bring the Cherry Island Flats range lights in line, leaving the red and black striped spar buoy, in 18 feet water, on the upper end of Bulkhead Shoal, on the port hand passing the lighthouse (fixed white on a dwelling house), at the mouth of Christiana Creek, and fixed white light on a post near end of pier. On Cherry Island Flats there are places with but 3 feet of water.

Cherry Island Flat Range Lights on the Delaware shore, mark the cut through Cherry Island Flats, and intersect the Deep Water Point Range in deep water. Front light fixed white, during periods of 2 seconds, separated by eclipses of 1 second's duration, on tower painted white, with black lantern on pier near lowwater line. Rear light fixed white on a tower, attached to a dwelling painted white with black lantern. The beacons in range mark the middle of the cut, and vessels can stand on, until abreast of the first class red spar buoy marking the east side of the upper end of the cut, showing where vessels should leave the Cherry Island Range and take the natural channel of the river until nearly abreast of Seventeen Foot Knoll Buoy, where the light in Cherry Island front light station will show red, and intersect with the Schooner Ledge Range Lights at a point to the westward of Seventeen Foot Knoll Buoy, indicating where to leave and take up the Schooner Ledge Range lights.

Grubbs Landing Light-A fixed red light on end of a wharf below Grubbs Landing, Delaware, westerly side of the Delaware River, and below Seventeen Foot Knoll Buoy marks, approximately, the point at which vessels should take or leave the lower end of the Schooner Ledge Range line.

Seventeen Foot Knoll.-A spar buoy painted red marks the lower end of Marcus Hook Shoal and the junction of the channel leading to Raccoon Creek, with the main channel on the New Jersey side of the river.

Half way between Marcus Hook and Chester is a ledge of rocks (Schooner Ledge) having 17 feet of water on them. Three spar buoys, two red and one black mark their location and extent. There is a good channel to the westward of the rocks.

Schooner Ledge Range Lights mark the channel through Schooner Ledge. The front light fixed white during periods of 2 seconds, separated by eclipses of 1 second's duration, is shown from a lantern on the top of a house built on screw piles, and the rear one from an iron tower.

The Schooner Ledge Range intersects, in deep water, the continuation of line joining the front light Cherry Island Range and Christiana Light, and is available from just below Seventeen Foot Knoll Buoy, No. 34, to its intersection with Tinicum Island Range. Vessels must be careful not to pass beyond these intersections.

Near 1 mile above Chester, on the west side of channel is a red and black striped spar buoy, in 20 feet water, marking the lower end of Tinicum Island Spit. Keep midway between it and the red spar buoy (in 18 feet water), or east side of channel and on upper end of Chester Bar Flats.

Tinicum Island and Fort Mifflin Bar Ranges.-The Tinicum Island and Fort Mifflin Bar Range Lights are on the New Jersey Shore, near Billingsport. They consist of a group of three lights, one of them Billingsport front, answering the purpose of a front beacon to each range. The Tinicum Island Range intersects the Schooner Ledge Range, and a vessel can pass directly from the latter to the former. The front light is shown from a detached open framework tower about 50 feet from the dwelling, painted white, and the rear one from an iron tower painted brown. The rear range light of the Fort Mifflin Bar cut is shown from a detached pyramidal wooden tower in front of dwelling. A vessel passing up the river with the Schooner Ledge Ranges on ahead will change her course when she brings the Tinicum Island Range Lights in line; she will stand for them, keeping on that course until the rear Fort Mifflin Bar Light comes in sight, when she will put her helm to starboard and swing around and bring the Fort Mifflin Bar Cut Lights in range, astern. A vessel bound down the river, with the Fort Mifflin Bar Ranges ahead, will, when the rear Tinicum Island Light comes in view, put her helm to port, and swing around so as to bring the Tinicum Island Ranges on asThe front light of this group of ranges is fixed white during periods of 2 seconds, separated by eclipses of 1 second's duration, and both the rear lights fixed red.

tern.

Fort Mifflin Fog Signal Station open frame bell-tower on the parapet just back of the dock at Fort Mifflin, west side of the Delaware River. Fog signal is a bell struck by machinery at intervals of 15 seconds.

Horseshoe Shoal Range Light.--The lights are in two groups, each group consists of 3 lights--a rear light, fixed white, shown from a detached tower, and 2 front lights, one fixed white and the other fixed red, shown from small frame structure, 10 feet high, corresponding in color to the colors of the lights.

The first or lower of these groups is on Fort Mifflin Reservation, about mile above the fort.

The second or upper group is in Howell Cove, about 2 miles below Gloucester, New Jersey.

The Fort Mifflin Bar Cut Range can be held in going up the river to its intersection with the West Group Horseshoe Range, which being brought over the stern, can be held until the red or lower front light of the east group of the Horseshoe Ranges is on with the white rear light of that group. A change of course of 3 points to port will here be made, bringing the East Group Range of 2 white lights on over the stern. The latter is the last range of the Delaware River Ranges going up and carries to Philadelphia.

In coming down the river the East Group Range of 2 white lights will be kept on ahead until the upper or red front light of the west group is on with the white rear light of the group, when a change of 3 points to starboard will be made, bringing the 2 white lights of the west group in range ahead, and this range can be held until its intersection with Fort Mifflin Bar Cut Range.

Channel to the Eastward of Cherry Island Flats, Above Wilmington Creek.

The soundings in the channel to the eastward of Cherry Island Flats are from 31 to 3 fathoms. After passing the 2 red spar buoys on the eastern side of the channel and the black spar buoy (in 16 feet water) on east side of shoal about midway its length, follow the New Jersey shore line with small increase of depth of water until past the red and black spar buoy (in 18 feet water) on the upper end of the flats. After passing this buoy the best water is off the western shore, leaving the buoys to the eastward, and carrying four and five fathoms, soft bottom, up past Marcus Hook.

SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR ENTERING THE BAY BY CAPE MAY CHANNELS.-Run along the land in about 5 fathoms of water, or 1 miles from the shore, passing outside of Eph's shoal. When Cape May Lighthouse bears NNW. bring the Cape May Spit buoy No. 2 ahead, and steer for it, leaving it close on starboard hand in passing. Steer NW. N. till up with red buoy No. 6, leaving it and buoy 4 on starboard hand; then steer NW. leaving North Shoal buoy, black, No. 1, and Mummy Shoal buoy, red and black horizontal stripes, on the port hand, and Crow Shoal buoy, red, No. 8, on starboard hand, passing close to on either side of upper entrance channel buoy, leaving No. 10 buoy, opposite Brandywine Shoal, on starboard hand. The best water over bar at entrance to this channel is 15 feet.

If wishing to enter Main Ship Channel after passing upper entrance buoy, steer WNW. W., leaving Brandywine Shoal buoy, lower, No. 6, red on starboard hand.

To pass through the "Through" channel to the Breakwater, bring Bay Shore Life Saving Station to bear NE. N.; then steer SW. S., passing North Shoal buoy on port hand, and Mummy Shoal buoy on starboard hand, until the Through buoy bears SSW., then steer for it, passing close to on either side; thence SW. by W. for Delaware Breakwater rear lighthouse until out in main channel.

If bound up Bay Shore channel, after passing North Shoal buoy, No. 1, steer N.E., leaving Crow Shoal buoy on port hand.

NOTE.-For further directions relative to entering the Capes of the Delaware, and of Buoyage of Delaware Bay and River, see Buoy List for 1900, a copy of which, or of the latest Lighthouse List, any shipmaster can obtain, free of charge, upon application to the Branch Hydrographic Office, Bourse Building, Fourth Street above Chestnut, or at the office of the Lighthouse Inspector, Rooms 30 and 31 (fourth floor), Post Office Building, Ninth and Chestnut streets.