appeared, was intended to mask a movement by Gen. Jackson in great force toward Thoroughfare gap in the Bull Run mountains, and thence to Manassas Junction in the rear of the Union army. On the night of the 22d, while Jackson in his march to Thoroughfare gap was encamped 12 m. N. of Warrenton, a body of his cavalry under the command of Gen. Stuart made a bold dash across the country, in the midst of a terrific thunder storm, to Catlett's station in Pope's immediate rear, and plundered a valuable train, gaining possession among other things of Gen. Pope's private papers and baggage. On the succeeding day the first detachment of McClellan's army under Heintzelman reached Warrenton Junction, where on the evening of the 25th it was joined by Gen. Fitz John Porter's corps, also of McClellan's army, Pope having in the mean time fallen back upon Warrenton. Jackson proceeded northward without obstruction on the 24th and 25th, and passing through Thoroughfare gap marched directly for Centreville. On the 26th his cavalry under Col. Fitz Hugh Lee fell suddenly upon the small Union force at Manassas Junction, capturing a battery and a large amount of stores, and the works were immediately occupied by the confederates in force. A brigade of New Jersey troops from McClellan's army, under Gen. Taylor, which arrived there from Alexandria by railroad on the succeeding day, approached the junction unsuspicious of the presence of the enemy, and were driven back with heavy loss beyond Centreville. Gen. Pope has stated in his official report that this flanking march of Jackson was well known to him, and that he had relied confidently upon the presence at Manassas of a large force which he had been assured would be sent there from Alexandria. It was not until he found his communications with Washington interrupted that he was undeceived. Upon ascertaining that the enemy were in his rear, Pope decided that the upper Rappahannock was no longer tenable, the Union army being too small to admit of a force being detached to watch Jackson while the main body confronted Lee. Accordingly, on the 27th he evacuated Warrenton and Warrenton Junction, directing McDowell, with his own corps and Sigel's and the division of Reynolds, to march rapidly northward upon Gainesville, 0 as to intercept any reënforcements coming to Jackson through Thoroughfare gap, and instructing Reno with his command, and Kearny, commanding a division of Heintzelman's corps, to march on Greenwich, in the rear of Gainesville, for the purpose of supporting McDowell. He himself with Fitz John Porter's corps and Hooker's division marched back to Manassas Junction. Near Kettle run, on the afternoon of the 27th, Hooker came upon the confederate advance under Gen. Ewell, and after a sharp engagement drove him back with loss upon Manassas Junction; while McDowell presented so threatening a front at Gainesville that Gen. Longstreet, who had passed through Thorough

fare gap with reenforcements for Jackson, was compelled to fall back to the W. side of the Bull Run mountains. The position of Jackson becoming somewhat critical, he evacuated Manassas Junction on the morning of the 28th, and passing through Centreville took the Warrenton turnpike toward Gainesville to reach the neighborhood of his supports. Pope immediately pushed on to Manassas and Centreville with the troops of Hooker, Reno, and Kearny, sending orders to Fitz John Porter to hasten up from Broad run, where he had stopped. On the same day McDowell, leaving the division of Ricketts to watch the enemy at Thoroughfare gap, marched with the corps of Sigel and King's division along the Warrenton turnpike toward Centreville, near which place his advance under Gen. Gibbon encountered the retreating army of Jackson. A sharp skirmish ensued, which was terminated by the approach of night. At dawn of the 29th, in accordance with Gen. Pope's instructions, Heintzelman, commanding the divisions of Hooker and Kearny, with Reno, moved upon Jackson from the direction of Centreville, while Sigel and McDowell attacked him on the west. Fitz John Porter was at the same time ordered to march at daylight from Manassas Junction with his own corps and with King's division of McDowell's corps (which had for some reason fallen back upon that point from the Warrenton turnpike), along the Manassas Gap railroad toward Gainesville, until he should be in close communication with the forces of McDowell and Sigel. At a comparatively early hour the action became general along the line of the Warrenton road, and Pope, seeing that the confederate forces were vigorously pushed by the troops of Sigel, Heintzelman, and Reno, sent orders to McDowell to advance rapidly on the Union left and turn their right flank, and to Fitz John Porter to close up on McDowell's left and attack the enemy in flank and rear. The line of McDowell and Porter would thus have been at right angles with the main line of battle of the Union army. These directions were obeyed by McDowell, but Porter, as he informed Pope by note late in the afternoon, met the enemy in flank in the direction of Gainesville (from which place early in the morning Ricketts had been compelled to fall back before the large force advancing to support Jackson), and retired on Manassas Junction without engaging or rendering assistance to the Union forces; although, according to Gen. Pope, during the whole afternoon and part of the evening of that day troops were passing in plain view and within 2 m. of him to reenforce Jackson. One of his brigades under Gen. Griffin got around to Centreville, where it remained during the 29th and 30th, taking no part in the engagement of either day. The battle raged with fury until dark, at which time the enemy, who stood strictly on the defensive throughout the day, had been forced back some distance toward the Bull Run mountains, leaving their dead

and wounded in the field and many prisoners in the hands of the Union forces. The latter, worn out by 12 days of continuous fighting and marching, and very short of provisions, lay down for the night on their arms. "I do not hesitate to say," Gen. Pope observes in his official report, "that if the corps of Porter had attacked the enemy in flank on the afternoon of the 29th, as he had my written order to do, we should utterly have crushed Jackson before the forces under Lee could have reached him." During Friday night heavy reënforcements under Lee and Longstreet reached Jackson, and were massed on his right for the purpose of crushing the Union left and occupying the road to Centreville in Pope's rear. The latter, who had sent to head-quarters an urgent request for rations and forage, received early on the morning of the 30th a letter from Gen. Franklin, written at Alexandria the previous day, stating that he had been directed by Gen. McClellan to reply, that supplies would be forwarded as soon as Pope would send a cavalry escort for their protection. No cavalry, however, could be spared for the purpose, and it became at once apparent that, unless the enemy received a decided check in the battle of the 30th, it would be necessary for the Union army to retire behind Bull run to save men and horses from starvation. On the night of the 29th Fitz John Porter brought his command up from Manassas, and on the next morning Pope's line of battle was drawn up in a direction facing nearly north and at right angles with Bull run, Heintzelman occupying the extreme right, McDowell the extreme left, and Sigel, Porter, and Reno being posted in the centre. The action commenced soon after 1 o'clock in the afternoon by a severe cannonading, by which the confederates sought to mask their movement upon the Union left, and at about 4 o'clock the whole of Pope's troops on the field were engaged at close quarters. A brigade of Union cavalry under Gen. Buford, reconnoitring on the left, detected the flank movement of the enemy in that direction, and at 5 P. M. the hardest fighting of the day took place in front of the Union left and centre, against which Lee pushed forward immense masses of troops. After several hours of severe fighting the Union left gave way under the press of numbers, and at nightfall had been forced back half a mile, although still firm and unbroken, while the right held its ground. About the same time the corps of Gen. Franklin, followed at an interval of 4 m. by the corps of Sumner, both from the army of the peninsula, arrived at Centreville; but Pope, in view of the exhausted condition of his men, decided to waive the advantage which this fresh accession of strength would give him, and retired across Bull run in good order to the heights of Centreville. During Aug. 31 and Sept. 1 both armies rested; and Gen. Pope having ascertained that his total force, including the reenforcements under Franklin and Sumner, fell rather short of 60,000 men, which did not seem

sufficient for offensive operations against an enemy numerically much superior, determined to await the further attacks of Jackson. The latter, instead of moving directly upon the strong position of the Union army, began to work slowly around to the north for the purpose of passing Fairfax Court House and turning its rear. Pope therefore fell back to that place, throwing out a strong force under Hooker toward Germantown on his right. Against this latter place, near which the supply trains were stationed, the confederates directed an attack on the evening of Sept. 1, but were driven back after a short but very severe engagement with heavy loss, leaving their killed and wounded in the hands of the Unionists. Among the killed on the latter side were Gens. Kearny and Stevens. On the morning of Sept. 2 the whole of Pope's command, which had been joined on the previous day by Gen. Banks, who had remained behind at Bristoe to convoy the trains, were massed behind Difficult creek between Flint hill and the Warrenton turnpike, with the advance under Hooker at Germantown; and in the afternoon, in accordance with orders from Gen. Halleck, the troops commenced the retreat toward Washington, within the intrenchments of which they arrived in good order and without further loss on the evening of the 3d. The enemy made no serious attempt at pursuit, but, moving northward toward Leesburg, crossed the Potomac into Maryland. No official statement of the casualties in these battles has yet (Dec. 1862) been published, but they could not have been less than 10,000 men on each side. Gen. Pope immediately requested to be relieved of his command, and preferred charges of insubordination and negligence against Gens. Fitz John Porter and Griffin. Gen. McDowell was also relieved of his command, and requested an official inquiry into his conduct during the campaign. In his official report of the campaign in Virginia, published about the same time, Gen. Pope gives the following summary of his operations: "To confront a powerful enemy, with greatly inferior forces, to fight him day by day without losing the army, to delay and embarrass his movements, and to force him by persistent resistance to adopt long and circuitous routes to his destination, are the duties which were imposed upon me. They are, of all military operations, the most difficult and the most harassing both to the commander and to his troops. How far we have been successful will be left to the judgment of our countrymen. The armies of Virginia and of the Potomac have been united in the presence and against the efforts of a wary and vigorous enemy, in greatly superior force to either, with no loss for which they did not exact full retribution."

BURNS, WILLIAM W., brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Ohio about 1827, was graduated at West Point in 1847, became a 2d lieutenant in the 5th infantry, was promoted to be a 1st lieutenant in

Aug. 1850, became the quartermaster of his regiment in Nov. 1856, was appointed an assistant commissary of subsistence in Nov. 1858, and in Jan. 1859, relinquished his rank in the line of the army, being made a captain in the subsistence department. In Sept. 1861, he was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers, has served with the army of the Potomac, was wounded in one of the battles before Richmond, and on Nov. 2, 1862, took command of a division in the army corps of Gen. Willcox. BURNSIDE, AMBROSE EVERETT, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Liberty, Union co., Ind., May 23, 1824. His grandparents emigrated from Scotland toward the close of the last century, and settled in South Carolina, where his father was born. The son was graduated at West Point in 1847, and commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery. He was immediately ordered to Mexico, but the war was virtually at an end before he reached the scene of action. He was then stationed at Fort Adams, Newport, R. I., and in 1849 was ordered to New Mexico to join Bragg's battery; but the country proving unsuitable for artillery, the command was reorganized as cavalry, and Burnside put in charge of a squadron, with which he highly distinguished himself in a conflict with the Apaches. In 1850-'51 he filled the office of quartermaster in the Mexican boundary commission, then in charge of Mr. John R. Bartlett. From the copper mines of New Mexico he was sent as bearer of despatches to Washington; and in Dec. 1851, he was promoted to be 1st lieutenant. Returning to Rhode Island, he resigned his commission in 1853, and built an establishment for the manufacture of the breech-loading rifle which bears his name, and the invention of which had occurred to him during his service in Mexico. The business proving unprofitable, he removed to Chicago, and became cashier in the land office of the Illinois central railroad, Gen. McClellan being then in the employ of the same company. Burnside soon became treasurer of the company, and transferred his office to New York city, where he was still residing in 1861. He was then appointed colonel of the 1st Rhode Island volunteers, and 4 days after the call of the president for troops, the first detachment of his regiment, consisting of 150 men and a light battery of 6 guns, started for Washington. At the battle of Bull run, July 21, he commanded a brigade in Hunter's division, and won the highest commendations from Gen. McDowell by his bravery and coolness. He was immediately afterward appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Aug. 6, and summoned to Washington to assist Gen. McClellan in reorganizing the army. Toward the close of the year he was intrusted with the command of an expedition for the capture of Roanoke island, in the waters of North Carolina, and after spending two months in the necessary preparations at New York, sailed from Hampton roads in Jan. 1862, with 15,000 men,

convoyed by a fleet of gunboats under Flag Officer Goldsborough. After encountering a violent storm, the vessels entered Croatan sound in February, and on the 8th the island was taken by a combined land and naval attack, upward of 2,000 of the defenders being taken prisoners. Upon receiving intelligence of the victory, the legislature of Rhode Island voted Gen. Burnside a sword, and on March 18 he was promoted to be a major-general of volunteers. From Roanoke island he at once prepared an attack upon Newbern. On March 13 he landed his troops on the Neuse river, 18 m. below that city, and having marched to within a short distance of the town attacked the enemy's works the next morning, and after a contest of 4 hours carried them by the bayonet. The town of Beaufort was next occupied by a detachment of his army, and Fort Macon, which commands the approach to that place by sea, was invested. It held out until April 25. On the retreat of Gen. McClellan from the Chickahominy to the James river (July, 1862), Gen. Burnside was ordered to reenforce him with the greater part of his army. He accordingly proceeded to Newport News, and shortly before the withdrawal of the army of the Potomac from the peninsula occupied Fredericsburg where he remained until compelled by the defeat of Gen. Pope to fall back toward Washington. When the confederates invaded Maryland his command was largely increased, and with Gen. McClellan he pushed forward to meet them, defeating them in the battle of South mountain, near Boonsborough, Md., Sept. 14. At the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, he commanded the left wing, and was highly distinguished. The several army corps being reorganized in that month, he was assigned to the 9th, and on Oct. 26 crossed the Potomac at Berlin near Harper's Ferry, and occupied Lovettsville. About the same time he was placed in command of one of the 3 grand armies into which the army of the Potomac was divided, his force consisting of the corps of Gens. Couch, Willcox, and Slocum. On Nov. 7 he superseded Gen. McClellan in command of the whole army of the Potomac.

BURTON, RICHARD FRANCIS, a British traveller and author, born in Tuam, Galway, in 1821. He was educated partly in England and partly in France, entered the service of the East India company, and soon obtained a commission as lieutenant in the Indian army. While stationed in the presidency of Bombay, he spent some time in exploring the Neilgherries or Blue hills. He next served for 5 years in Sinde under Sir Charles J. Napier. Enterprising and fond of adventure, Lieut. Burton published the results of his observations in "Sinde, or the Unhappy Valley" (2 vols. 8vo., 1850), "Falconry in the Valley of the Indus" (1850), and "Sinde and the Races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus" (1851). Soon afterward he published "Goa and the Blue Mountains." He had by this time acquired many of

the oriental languages, and conversed like a native in Afghan, Persian, Hindostanee, Mooltanee (of which he published a grammar), and Arabic. Having perfected himself in the last, he resolved to visit Mecca and Medina, a perilous adventure, in which no Christian had succeeded since Burckhardt. Accordingly he returned to England near the close of 1851, and after attempting in vain to obtain 3 years' leave of absence for the exploration of the Arabian peninsula, a year's furlough was granted, and in April, 1853, he embarked at Southampton in the costume of a Persian noble. After spending a month at Alexandria, he assumed the character of a wandering dervish, and in this disguise, which he succeeded in maintaining, though more than once in imminent peril, penetrated to the holy cities, and returned in safety. The publication of his adventures, under the title of "A Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah" (3 vols. 8vo., London, 1855), produced a great sensation. He returned immediately to Cairo, and made an unsuccessful attempt to penetrate into the interior of Africa, an account of which he gave in his "First Footsteps in East Africa" (1856). In the Crimean var he was made chief of staff under Gen. l'eatson, with the rank of captain, and in 1856 started with Capt. Speke upon another exploring expedition from the E. coast of Africa, penetrating some distance into the interior. Capt. Burton's narrative of this expedition, which was not altogether successful, was publishel under the title of "The Lake Regions of Central Africa" (1860). This was hardly in type before he had set out for America to explore the Mormon settlement in Utah, an account of which appeared near the close of 1861, entitled "The City of the Saints." The English and French geographical societies have conferred on him their gold medals for his discoveries, and the British government in 1861 appointed him consul at the island of Fernando Po.

BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Deerfield, Rockingham co., N. H., Nov. 5, 1818. He was graduated at Waterville college, Maine, in 1838, and commenced the study of the law at Lowell, Mass. In 1841 he was admitted to the bar, and continued in the practice of the law in Massachusetts until April, 1861, acquiring a high reputation as an advocate, especially in criminal cases.

He became identified with the democratic party, took an active share in politics, and was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1853, and of the state senate in 1859-'60. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1853, and in 1860 was a delegate to the democratic presidential convention at Charleston, and afterward at Baltimore, in which he supported the nomination of Mr. Breckinridge. On his return home he was nominated by the Breckinridge democrats for governor of Massachusetts, but was defeated by John A. Andrew. He had passed through various grades in the Massa

chusetts militia, and at the time of the president's call for troops in April, 1861, held the commission of brigadier-general. On April 17 he marched with the Massachusetts 8th regiment to Annapolis, brought out the frigate Constitution, and was placed by the war department in command of the department of Annapolis, including the city of Baltimore. He occupied Baltimore, May 13, fortified it, and on May 16 was appointed major-general of volunteers, and transferred to the command of Fortress Monroe and the department of eastern Virginia. On Aug. 22 he proceeded with an expedition against Forts Hatteras and Clark on the coast of North Carolina, which fell upon the 29th of the same month. He then returned to Massachusetts to recruit an expedition for the gulf of Mexico. On Feb. 20, 1862, he left Boston for Ship island in Mississippi sound, at which place he arrived on March 23, with a force of 15,000 men, to attack New Orleans. Leaving Ship island on April 17 with 5,000 troops, he went up the Mississippi, and landed his men in the rear of Fort St. Philip, which with Fort Jackson surrendered to Capt. Porter of the mortar fleet on the 26th, after Flag Officer Farragut had passed them with his flotilla. Gen. Butler arrived at New Orleans with 2,500 men on May 1, took possession of the city, and by a vigorous administration reduced it to a state of order and security.

BUTTERFIELD, DANIEL, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Oneida co., N. Y., in Oct. 1831. He was graduated at Union college, Schenectady, in 1849, and while still young interested himself in military studies. At the breaking out of the civil war in 1861 he was engaged in mercantile business in the city of New York, and was colonel of the 12th regiment of New York state militia. At the call of the president for troops he accompanied his regiment to Washington, and until the early part of July was stationed in that city or its vicinity. He then joined the division under Gen. Patterson on the upper Potomac, where he was assigned to the command of a brigade. Upon the enlargement of the regular army he was commissioned as lieutenantcolonel of the 12th regiment of infantry, and in Sept. 1861, he received the appointment of brigadier-general of volunteers, and was assigned to the army corps commanded by Gen. Fitz John Porter. He remained in front of Washington until the spring of 1862, when he accompanied the army under Gen. McClellan to Yorktown. He took a conspicuous part in the action at Hanover Court House, and subsequently at Mechanicsville, Gaines's mill, and in the battles fought during the retreat of McClellan's army to Harrison's Landing. He participated in the great battles under Pope and McClellan in August and September, 1862, and toward the end of October was placed in command of the division previously under Gen. Morell. He has published "Camp and Outpost Duty" (New York, 1862).

YADWALADER, GEORGE, major-general of

delphia, studied and practised law there, and on the breaking out of the Mexican war was appointed a brigadier-general, March 3, 1847, by President Polk. He distinguished himself in the battle of Molino del Rey, and was brevetted a major-general for gallantry in the battle of Chapultepec. On the reduction of the army after the termination of the war, he left the service. When the civil war broke out in 1861 he promptly declared himself in favor of sustaining the government of the United Sates, and was appointed by the governor of Pennsylvania a major-general of the volunteer force raised by that state under the call of the president. He had command at Baltimore in May, 1861, and was second in command in the force which moved upon Winchester under Maj. Gen. Patterson in June. He was honorably discharged on the expiration of his term of service, and on April 25, 1862, was appointed by the president a major-general of volunteers. In Sept. 1862, he was appointed a member of a court of inquiry convened at Washington under the presidency of Maj. Gen. Hunter, to examine into the conduct of various prominent officers; and he was afterward made president of the court of inquiry ordered in the case of Gen. McDowell.

CESIUM (Lat. casius, bluish gray), an alkaline metal recently discovered, through application of the method described under SPECTRUM ANALYSIS in this supplement, by Professors Kirchhoff and Bunsen. In examining the spectrum afforded by the familiar alkalies obtained from certain mineral waters, Bunsen detected the presence of two bright blue lines, or a double blue line, situated near the strontium line 8, and which had not before been observed. Thus led to infer the existence in the compounds employed of a new alkaline metal, he subsequently confirmed this anticipation by chemical analysis. Precipitating from the Dürkheimer water by bichloride of platinum the potash salts and associated compounds contained in it, he then separated as much as possible of the precipitate by boiling with water; and converting the solid chlorides remaining into carbonates, he dissolved out from these by action of absolute alcohol the carbonate of the new metal, using other precautions to insure its purity. From the carbonate the new metal was obtained as an amalgam, i. e., in union with mercury. Cæsium appeared constantly to accompany, and in less quantity, the metal rubidium (see RUBIDIUM, in this supplement); in 10 kilogrammes of the Dürkheimer water, less than 2 milligrammes of the chloride

of the former exists. Cæsium takes its name spectrum. Its equivalent is 123.4; its symbol, Cs. Such is the avidity of this metal for oxygen, that even in the condition of amalgam it oxidizes in the air, and decomposes cold water. Its entire separation as an element must be correspondingly difficult, and appears not yet to have been effected. In agreement with facts just stated, however, cæsium possesses also the peculiar interest of being now (1862) the most electro-positive element known, standing in this respect before not only potassium but also rubidium. Its hydrate (CsO,HO+ HO) is extremely caustic. Its carbonate, also highly caustic, forms indistinct crystals, that are deliquescent. Its bicarbonate appears in permanent, glassy, prismatic crystals. Like potassium and several other metallic elements, it forms an alum, which is crystalline. Its sulphate and nitrate have been obtained; and its chloride crystallizes in cubes, which deliquesce in air.

CALDWELL, JOHN CURTIS, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Vermont in 1831. He was graduated at Amherst college in 1855, removed to Maine, and took charge of Machias academy. From this position he was appointed colonel of the 11th Maine volunteers, Sept. 21, 1861, and on June 10, 1862, was made brigadier-general of volunteers, his commission dating from April 28. He commands a brigade under Gen. Hancock in Couch's army corps in the army of the Potomac. He was slightly wounded in the battle of Fredericsburg, Dec. 13, 1862.

CAMERON, SIMON, an American statesman, born in Lancaster co., Penn., in 1799. Left an orphan at the age of 9 years, without resources or friends except such as became interested in his destitute state and energetic ambi tion, he found employment as an office boy in a printing establishment, and thus learned the trade of a printer. He labored in this occupation at Harrisburg and Washington, D. C., zealously devoting his leisure hours to the acquisition of learning. In 1820 he became editor of a newspaper at Doylestown, Penn., and in 1822 removed to Harrisburg and settled there as the editor of a journal, in which he advocated the election of Gen. Jackson to the presidency, and defended the policy of the democratic party in general. He prospered rapidly in his personal as well as his political undertakings, and in 1832 was at the head of the Middletown bank of Pennsylvania. He now devoted himself especially to railroad enterprises, and became president of two railroad companies; at the same time he was appointed