was graduated at the Starling medical college, Columbus, in 1849, practised his profession in Dark co., Ohio, until 1856, and then settled in Anderson co., Kansas, as a physician and farmer. He was a prominent leader of the free state party during the struggles of 1856-'7, and a member of the convention which framed the present constitution of the state. In July, 1861, he took the field as lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Kansas volunteers. He commanded the cavalry of Gen. James Lane's brigade, and on April 8, 1862, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and assigned to the command of the department of Kansas. On Oct. 22, 1862, he engaged a confederate force at Maysville, near the N. W. corner of Arkansas, and totally routed it after an action of one hour.

BOGGS, CHARLES STUART, an officer of the U. S. navy, born in New Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 28, 1811. He is a nephew of Capt. James Lawrence, of the frigate Chesapeake, who fell in the action with the Shannon. He entered the navy in 1826, and made his first cruise in the sloop of war Warren, Capt. Kearney, on the Mediterranean station. Subsequently he served in the West Indies and the gulf of Mexico, on the coast of Africa, and in the Pacific; was attached during the Mexican war to the steamer Princeton, of Commodore Conner's squadron, in the gulf of Mexico; and in 1851 was ordered to the Brooklyn navy yard as 1st lieutenant. He was promoted to be commander in 1855, and assigned by the secretary of the navy to the U. S. mail steamer Illinois, which he commanded for 3 years. He was then appointed lighthouse inspector for the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington territory. When the civil war broke out in 1861, he was ordered home and placed in command of the gunboat Varuna, belonging to Flag Officer Farragut's gulf squadron. In the attack of the squadron upon the Mississippi forts, April 18-24, 1862, he destroyed 6 of the confederate gunboats, but finally lost his own vessel, after driving his antagonist ashore in flames. When he found the Varuna sinking, he ran her ashore, tied her to the trees, and fought his guns until the water was over the gun tracks. He returned to Washington as bearer of despatches, was ordered to the command of the new sloop of war Juniata, and soon afterward was promoted to the rank of captain.

BOHLEN, HENRY, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Germany, killed in Virginia, Aug. 23, 1862. He came to America while a young man, and settled as a wine and liquor merchant in Philadelphia, where he amassed a fortune. In 1861 he entered the army as colonel of the 75th (German) regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers, and was attached to Gen. Blenker's command. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers April 28, 1862, served under Fremont in western Virginia, distinguished himself at the battle of Cross Keys (June 8), and was specially commended for his services in the Shenandoah val

ley under Gen. Sigel. He covered the retreat of the army of Virginia across the Rappahannock, and fell while directing the movements of his brigade in a skirmish near that river.

BONHAM, MILLEDGE L., a general in the service of the confederate states, born in South Carolina about 1815, was graduated at the South Carolina college in 1834, studied law, was admitted to the bar at Columbia in 1837, and settled at Edgfield Court House; was solicitor for the southern circuit of the state from 1848 to 1850; was elected a representative in congress from the 4th district in 1856, and was reelected in 1858, and served as such until the withdrawal of the members from South Carolina, Dec. 24, 1860, after the secession of that state, when he went out with the others, as he had long before proclaimed he should do. He was appointed major-general of the troops of South Carolina, and afterward brigadier-general in the confederate army, took part in the battles of Blackburn's ford and Bull run, and was honorably mentioned in the report of the commanding general. Being elected a member of the confederate congress, he withdrew from military life.

BOONEVILLE, a town of Cooper co., Mo., on the Missouri river. (See BOONEVILLE, vol. iii.) A battle was fought here, June 17, 1861, between a Union force of 2,000 men, commanded by Gen. Lyon, and 4,000 confederates under Gov. Jackson. Gen. Lyon in pursuit left Jefferson City on the 16th, by the river, and disembarked his men at 7 o'clock the following morning, at a point about 4 m. below Booneville. The confederate force, consisting of Missouri militia, over whom a Mr. Little had been placed in command by the governor, was posted along the summit of a hill between Booneville and the Union troops just landed. The attack by Lyon's army was made with shells and musketry, and for a short time sharply returned. The confederates, however, in a few minutes retired, forming again in a field of wheat, and firing from this and from a grove upon their right. In about 20 minutes they again retreated before Lyon's advance, rallying once more at the distance of a mile; but being at the same time fired upon from some of the steamers which followed, at the end of an hour they threw down their arms, many being taken prisoners, and others fleeing through the town. The national force took two cannon, and a considerable quantity of small arms and stores. The loss of the confederates in killed was estimated at from 20 to 50; the Union loss was 2 killed, 3 missing, and a few wounded.

BOOTH, EDWIN, an American actor, second surviving son of Junius Brutus Booth, born on his father's farm near Baltimore, Md., in 1833. He was educated for the stage, travelling with his father on his starring engagements, occasionally playing small parts, and making his first regular appearance on the stage in 1849 as Tyrrell in Richard III. In 1851, on occasion of his father's illness, he

took his place, playing Richard at the Chatham theatre, New York. In 1852 he went to California, and engaged for "utility business," and in 1854 made a visit to Australia, stopping on the way at many of the Pacific islands. He returned to California, after playing a successful engagement in the Sandwich islands, and in 1857 appeared at Burton's theatre in New York. It was not, however, until Nov. 1860, when he played another engagement at the same theatre, under its new name of the Winter Garden, that he achieved that high position on the stage which he now holds. He made a professional visit to England in the summer of 1861, played at the London Haymarket, passed year on the continent engaged in the study of his art, and returned to its practice in New York in Sept. 1862.

BORLAND, SOLON, a general in the service of the confederate states, born in Virginia, was educated in North Carolina, studied medicine, and settled at Little Rock, Ark., where he practised his profession; served in the Mexican war as major of the Arkansas mounted volunteers, who were enlisted for 12 months only, and were disbanded in June, 1847. He afterward served 8 volunteer aide-de-camp to Gen. Worth, and was captured by the Mexicans and held for a time as a prisoner. Returning to Arkansas, he was elected a U. S. senator from that state, taking his seat at Washington on the inauguration of President Taylor, and in the senate uniformly voted with the more southern wing of the democratic party. In 1853, the year previous to the conclusion of his senatorial term, he was appointed by President Pierce minister to Central America, and entered upon the duties of that office. He remained there, however, but about a year, and in May, 1854, being at San Juan de Nicaragua on his return to the United States, the authorities of the town attempted to arrest him because he had interfered at Punta Arenas, on the opposite side of the harbor, to prevent the arrest of a man charged with murder. Mr. Borland took refuge in a hotel, and while parleying with those who were attempting to arrest him, he was struck by a glass bottle thrown by some one in the throng about the house. This insult was the principal cause for the bombardment and destruction of the town by order of the U. S. government, executed by Commander Hollins of the sloop of war Cyane, July 13, 1854. Mr. Borland was afterward appointed by President Pierce governor of New Mexico, but declined, and remained at Little Rock, engaged chiefly in the practice of his profession, but still declaring himself from time to time an adherent of the so called southern rights party, until the spring of 1861, when, long before the secession of the state, he raised a body of troops, and on April 24 took possession of Fort Smith at midnight, a part of the garrison under Capt. Sturgis, U. S. A., having made their escape an hour before. He now holds the rank of brigadier-general in the provisional confederate army.

BOWLING GREEN, a village of S. W. Kentucky, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad, and at the head of navigation on Barren river, 145 m. S. W. from Frankfort, which in the existing civil war has been a point of much strategetic importance. It was occupied in Sept. 1861, by the confederate general Buckner, with a force of 10,000 men. The approaches to the town could easily be commanded with a small force, and it was considered one of the chief places in the line of posts commencing at the Mississippi river and extending through the southern part of Kentucky and the northern part of Tennessee to Cumberland gap. When Fort Henry was captured, the confederates began to leave Bowling Green, Gen. Buckner transferring the chief part of his command to Fort Donelson, whither he went soon after the fall of Fort Henry. On Feb. 11 Gen. O. M. Mitchel's division left Bacon creek, Ky., and made a forced march to Bowling Green, hoping to save the railroad bridges over the Barren river. On the 15th they arrived on the bank of the river, opposite the town, and prepared to cross it, a battery meanwhile shelling the position of the confederates. The bridges over the river were, however, entirely destroyed, and the last of the confederate troops were retiring from their camp. They had not expected the arrival of the Union army so soon, and were carrying off their movable property when they were surprised; they at once set fire to all they were compelled to leave behind, and thus immense quantities of grain and other provisions were lost, beside the warehouses containing them. Nevertheless the Union troops captured a very large amount of property, and secured the important position.

BOYD, ANDREW KENNEDY HUTCHISON, a Scottish clergyman and essayist, born at Auchinleck, Ayrshire, in Nov. 1825. His father was the clergyman of the parish. The son was educated at the university of Glasgow, became a minister of the established church of Scotland in 1851, and was settled successively over the parishes of Newton-on-Ayr, Kirkpatrick-Irongray in Galloway, and St. Bernard's, Edinburgh. He first became known as an author by a series of essays published in "Fraser's Magazine," a collection of which were reprinted in 1860 under the title of "Recreations of a Country Parson." This volume was followed by a second series of essays under the same title in 1861; "Leisure Hours in Town" (1862); and "Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson" (1863).

BOYLE, JEREMIAH TILFORD, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Mercer co., Ky., in May, 1818. He was graduated at Princeton college, N. J., in 1840, and was soon after admitted to the Kentucky bar, at which he practised until the outbreak of the civil war in 1861. Although noted for his avoidance of political life, he now entered the field as a supporter of the government, and wa one of the first men in Kentucky who pub

licly advocated the policy of coercing the seceding states. In Nov. 1861, he was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers, and placed in command of a brigade raised by himself. After wintering with his command in southern Tennessee, he joined the army under Buell in Feb. 1862, and participated in the battle of Shiloh in the succeeding April. He was soon after appointed to the command of the military district of Kentucky, and on Nov. 17 was placed over the newly created district of western Kentucky, in the department of the Ohio, under Gen. Wright.

BRAGG, BRAXTON, a general in the confederate service, born in Warren co., N. C., about 1815, was graduated at West Point in 1837 and appointed a 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery. In Nov. 1837, he became an assistant commissary of subsistence; in December was adjutant of his regiment; in July, 1838, was made a 1st lieutenant; distinguished himself in the defence of Fort Brown, opposite Matamoras, May 9, 1846, for which he was brevetted a captain, which rank he attained in full in June; fought gallantly at Monterey in September, and was brevetted a major; and again at Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847, and was brevetted a lieutenantcolonel; was appointed major of the 1st cavalry, March 3, 1855, but declined, and resigned from the service, Jan. 3, 1856. Henceforth he lived on his extensive plantation at Thibodeaux, La., until the breaking out of the civil war in 1861, when he was appointed a brigadier-general, and took command of the forces at Pensacola destined to reduce Fort Pickens. He remained there until Feb. 1862, when he was promoted to be a major-general, ordered to join the army of the Mississippi, and, at the head of a powerful body of troops drawn from Pensacola and Mobile, took up his head-quarters at Jack son, Tenn., March 10. He bore an important part in the battle of Shiloh, was promoted to the rank of general in place of Gen. A. S. Johnston killed in that battle, and after the withdrawal of Gen. Beauregard from the command of the department in May succeeded him in that post. In August he left his encampment at Chattanooga, successfully turned Gen. Buell's left flank, and passing through eastern Tennessee, entered Kentucky at the head of a large army. But Buell, leaving his posts in Alabama, and marching on a much shorter line, succeeded in reaching Louisville before him, and Bragg was compelled to retire, having fought the battle of Perryville, Oct. 9, with a part of Buell's army under Major-Gen. McCook. He carried away a vast amount of supplies from Kentucky, and many recruits for the confederate service. He was removed from his command, and placed under arrest in Richmond, but soon restored, and now (Nov. 1862) commands the confederate army opposed to Gen. Rosecrans.

BRANCH, LAWRENCE O'BRIEN, a general in the service of the confederate states, born in Halifax co., N. C., in 1820, killed at the battle

of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. He was a son of Gov. John Branch, who was President Jackson's first secretary of the navy. He was graduated in Princeton college in 1838, studied law, was admitted to the bar, settled at Raleigh, was elected as a democrat a representative in congress in 1854, and was reelected in 1856. He voted in congress for the measures of the democratic party, including the bill admitting Kansas under the Lecompton constitution in 1858. Together with other representatives of North Carolina, he retained his seat in congress until the inauguration of President Lincoln, March 4, 1861. After the secession of that state, May 21, he entered its military service, and was afterward attached to the provisional confederate army, in which he attained the rank of brigadier-general. He commanded the confederate forces at Newbern when it was captured by Gen. Burnside.

BRANNAN, JOHN MILTON, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in the District of Columbia about 1821, was graduated at West Point in 1841 and appointed a brevet 2d lieutenant in the 1st artillery; became a 1st lieutenant in March, 1847; distinguished himself in the battle of Cerro Gordo; was brevetted a captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco; was severely wounded in the attack on the Belen gate of Mexico, Sept. 13, 1847; became a captain in Nov. 1854; was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 28, 1861, and has since served in the department of the South, having for a time had command of southern Florida. Transferred to South Carolina, he commanded, Oct. 22, 1862, a movement from Hilton Head to reconnoitre the Broad river and its tributaries, in the course of which he engaged a considerable force of the confederates and drove them across the Pocotaligo river, with severe loss on both sides.

BRAYMAN, MASON, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813. His early life was spent on a farm. He began the trade of a printer in the office of the "Buffalo Journal," at the age of 22 was admitted to the bar, and in 1837 removed to the West, and became editor of the Louisville (Ky.) "Advertiser." In 1842 he opened a law office at Springfield, Ill.; in 1845 revised the statutes of Illinois; and the next year was appointed a special commissioner and attorney to prosecute offenders and restore the peace of that portion of the state disturbed by the Mormon difficulties. He was subsequently actively engaged in railroad enterprises until 1861, when he became major of the 29th Illinois volunteers, of which regiment he was promoted to be colonel in April, 1862. He had meanwhile been chief of staff and assistant adjutant-general to Gen. McClernand, and participated in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh. He was appointed brigadiergeneral of volunteers Sept. 25, 1862.

BRIGGS, HENRY SHAW, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born at Lanes

borough, Berkshire co., Mass., Aug. 1, 1824. He was graduated at Williams college in 1844, studied law at Cambridge, was admitted to the bar in 1848, and practised his profession at Pittsfield until 1861. He was then captain of a militia company, which joined the 8th regiment of Massachusetts volunteers, and left Boston April 18, 1861, to march to the defence of Washington. On reaching Annapolis his company was detached to secure the frigate Constitution, used by the naval school. Before the expiration of the three months' service he received a commission as colonel, and in June, 1861, took command of the 10th Massachusetts volunteers, in the army of the Potomac. He was wounded at the battle of Fair Oaks, and was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers, July 17, 1862.

BRIGHT, JESSE D., an American senator, born at Norwich, Chenango co., N. Y., Dec. 18, 1812. He removed to Indiana, where he practised law and was appointed circuit judge. He was subsequently U. S. marshal for the district of Indiana, state senator, and lieutenantgovernor. In 1845 he became a senator of the United States, and remained in that office two successive terms, till 1857. In that year the democratic members of the state legislature reelected him to the senate in a manner which was denounced as fraudulent and unconstitutional by his republican opponents, and his seat was contested. He nevertheless continued to hold it till Feb. 1862, when, on a charge of disloyalty, the principal proof of which was that on March 1, 1861, he wrote a letter addressed to "Hon. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States," recommending to him a person desirous of furnishing arms, he was expelled by a vote of 32 to 14.

BROOKS, WILLIAM T. H., brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Ohio about 1815, was graduated at West Point in 1841, and was appointed a brevet 2d lieutenant in the 3d infantry; became a 1st lieutenant in Sept. 1846; was brevetted a captain for gallantry at Monterey; was assistant adjutantgeneral to Gen. Twiggs in the valley of Mexico; was brevetted a major for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco; became a captain in Nov. 1851; distinguished himself in a battle with Indians in New Mexico, Oct. 10, 1858; and was promoted to be a major in the 18th infantry, March 12, 1862, having been made a brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 28, 1861. He has served in the army of the Potomac in the corps of Gen. Franklin, took part in the battles before Richmond, and at the battle of Antietam led his brigade in the division of Gen. W. F. Smith.

BROWN, HARVEY, brevet brigadier-general in the U. S. army, born in Rahway, N. J., in 1795. He was graduated at West Point in 1818, and commissioned a 2d lieutenant of light artillery. In 1821 he was transferred to the 4th artillery and promoted to be 1st lieutenant. He was ordered to Florida immediately after VOL. XVI.-44

its cession by the Spaniards, and remained there until 1824, when he was appointed aide-de-camp to Maj. Gen. Brown. In 1826 he was made assistant quartermaster. In 1832 he was sent against the Indians in the Black Hawk war, was in active service during the Florida war, and in the Creek war in 1835, when he was promoted to be captain. He was lieutenantcolonel of a regiment of Creek volunteers in the war against the Seminoles in 1836–7, and was brevetted major in 1836; served under Gen. Taylor and Gen. Scott in Mexico, taking part in the battle of Monterey and subsequent engagements; was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and colonel for services at the capture of the city of Mexico; became major of the 2d artillery in 1851, and commanded against the Seminoles in Florida in 1855-'6. In 1857 he was selected to establish an artillery school at Fortress Monroe, and continued in command of the school and that post until 1859, when Secretary Floyd appointed him inspector of artillery for the eastern department and Texas. In Jan. 1861, he was ordered to command the troops in the city of Washington and Fort McHenry, and in April appointed to the department of Florida, and ordered to fit out and command an expedition for the relief of Fort Pickens, in which he was entirely successful. He was made colonel of the 5th artillery in April, 1861, and brigadier-general of volunteers in October of the same year; this last appointment he declined. He was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army, to date from Nov. 23, 1861, and in 1862 was assigned to the command of the forts in the harbor of New York. He was appointed chief of artillery of the camp of instruction at Annapolis in June, 1862.

BROWNLOW, WILLIAM GANNAWAY, an American clergyman and journalist, born in Wythe co., Va., Aug. 29, 1805. He became an orphan at 11 years of age, was employed at hard labor till he was 18, and then learned the trade of a carpenter, at which he worked till he acquired the means of repairing the defects of his early education. Entering the Methodist ministry in 1826, he was an itinerant preacher for 10 years, and in 1832 was a delegate to the general conference held in Philadelphia. In the same year he travelled a circuit in South Carolina in which John C. Calhoun resided, and where Mr. Brownlow was drawn into the nullification controversy, taking sides strongly in favor of the Union, and publishing a pamphlet in his own vindication in consequence of the fierce opposition excited against him. In a controversy at the same period with a clergyman of another denomination upon the posi、 tion of the Methodists with regard to slavery, he published a pamphlet, the following prophetic extract from which expresses the senti ments he has ever since maintained: "I have paid some attention to this subject, young as I am, because it is one day or other to shake this

government to its very foundation. I expect to live to see that day, and not to be an old man at that. The tariff question now threatens the overthrow of the government, but the slavery question is one to be dreaded. While I shall advocate the owning of 'men, women, and children,' as you say our 'Discipline' styles slaves, I shall, if I am living when the battle comes, stand by my government and the Union formed by our fathers, as Mr. Wesley stood by the British government, of which he was a loyal subject." Mr. Brownlow commenced his political career in Tennessee in 1828 as an advocate of the election of John Quincy Adams to the presidency, having always been, as he says, a federal whig of the Washington and Alex. ander Hamilton school." About 1837 he became editor of the "Knoxville (Tenn.) Whig," a political newspaper, which attained a large circulation; and from the vigorous and defiant style of his articles in this and of his public speeches he obtained a national reputation under the sobriquet of the "fighting parson." In 1858 he held a public debate at Philadelphia, with the Rev. A. Pryne of New York, on slavery, which was afterward published in a volume entitled "Ought American Slavery to be Perpetuated?" (12mo., Philadelphia), Mr. Brownlow maintaining the affirmative. From the commencement of the secession movement in 1860, he boldly maintained in his journal the principle of unconditional adherence to the Union, for the reason, among others, that it was the best safeguard of southern institutions. This course subjected him to much persecution after the secession of Tennessee. On Oct. 24, 1861, he published the last number of the "Whig," and after remaining for some time in concealment he was induced by a promise of passports and a military escort out of the state to report himself to the confederate general commanding at Knoxville, when he was arrested (Dec. 6) on a civil process for treason, and thrown into gaol. Here he was detained, expecting the punishment of death, and suffering from severe illness, till the close of the month, when he was released upon the civil process, but immediately rearrested under military authority, and kept under guard in his own house till March 3, 1862. He was then released and forwarded with an escort toward the Union lines at Nashville, which he finally entered on the 15th, having been detained 10 days by the guerilla force of Col. Morgan. He afterward made a tour of the northern states, delivering speeches to large crowds in the principal cities, was joined by his family, who had also been expelled from Knoxville, and published a work entitled "Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession, with a Narrative of Personal Adventures among the Rebels" (12mo., Philadelphia, 1862). Mr. Brownlow is now (Nov. 1862) residing with his family in Cincinnati. He has expressed decided approbation of the emancipation proclamation of President Lincoln as a war measure.

Beside the above mentioned work, he has pub lished several others, the principal of which is "The Iron Wheel Examined, and its False Spokes Extracted" (12mo., Nashville), a reply to certain attacks upon the Methodist church.

BRUCE, ARCHIBALD, M.D., an American physician and mineralogist, born in New York, where his father was surgeon-general of the British army, in Feb. 1777, died there, Feb. 22, 1818. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1795, studied medicine under Dr. Hosack, spent 5 years in Europe, obtained his medical degree at Edinburgh (1800), and returned to New York in 1803. In 1807 he was appointed professor of materia medica and mineralogy in the college of physicians and surgeons of New York, which chair he filled till 1811, when the college was reorganized, and he with several of the other professors were superseded and formed a new medical faculty. In 1810 he commenced the publication of a journal of American mineralogy, the first purely scientific journal published in this country, but issued only one volume.

BUCHANAN, FRANKLIN, an officer of the navy of the confederate states, born in Baltimore, Md., entered the U. S. navy in 1815. He was the first superintendent of the U. S naval academy (1845-'7), became captain in 1855, and was afterward employed on shore duty of various kinds until 1861, when he was commandant of the Washington navy yard. On April 19, the day when the Massachusetts volunteers were attacked in the streets of Baltimore, he sent in his resignation and hastened to his farm on the eastern shore of Maryland; but finding that his native state did not secede, he petitioned to be restored. His request being refused, he entered the service of the confederate states, and was employed to superintend the fitting out of the frigate Merrimac. He commanded this vessel in her attack upon the federal fleet in Hampton roads, and was wounded by a musket ball during the first day's engagement so severely that he was obliged to relinquish his command. Resuming his post when the vessel was repaired after her conflict with the Monitor, he was in command at the time of the occupation of Norfolk by Gen. Wool, and blew up his vessel to save her from capture. His conduct was investigated by a court martial, which resulted in his favor.

BUCKINGHAM, CATHARINUS PUTNAM, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born at Putnam on the Muskingum river, Ohio, March 12, 1808. He was graduated at West Point in 1829, became 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery, and was assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy in the military academy from Oct. 1830, to Aug. 1831. He resigned his commission in Sept. 1831, and from 1833 to 1836 was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Kenyon college, Ohio. He then established iron works at Mount Vernon, O. On the outbreak of the civil war in 1861 he was appointed adjutant-general of