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has a twist sufficient to turn the projectile 3 times in the length of the gun; the projectile is a little more than 3 diameters in length, a double truncated cone in form, and grooved to fit the gun. Its range is very great, the 3-inch gun, with a charge of 24 pounds, throwing its projectile 5 miles.

WHOOPING COUGH, an affection characterized by paroxysms of convulsive cough, accompanied by short and sudden acts of noisy expiration, followed by a long and whooping inspiration; it is the chincough of the English, the pertussis of Sydenham, and the coqueluche of the French. It regularly occurs but once in the life of an individual, and generally during infancy or childhood; but it has been known to attack a person twice, and adults and even aged people not unfrequently have it. It does not appear to have been distinguished from catarrhal affections until about the 18th century, and it is almost exclusively confined to temperate and cold regions. It begins with the symptoms of ordinary catarrh, which continue 5 or 10 days, after which the convulsive character of the cough becomes manifest, at intervals of from half an hour to 4 hours; the paroxysm is attended with the signs of threatened suffocation, lividity and swelling of the face and neck, fulness of the eyes, quick pulse, and extreme agitation; at the end of a few minutes, more or less, the coughing ceases on the vomiting of food or tough mucus; in severe cases there may be discharges of blood from the nose and mouth, and even fits of faintness. When the whoop is established, the catarrhal symptoms diminish or disappear, the fever is very slight, and the child may be lively, with good appetite, and apparently well in the intervals of the paroxysms; after 3 or 4 weeks, in the most favorable cases, the cough becomes looser and milder, with longer intervals, and finally ceases in 2 or 3 months, though recovery may be much delayed by unpleasant weather or exposure to cold.-Simple whooping cough runs its limited time, not amenable to medical treatment, and rarely, if ever, is fatal; but its complications of pulmonary and cerebral disease may destroy life, or leave behind various marks of irritation and inflammation in the lungs and brain, while the simple disease leaves no trace which throws light upon its nature; it is generally classed, however, among the neuroses. It may occur at all seasons of the year, sometimes epidemically, is unquestionably often communicated by infection, and its causes are entirely unknown. The whoop and the paroxysmal character of the cough prevent this disease from being confounded with any other. In simple cases the prognosis is favorable, but its complications in teething, unhealthy, or recently weaned children are dangerous and frequently fatal. In uncomplicated whooping cough the treatment consists, in the first stage, of that proper for ordinary catarrh, with gentle laxatives and emetics, low diet, simple expectorants, and confinement in a well

ventilated, moderately warm room; careful watch must be kept for pulmonary inflammation, which must be met at once by appropriate remedies. When the second or paroxysmal stage has been fairly established, with diminution of fever, return of appetite, and an approach to health during the intervals, a change of air from the city to the country, and vice versa, with antispasmodics and expectorants, will complete the cure; quinine and other tonics are sometimes useful when the convalescence is slow. Complications, of course, require the treatment suited to their character; the most dangerous of these are bronchitis, pneumonia, and convulsions from hydrocephalus. Belladonna is regarded by many physicians as the best remedy for the spasmodic symptoms of this disease. Dr. Horace Green has treated it successfully by the local application of nitrate of silver to the mouth of the larynx.

WHORTLEBERRY (Anglo-Sax. heort-berg, hart berry), the name of certain low shrubs, bearing edible fruits, originally applied to raccinium myrtillus (Linn.), a native of northern Europe. It is also found growing at the elevation of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea in the mountains of Scotland, and according to Loudon occurs on the N. W. coast of America. The berries are bluish black, of the size of a currant, covered with a mealy bloom, and esteemed for cooking or when eaten raw with cream. In the United States the name is applied to several species of Gaylussacia, a genus of low-branching, resinous-dotted shrubs of the general aspect of vaccinium; the flowers are white tinged with red or purple, the corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped, with a 5-cleft border, 10 stamens with awnless anthers; the fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seeds (nutlets). The most common species is the black whortleberry, or huckleberry as it is more generally called, a shrub 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, erect, the branches slender and pubescent when young; the leaves oval, oblong oval, or elliptical, entire, obtuse, thin, on short petioles, and borne on the lateral and terminal branches, profusely dotted beneath with resinous particles; the flowers on short lateral racemes, with small colored bracts near the base of the stems, the calyx greenish yellow, the corolla of a dull red, stamens shorter than the corolla, the style projecting and terminated with a capitate stigma; the berries globular, of a shining black color, and sweet. Several varieties are known by some peculiar characters of the leaves or by the size and color of the fruit. The species is widely diffused from Canada to the mountains of Georgia. The berries find a ready sale, and thousands of bushels of them are annually gathered for the market from uncultivated lands. The blue tangle or dangle berry (G. frondosa, Torrey and Gray) grows taller and more spreading, in moist places, near lakes and cold springs; the shoots and fruit stalks are of a light pale green and reddish yellow color; the leaves pale green, ob

long elliptical or obovate obtuse, and glaucous beneath; the flowers pendent on slender threads 1 to 3 inches long, the segments of the calyx appressed and acute; the corolla a broad bell with 5 short, angular, and reflexed segments, the style of the length of the corolla; the fruit large, bluish, slightly acid, ripening late. The bush or dwarf whortleberry (G. dunosa, Torrey and Gray) is distinguished by its shining leaves, conspicuously dotted on the upper surfaces with resinous grains; the corolla large and white or tinged with pink, rounded or funnel-shaped; the fruit large, black, crowned with the persistent calyx, the taste insipid. It occurs in sandy soils from Maine to Kentucky and southward. The bear whortleberry (G. ursina, Gray), occurring on the mountains of North Carolina, is a shrub 2 or 3 feet high; the leaves large, 2 or 3 inches long, thin, lanceolate, oblong, acute, entire, the veins like the branches rusty tomentose; the racemes remotely few-flowered with minute bracts, corolla bell-shaped, and berry black. The box-leaved whortleberry (G. brachycera, Gray) has thick evergreen, not resinous-dotted leaves, oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile, pedicels very short, corolla cylindrical, bell-shaped. It is found in parts of Pennsylvania and on the mountains of. Virginia. In shape and appearance the foliage is like that of box. Other species with showy flowers are indigenous to Brazil and Peru. The whortleberries belong to the natural order of ericacea, but compose a distinct group known as the vacciniea, which from structural differences is separated into 3 principal divisions, viz.: the resinous-dotted Gaylussacia or true whortleberries, the bilberries, bleaberries, and blueberries, or vaccinia proper, and the cranberries or oxycocci, marsh plants with acid fruits. De Candolle erected the group into the natural order vaccinacea, and he has been followed by several eminent botanists, insisting on the importance of the inferior ovary and succulent fruit. The species are more abundant in North America than in Europe, a single European form, the bog whortleberry (V. uliginosum, Linn.), occurring in this country, on the summits of the mountains of New York and New England. Some finer fruits of the genus are well known as blueberries.-The twigs and bark of the whortleberries are astringent, and have been employed in tanning; the bark is also slightly tonic and stimulating. Spirits of a highly intoxicating quality have been made from the fruits, and wines have been colored by their juices. The species are also highly esteemed in Europe as garden shrubs, propagating from seeds and layers.

WHYDAH BIRD, or WIDOW BIRD. See WEAVER BIRd.

WIBERG, ANDREAS, D.D., a Swedish clergyman, born near Hudiksvall, Helsingland, in 1816. He was educated at Upsal, and in 1843 was ordained as a Lutheran clergyman, being at first sent from parish to parish as an itiner

ant assistant of the aged pastors. Disapproving of the indiscriminate and compulsory administration of the eucharist required by the laws of the kingdom, he obtained permission to suspend his labors as a preacher for a season, translated and published some of Luther's works, and edited a religious journal called "The Evangelist." After some years spent in literary pursuits, he was invited by a body of seceders to become their pastor. He was not yet prepared to leave the established church, but published an "Apology" for their secession, in which he defended the principles of religious liberty. In 1851 he visited Hamburg, after several interviews with the Rev. Dr. Öncken avowed himself a Baptist, and was baptized in July, 1852, at Copenhagen, while on his way to the United States. He remained in this country 3 years, laboring for a time among the Swedes in the West, and preparing several religious works for circulation in Sweden on his return. The American Baptist publication society assumed the publication of these works, and appointed him its superintendent of colportage in Sweden. In 1855 he returned home, and has since been actively engaged at Stockholm as pastor of the Baptist church in that city, superintendent of colportage, and editor of "The Evangelist."

WICHERN, JOHANN HEINRICH, D.D., a German philanthropist, born in Hamburg, April 21, 1808. He studied theology at Göttingen and Berlin, and was offered a parish, but refused it, as he had determined to devote himself to the reformation of young delinquents and vagrants. In 1833, having raised $18,000 by contributions, he purchased and opened the Rauhes Haus (rough house), a large thatched cottage, with rough walls, at Horn, about 4 miles from Haiburg, with 2 or 3 acres of ground around it. (See SCHOOLS, REFORMATORY.) In 1834 a second house was opened, and the institution now occupies a tract of 32 acres, a part of which is cultivated, and 14 houses for the accommodation of as many families of vagrant children, together with a chapel, school rooms, a printing office, bindery, stereotype foundery, bakery, workshops for different trades, a book store, buildings for the teachers, &c. The necessity for a supply of teachers led Dr. Wichern to establish the "Institute of Brothers," intended for the gratuitous training of those who are to become the teachers, "elder brothers," and "house fathers" of the children, or to fill situations elsewhere requiring the same patience, knowledge, and tact. They are at first attached to the families as assistants, and after an apprenticeship they undertake in rotation the direction; each brother, before the course of 4 years expires, has been twice in charge of each of the families. The establishment of reformatories in other portions of Germany and Europe, on a similar plan to the Rauhes Haus, caused a demand for these trained teachers; and they were also wanted for superintendents of hospitals, prisons, and charitable institutions,

agents for Christian associations, missionaries, &c. While occupying these various posts, they keep up their correspondence with the founder of the institute and its officers, and for convenience adopted a cipher which is common to them all. Annually, too, those who are able assemble, and those who are not send reports to the institute of their labors for the year. Through this organization all or nearly all the efforts for the reformation and moral improvement of the poor and vicious throughout Germany were united by Dr. Wichern, and he gave to it the name of the "Inner Mission” (Innere Mission). In Sept. 1848, an ecclesiastical convention was held at Wittenberg, and at his suggestion a central committee for the inner mission, of which he was a member, was appointed. The next year it received the name of the "Inner Mission of the German Evangelical church." Its members are now to be found in Asia, Africa, and America, as well as all over the continent of Europe. Beside the young vagrants and delinquents, and the institute of brothers of the inner mission, Dr. Wichern has established a school on the same premises, though a little secluded from the others, for disobedient and wayward children of wealthy parents, under the care of some of the brothers. The success of the Rauhes Haus as a reformatory has been greater than that of any other institution of the kind in the world. The relapses into vice of the pupils, after leaving the institution, do not exceed 4 or 5 per cent. In 1851 Dr. Wichern visited England, and on his return was employed by the Prussian government to visit and inspect the prisons and houses of correction of the kingdom, and suggest measures for their improvement. This led to his appointment the next year as director of prisons for the kingdom, and the wardens and overseers of the prisons and bridewells are now all graduates of the institute of brothers, who have been specially trained for this work. Since 1844 Dr. Wichern has published a monthly periodical, Fliegende Blätter des Rauhen Hauses, devoted to the interests of the reformatory and of the inner mission. From this it appears that the annual receipts and expenses of the school are about $6,000. The institute is supported by the German Evangelical church, and has a separate treasury. The expense of the support of the children per head is about $51 a year. Dr. Wichern has published an account of the system, entitled Die Innere Mission der deutsch-evangelischen Kirche (Hamburg, 1849). WICHITA, an unorganized N. W. co. of Texas, bounded N. by Red river and drained by the Wichita and other streams; area, about 900 sq. m. It has a diversified surface, is partly covered by dense forests, and is thinly settled. WICKLOW, a S. E county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, bounded E. by St. George's channel; area, 781 sq. m.; pop. in 1861, 86,093. The principal towns are Wicklow, the capital, Arklow, Baltinglass, and Rathdrum.

The coast is generally rocky and precipitous. The chief rivers are the Slaney, Vartrey, and Ovoca. The surface of the county is mountainous, Lugnaquilla, the highest peak, attaining the height of 3,039 feet above the level of the sea. The scenery is remarkably picturesque. Gold and silver are found in small quantities, and iron, lead, zinc, copper, tin, manganese, arsenic, antimony, and pyrites in more or less abundance. The soil varies much in different parts of the county, but upon the whole is tolerably fertile. The climate is mild and agreeable. The county returns two members to parliament. -WICKLOW, the capital, is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the river Vartrey, in lat. 52° 58' N., long. 6° 3′ W., 25 m. S. S. E. from Dublin; pop. in 1851, 3,141. The harbor is accessible by vessels drawing 8 or 9 feet of water, and the town has a small trade, exporting grain, and copper and lead ores.

WICQUEFORT, ABRAHAM DE, a Dutch diplomatist, born in Amsterdam in 1598, died in 1682. He was representative of the elector of Brandenburg at the court of France from 1626 until 1658, when he was imprisoned by Cardinal Mazarin on a charge of having made improper disclosures to the states-general. He remained in the Bastile a year, and was then ordered to leave France. He first went to England, and then to Holland, where De Witt made him historiographer of the states, and the duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg made him his minister to the Hague. In 1676 he was condemned to perpetual imprisonment on a charge of giving information to the enemies of the states; but after 4 years' confinement he made his escape, and fled to the court of the duke of Zell. There he labored ineffectually to procure the reversion of his sentence, and is said to have died of chagrin. He was the author of a work entitled "The Ambassador and his Functions," and of a "History of the United Provinces," both in French.

WIDGEON, the common name of the river ducks of the genus mareca (Steph.). They have a bill shorter than the head, of equal width throughout, much rounded at the tip, with a strong broad nail, and upper lamelle prominent; wings long and pointed, 1st and 2d quills longest; tail moderate and wedgeshaped; toes fully webbed, and hind one lobed. There are about 10 species in various parts of the world, performing periodical migrations at night in vast flocks; they are found on the sea shore and on the margin of lakes and rivers, feeding chiefly on vegetable substances. The American widgeon or bald pate (M. Americana, Steph.) is about 22 inches long and 35 in alar extent; the tail has 14 feathers, and the bill is blue, black at the base and tip; upper parts finely waved transversely with black and gray or reddish brown, and lower parts mostly white; top of head nearly white, with a broad green patch around and behind the eyes; rest of head and neck grayish, spotted and banded with black; wing coverts white,

the greater tipped with black; speculum green, encircled by black; tertials black on the outer web, edged with white. It is an active bird, with a swift and well sustained flight, the ranks being of various and irregular forms, and found in company with teals and other ducks; it is distributed throughout North America, and is accidental in Europe. The flesh is highly esteemed, especially when they have fed in the rice fields of the south; they breed in the north, and also in Texas, according to Audubon, and the eggs are 6 to 8. They do not dive, but feed with the head and neck immersed, swimming very near together; the food consists of aquatic seeds, roots, insects, worms, small fry, leeches, nuts, and grain, especially rice in the rainy season; being very fond of the tender aquatic plants on which the canvasback duck feeds, and no diver itself, it watches the latter and snatches the morsels as it emerges and before it has had time to open its eyes; it walks gracefully on the land. The European widgeon (M. Penelope, Bonap.) is rather smaller, and not uncommon all along the Atlantic coast of the United States; it differs chiefly in having the head and neck reddish brown or cinnamon, the former with a few dusky spots, the top of the head cream-colored, and only a few traces of green around the eyes. WIDİN, WIDDIN, or VIDIN, & fortified town of Turkey, capital of an eyalet of the same name, on the right bank of the Danube, in the province of Bulgaria, 130 m. S. E. from Belgrade; pop. 25,000. It is situated on a wide plain formed by a bend of the Danube opposite the city of Kalafat in Wallachia. It is considered the key of Bulgaria, commanding Little Wallachia and the approaches to the defiles of Transylvania, and covering the road leading through Nissa and Sophia to Adrianople. In 1689 the Turks were signally defeated by the imperialists before the walls of Widin, but the fortress itself, though frequently assailed, has never been captured, and is hence called by the Turks the "Virgin Fort." The town has no manufactures, but considerable commerce in corn, wine, and salt. It is the residence of a Greek archbishop as well as of the pasha. The inhabitants are Turks, Greeks, and Armenians.

WIED, PRINCE OF. See Neuwied. WIELAND, CHRISTOPH MARTIN, a German author, born in Oberholzheim, a village near Biberach, in Swabia, Sept. 5, 1733, died in Weimar, Jan. 20, 1813. His father was pastor of the church of his native place, and shortly after the birth of his son became senior minister of Biberach. The son early learned the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, and by the time he had reached the age of 12 had written poetry, first in Latin, and then in German. At the age of 14 he was sent to the school at Klosterbergen near Magdeburg, where he read the ancient authors, especially Xenophon, and occupied himself with English and French literature. By reading the works of

Voltaire, D'Argens, and Lamettrie, his religious opinions were thoroughly shaken. The disquiet produced by this change of mind was so serious as to affect his health, and when 16 years old he went to Erfurt, where one of his relatives, a physician, fitted him for the university. After a residence of 18 months in that city, according to his own account, more agreeable than useful, he returned in 1750 to his father's house. While there he fell in love with his cousin Sophie von Guttermann, afterward celebrated under the name of Sophie von Laroche. Once while walking with her the idea of a poem occurred to him, which was published under the title of Ueber die Natur der Dinge, oder die vollkommenste Welt ("Upon the Nature of Things, or the Most Perfect World"). Although he afterward regarded this with very little complacency, it gave him at the time considerable reputation among men of letters. In the autumn of 1750 he went to the university of Tübingen, with the intention avowedly of studying law, but gave his time almost exclusively to belles-lettres; and, influenced by the sensation aroused in Germany by De Bar's Epitres diverses, he published in 1751 Zehn moralische Briefe ("Ten Moral Letters"), addressed to his cousin Sophie. It was at this time that the influence of Klopstock incited him on the one hand to a religious enthusiasm, which found expression in the Empfindungen des Christen, and on the other to an artificial German feeling which led him to attempt the composition of an epic poem entitled Arminius. This, being sent to Bodmer, gave rise to a close intimacy between the poet, and the critic. In 1752 he returned to Biberach. At the instance of Bodmer he gave up the plan he had formed of going to Göttingen to fit himself for teaching, and went to Zürich, where he was introduced by his friend to some of the most distinguished literary men of that city. There he remained until 1754, during which time he produced several works, all marked by the influence of Bodmer, for whose poetry, far inferior to his own, he had a warm admiration. One of his publications was a treatise on the beauties of Bodmer's poem of Noah. Here also he wrote an epic in 3 cantos entitled Der geprüfte Abraham, Briefe von Verstorbenen an hinterlassene Freunde (1753), and many shorter compositions. After leaving Bodmer's house he became a tutor in a private family in Zürich, and subsequently took up his residence in Bern. In 1756 the 7 years' war broke out, and the lively interest which Wieland took in the deeds of Frederic the Great induced him to attempt the realization in a poem of his ideal of a hero, choosing for the purpose the story of Cyrus. The first 5 cantos appeared in 1757, but they deservedly met with little success, and the project was abandoned. He now attempted dramatic composition, and wrote the tragedies Lady Johanna Gray and Clementine von Porretta; but the failure of his efforts led him to the more familiar and more

congenial field of Greek story, and about this period were almost all of an amatory character. time he published Araspes und Panthea, from His views of love he intended to express in a the beautiful episode in the "Cyropædia" of large poem called Psyche, but of this only fragXenophon. His residence in Bern was exceed- ments appeared. In 1768 he published Idris ingly favorable to his intellectual culture, as he und Zenide, in 5 cantos, and Musarion, which constantly associated with women of superior he himself called a philosophy of the graces, and talents and education, and among others became which is remarkable for its elegance, ease, and intimately acquainted with Julia Bondeli, the harmony of style. A poem entitled Die Grafriend of Rousseau. In 1760 he returned to Bi- zien appeared in 1770, and in 1771 Der neue berach as director of the chancery. His resi- Amadis, in which he celebrates the superiority dence there was not at all to his taste; the busi- of mental over physical beauty. This subject ness of his office was not in accordance with he took up again later in life in his Krates und his feelings; he missed the cultivated society to Hipparchia. In 1765 Wieland had married the which he had been accustomed; and above all, daughter of an Augsburg merchant, with whom he found his cousin Sophie married. His dis- he lived long and happily, and who bore him 14 satisfaction was somewhat dissipated by the children in 20 years. In 1769 he went to the task of translating the plays of Shakespeare, university of Erfurt as professor of philosophy. 28 of which were printed in 8 volumes between With Der verklagte Amor ("Cupid Accused") 1762 and 1768. The previous studies of Wie- he gave up the exclusive attention he had paid land in classic and French literature, and the to amatory poetry, although defending it in this naturally light and spirituel tendency of his poem. The Dialoge des Diogenes con Sinope own mind, hardly fitted him for the work of (1771) was intended as a vindication of his giving a faithful transcript of the great Eng- own philosophical views. Rousseau's works, lish dramatist. Imperfect as the translation is, then causing a great sensation in Europe, were especially in comparison with that of Schlegel, a fair mark for satire, and against them he it yet opened the path for his successors. In wrote a little novel entitled Koxhox und Kikethe meanwhile he fell into a society which ex- quetzel (1769-'70) and Beiträge zur geheimen erted a decided influence upon the character Geschichte des menschlichen Verstandes und Herof his after writings. Sophie von Laroche and zens, aus den Archiven der Natur (“Contribuher husband, and the count Stadion, who had tions to the Secret History of the Human Unretired from his position as minister to the derstanding and Heart, from the Archives of elector of Mentz, took up their residence near Nature," 1770). The reforms of Joseph II. of Biberach. Stadion's library was rich in French Austria also stirred his sympathies and promptand English writers, especially those of the ed him to write Der goldene Spiegel ("Golden moral deistical school, and his study of these Mirror," 1772), which was a collection of the led the poet to manifest tendencies radically most useful lessons that the great_could learn opposed to that religious mysticism for which from the history of mankind. In 1772 the his writings had previously been distinguished. duchess Amalia of Saxe-Weimar chose WieHe became the poet of good society, and his land, on the recommendation of Dalberg, as the writings soon acquired a voluptuous character instructor of her two sons. He therefore went and finally an obscenity which exposed him to to Weimar, received the title of Hofrath, with severe criticism. In vain Wieland, in defend- a salary of 1,000 thalers, which was continued ing himself from his critics, pointed to the after his duties were finished in the form of a scrupulous morality of his private life, and pension, and became a great favorite with the wished that his enemies "could see him in his duchess, who had already assembled about quiet domestic home; they would then judge her many distinguished literary men. Having otherwise of him." His reputation became ample leisure for authorship, he produced a bad, but he outlived the storm. The first pro- melodrama called Die Wahl des Hercules ("The duction that gave an idea of the change his Choice of Hercules"), and the lyric drama mind was undergoing was the tale of Nadine, Alceste, both of which were highly successful. which he himself called a creation after the He became editor of the Deutscher Mercur, a manner of Prior. This was followed by the monthly periodical devoted to literary critiAbenteuer des Don Sylvio von Rosalva, oder der cism, with which he remained connected until Sieg der Natur über die Schwärmerei (“Adven- the end of his life. At this time there was a tures of Don Sylvio de Rosalva, or the Victory general outcry in Germany against him as an of Nature over Fanaticism," 1764), for which immoral and even as an atheistical writer. "Don Quixote" served as his model, and by the Many theologians would not allow their followKomische Erzählungen ("Comic Tales," 1763- ers to read his works. Lavater called upon all '4). In 1766 and 1767 appeared his novel of good Christians to pray for the sinner. In Agathon, which placed his reputation on a last-1773, on Klopstock's birthday, his works were ing basis. The scene of this story is laid in ancient Greece, and the object of it is to show how far a man can proceed in virtue and wisdom through the agency of his natural faculties, and to what an extent the world without him influences his development. His poems at this

solemnly burned by the disciples of that poet. He was assailed by Goethe in a satire called Götter, Helden und Wieland ("Gods, Heroes, and Wieland"), not for any immorality in his writings, but for treating the mythologic heroes unheroically, and degrading our conceptions of

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