the fire of the most formidable batteries, though the cavalry, finding themselves soon in face of an overwhelming force of infantry, were obliged to withdraw. The orders of Gen. Pope to Gen. Paine forbade him to bring on a general engagement, the purpose of the former being to draw the enemy from their position in order to pass to their rear with a larger force, and thus cut them off from Corinth. Gen. Paine was, however, obliged to fight so sharply to repel the enemy's attack that the latter retired, leaving the former to occupy Farmington once more. The Union loss in this affair was 21 killed, 140 wounded, and 14 missing; the confederate loss was not ascertained. On the 16th the general advance was continued, and on the 20th the siege began, the first parallel being formed 4 m. in front of Corinth; from this day a steady though slow advance was made, light skirmishing going on with no important result to either side. On the 26th the Union lines were within 2 m. of Corinth; on the 28th, within of a mile, and on that day the attack was commenced by three strong reconnoitring columns from the Union right, centre, and left, before whom the enemy retired, fighting briskly. It should be stated that for several days a report had been in circulation to the effect that the confederates were evacuating the town, but it was not regarded as trustworthy. The attack of the 28th was so sharply repelled, especially on the Union left commanded by Pope, that a general battle was confidently expected the next day; the enemy, however, kept silence on the 29th, till Gen. Pope opened on them with heavy artillery, when they retired from their battery, and allowed him to occupy the position. Meanwhile, although the resistance to Gen. Pope on the left was strong, the firing from the centre and right was hardly responded to. On the morning of the 30th, before daylight, the last of the enemy abandoned their works. It was then made clear why the response to Pope's fire on the left had been so severe, for the most important point of the confederate defence lay there, being the Mobile and Ohio railroad, by which they were mainly retreating, though it was supposed that considerable bodies of them went in other directions. The federal cavalry made a rapid pursuit, and effected captures of straggling parties, but accomplished nothing of magnitude. The most important movement of this nature was an expedition commanded by Col. Elliott, who with the 2d Iowa cavalry started on the 28th and made a forced march to Booneville, on the Mobile and Ohio railroad; the object of this expedition was to destroy the railroad for the purpose of completely surrounding Beauregard's army. The movement was successfully accomplished, but not until the most of the enemy had used the road in their retreat; the track was destroyed for some distance, several culverts were blown up, 2,500 prisoners, mostly sick and wounded left behind, were captured and paroled, and VOL. XVI.-46

the confusion of the confederate army was made much greater by the panic thus created. Before the evacuation, the enemy attempted to burn the town, but were only partially successful, the inhabitants interfering to save their property. The direction in which the main portion of Beauregard's force finally withdrew was never known; various rumors were set on foot to account for their disappearance, but none of them were satisfactory. The only point which may be considered as settled is, that no considerable body of them were met, and that no new stand was made by them near Corinth. Parts of the army were gradually transferred, by a very circuitous road, to Chattanooga and East Tennessee; others subsequently fought under Lovell, Van Dorn, and Breckinridge. Beauregard's losses by death and desertion were believed to be very large. His whole force was not far from 90,000 men; his subordinate commanders were Gens. Polk, G. B. Crittenden, Bragg, Lovell, Van Dorn, Price, and Breckinridge. The Union force has not been officially stated.-From this date forward affairs remained quiet at Corinth till September, the place being meantime occupied by Union troops, and confederate forces being again assembled in the neighborhood; then Gen. Rosecrans, being placed in command of the national forces in that district, fixed his head-quarters at Corinth, and reorganized his troops. At Iuka, a few miles S. E., where a small Union force was stationed, skirmishing took place at intervals during September, till the 19th, when Gen. Rosecrans, with two divisions and a regiment of cavalry, attacked the confederate general Price about 2 m. S. of Iuka; the fight, which was sharp, was not finished at nightfall, and being renewed the next morning resulted in the retreat of Price, and the capture of numerous prisoners and much property. The federal loss was about 100 killed, and that of the confederates about 300. It was at once known that the purpose of the enemy was to attack Corinth, and preparations were vigorously made to receive them. Additional and very strong fortifications were erected, the most formidable of which contained three batteries, named Robinette, Williams, and Phillips; these mounted 30pound Parrott and 8-inch guns. Directly after the battle of Iuka Price marched to Ripley, the capital of Tippah co., Miss., where he effected a junction with Gens. Van Dorn and Villepigue, the combined army, at a moderate estimate, numbering 40,000. An immediate attack on Corinth was decided upon. After waiting at Ripley a few days this force moved forward, meeting a small picket guard of the national troops at a place of little importance N. W. of Corinth, known as Chewalla. The latter retired, the plan of Gen. Rosecrans being to draw the enemy within reach of the newly constructed batteries, of whose existence the confederate generals were ignorant. On the night of Oct. 2 the attacking force were within

4 m. of Corinth, and on the morning of the 3d the battle was opened with artillery, being continued with desultory skirmishing. Till 2 P. M. the action was fought chiefly in a wooded field, and for this reason, as well as because the federal troops were between the works and the enemy, the heaviest guns could not be advantageously used. At that hour a brilliant charge was made upon the confederates by the 17th Wisconsin, and the 7th, 50th, and 57th Illinois regiments, by which the enemy's centre was broken. After this there was little fighting on that day, and the battle was undecided at night, though the Union army had clearly suffered more severely than the confederates. Early on Saturday, Oct. 4, the batteries opened fire from the national lines with great effect; one of these, that called Robinette, was especially galling, and a strong force of the enemy, 2,000 in number, prepared to attempt its capture. Another attack was to be made almost simultaneously upon the town itself, and this first reached the point aimed at. The advance was gallantly made, and went on unchecked by a severe fire of grape and canister, even occupying the streets of Corinth; there the fire of battery Williams was hotly poured upon them, and their reserves being cut off by the heavy discharges from the other batteries, they were compelled to retire, their retreat being hastened by a furious charge. The second attack, that upon the battery Robinette, was the turning point of the battle. The fire upon this column was terribly destructive, but in face of it the force advanced to the battery itself, reserving their fire till they mounted the parapet; they made three attempts to take the position, but were repulsed with great slaughter, and retreated in utter confusion, followed by a charge of a brigade and by the fire of two heavy batteries. In the mean time an action of less importance, though hotly contested, had been going on in front of the Phillips battery, where also the enemy were repulsed. The battle was thus virtually brought to an end soon after midday of the 4th, when the confederates retreated westward. On the morning of the 5th the Union army, being reënforced by 5,000 men from Jackson, commenced the pursuit; on reaching the Hatchie river the confederates found themselves between the forces of Hurlbut and Ord from Bolivar, on the one hand, and the pursuing column of Rosecrans on the other. A hard battle ensued there, continuing till the afternoon of the 6th, and resulting in the complete defeat of the confederates with heavy losses. The federal troops followed in pursuit till the 9th, when Gen. Grant recalled Gen. Rosecrans; at that time the latter reported the enemy dispersed, demoralized, and incapable of further resistance. During the retreat the confederates abandoned and spiked 11 guns, and lost 3 caissons, together with large stores of ammunition. According to the official report of Gen. Rosecrans, the Union loss in this battle was 315 killed and

1,812 wounded, among the former being Gen. Hackleman; while the confederates lost nearly 1,423 killed, including many officers, 1,800 wounded, and 2,248 prisoners. They lost, also, 14 stand of colors, 2 pieces of artillery, 4,500 rounds of ammunition, 3,300 stand of arms, and a large number of accoutrements.

COUCH, DARIUS NASH, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Putnam co., N. Y., July 23, 1822. He was graduated at West Point in 1846, entered the 4th artillery, and was in active service during the Mexican war, attached to Capt. Washington's battery. He received a brevet for gallantry at Buena Vista in Feb. 1847, and was commissioned as 1st lieutenant the same year. He was afterward in command at Key West barracks, aided in suppressing the last outbreak of the Seminoles, and in 1853 obtained a year's leave of absence for the purpose of making a scientific tour in Mexico. He published an account of his explorations under the title of "Notes of Travel." In 1854 he resigned his commission and engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York city, but subsequently removed to Taunton, Mass. In July, 1861, he took the field in command of the 7th Massachusetts regiment, and in August was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, his commission dating from May 17. On the reorganization of the army of the Potomac he was assigned the command of a division in the corps of Gen. Keyes, with which he greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Fair Oaks. He was promoted to be majorgeneral July 4, 1862; took part in the battles of South mountain and Antietam, in the latter of which he was attached to Gen. Franklin's corps; and was soon afterward placed in command of the 2d (late Sumner's) army corps.

COWDIN, ROBERT, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born at Jamaica, Vt., in 1805. He went to Boston at the age of 21, with no property but his wardrobe, which he carried in a bundle. Engaging at first in a humble avocation, he eventually became a lumber merchant, and was still in that business when the civil war broke out. He was also an alderman of the city of Boston, and for 20 years was connected with the Massachusetts militia. In June, 1861, he took the field in command of the 1st Massachusetts volunteers, and fought in Gen. Tyler's division at the battle of Bull run. He was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers in Sept. 1862.

COX, JACOB DOLSON, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Montreal, Canada, Oct. 27, 1828. His parents were residents of New York city, where the son studied law for some time, afterward spending three years at Oberlin college, Ohio, and being admitted to the bar of that state in 1853. He practised his profession at Warren, O., until his election to the state senate in 1859. In 1861 he was appointed brigadier-general in the state militia, and placed in command of a camp of instruction. He was commissioned brigadier-general

of volunteers May 17, 1861, and selected to command the forces in the Kanawha valley. He soon drove out Gen. Wise, and took possession of Gauley Bridge. He remained in command of this department, except for a short time during which Gen. Rosecrans was over him, until Aug. 1862, when he was assigned a place in the army of Virginia under Gen. Pope. In October he was promoted to be a major-general, and ordered to the district of the Kanawha. CRAIG, JAMES, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Pennsylvania about 1820, studied law and was admitted to the bar; removed to Missouri and settled at St. Joseph; was a member of the state legislature in 1846-'7; served in the Mexican war, and was a captain of Missouri mounted rifles from Aug. 1847, to Nov. 1848; was circuit attorney for the 12th judicial circuit in Missouri from 1852 to 1856; was elected as a democrat a representative in congress from the 4th district of that state in 1857, and was reëlected in 1859. Being a zealous adherent of the Union cause in Missouri, he was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers, March 21, 1862, and has since been employed in the West.

CRAWFORD, SAMUEL WYLIE, brigadiergeneral of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Franklin co., Penn., Nov. 8, 1829. He was graduated at the university of Pennsylvania in 1847, studied medicine, and in 1851 was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the U. S. army. He was immediately ordered to Texas, where he was on duty for 3 years, and then to New Mexico, where he remained until 1856. He was then recalled, with permission to pass through Mexico, and on reaching the capital was retained by the U. S. minister with the assent of the war department. While in that country he made scientific and geographical researches, and was chosen a member of the geographical society of Mexico. He was made bearer of despatches to his government, and then ordered to duty in Kansas. In 1860 he was sent to Fort Moultrie, and was one of the garrison of Fort Sumter in April, 1861, where he volunteered as an officer of the line, and commanded a battery during the action. For this service he was appointed major of the 13th (new) regiment of infantry in Sept. 1861, ordered to western Virginia, and made inspectorgeneral of that department. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers April 25, 1862, and assigned to the corps of Gen. Banks in the army of the Shenandoah. He was in the battle of Winchester, and was mentioned in the report of the commanding general. He was in the advance of the army of Virginia, and in a cavalry reconnoissance to Orange Court House engaged two regiments of the enemy under Gen. Robinson, and took 56 prisoners including several officers; bore a leading part in the battle of Cedar mountain, where he lost more than half of his brigade; and after the death of Gen. Mansfield commanded his division in the battle of Antietam, where he was

severely wounded, but kept the field till the close of the action.

CRITTENDEN, GEORGE B., a general in the service of the confederate states, born in Kentucky. He is a son of the Hon. John J. Crittenden, and brother of Gen. T. L. Crittenden. He was graduated at West Point in 1832, and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant in the 4th infantry; resigned in 1833, but reëntered the army as captain in the mounted rifles in 1846; became major by brevet for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco in 1847, full major in 1848, and lieutenant-colonel in 1856. Resigning again, June 10, 1861, he was appointed a major-general in the provisional army of the southern states, and ordered to S. E. Kentucky, where on Jan. 19, 1862, he was defeated by Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas in the battle of Mill Spring or Somerset. He was placed under arrest shortly after this action, and was not released until November.

CRITTENDEN, THOMAS LEONIDAS, majorgeneral of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Russellville, Ky., in 1819. Ile is the second son of the Hon. John J. Crittenden, studied law under his father, and having been admitted to the bar rose to the office of commonwealth's attorney. On the breaking out of the Mexican war he hastened to the army, and was appointed volunteer aid to Gen. Taylor, in which capacity he highly distinguished himself at Buena Vista. Gen. Taylor, on his elevation to the presidency, appointed him consul at Liverpool (1849). Returning to America on the accession of President Pierce, he resided for a while at Frankfort, Ky., but afterward engaged in mercantile business at Louisville. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers Sept. 17, 1861, and assigned a command under Gen. Buell. For his gallantry at the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, he was promoted to be major-general, July 17, and assigned a division in the army of the Tennessee. He subsequently commanded the 2d corps, composing the left wing, of the army of the Ohio under Gen. Buell, and in October was attached to Gen. Rosecrans's department of the Cumberland.

CRITTENDEN, THOMAS T., brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Alabama about 1828. He is a nephew of the Hon. J. J. Crittenden, and cousin of Maj. Gen. T. L. Crittenden. He served in the Mexican war as 2d lieutenant of Missouri mounted volunteers, but is now a citizen of Indiana, and in 1861, on the call for troops to serve 3 months, took the field as colonel of the 6th Indiana volunteers, with a detachment of which he took part in the battle of Philippi under Col. Dumont. After the expiration of its term of service, the regiment was reorganized under his command for 3 years. He was promoted to be brigadiergeneral of volunteers, April 28, 1862, was taken prisoner at Murfreesborough, Tenn., July 12, and was released in October.

CROOK, GEORGE, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Ohio about

1829, was graduated at West Point in 1852 and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant in the 4th infantry; became 1st lieutenant in March, 1856, and captain May 14, 1861; was made colonel of the 36th Ohio volunteers, serving in western Virginia, and at the head of 1,300 men repulsed a much larger body of confederates at Lewisburg, Greenbrier co., April 23, 1862, capturing 4 cannon, 200 stand of arms, and 100 prisoners. He was made a brigadier-general in Sept. 1862, and took command of the district of Kanawha about Nov. 1.

CROSS KEYS, a place about 8 m. S. E. of Harrisonburg, the capital of Rockingham co., Va., where a battle was fought June 8, 1862. The confederate Gen. Jackson, being pursued by Gen. Fremont, retreated up the Shenandoah valley, his rear covered by Ashby's cavalry and infantry. On June 6 Gen. Fremont's pursuit was unusually vigorous, and the enemy suffered severely; during the retreat from Harrisonburg, on that day, Gen. Ashby was killed, and the way along which the confederate army retreated was strewn with wagons, clothing, and equipments. On the 8th Gen. Fremont, leaving Harrisonburg at 6 o'clock A. M., with not more than 10,000 men, allowing the fullest estimates, met the enemy at Cross Keys 3 hours later. Under Gen. Fremont were Gens. Stahel, Milroy, and Schenck, who were actively engaged in the battle. Jackson's army, which numbered about 15,000, was stationed under cover of woods and in ravines, being well sheltered. Fremont's line, extending nearly two miles, was soon formed; but before this was accomplished the battle was opened on the enemy's right by Gen. Stahel, who forced the confederates to retire. At half-past 12 a general advance was ordered, and the whole line moved forward, descending the slopes of 3 nearly parallel hills, passing through the intervening valley, and ascending the hills on the other side. Gen. Stahel advanced the 8th New York regiment against the enemy's right; the regiment fought with remarkable bravery, but being unsupported was compelled to fall back, the colonel being severely wounded, and the total loss being not less than 300, more than half its strength. The confederates immediately followed up this success vigorously, but their advance was promptly checked by artillery, and Gen. Stahel withdrew his brigade to a stronger position. In the meanwhile, Gen. Milroy in the centre and Gen. Schenck on the right forced the enemy back, a splendid fire of artillery being kept up along the line. The battle continued for more than 3 hours, at the end of which time the Union army held the field. During the night it was expected that the battle would the next morning be renewed; but when the day broke it appeared that the confederates, who were threatened in their rear by the forces of Gen. Shields, had left, rapidly making their way toward Port Republic. The Union loss in this battle was between 600 and 700 killed, wounded, and missing, including many officers. The

confederate loss is not accurately known though hundreds of their dead were left be hind them unburied, and the houses along their way were full of their wounded.

CRUFT, CHARLES, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, entered the service in 1861, became colonel of the 31st Indiana volunteers, and was appointed brigadier-general July 10, 1862.

CULLUM, GEORGE WASHINGTON, brigadiergeneral of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in New York city, Feb. 25, 1812, was graduated at West Point in 1833 and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant in the corps of engineers; became 2d lieutenant April 20, 1836, and captain July 7, 1838. From 1833 to 1838 he was employed under Col. Totten in the construction of Fort Adams and other works at Newport, R. I., with the exception of two years while assistant to the chief engineer at Washington. From 1838 to 1848 he superintended the erection of Fort Trumbull and the battery at Fort Griswold, New London, Conn., and from 1846 to 1848 of Forts Warren, Independence, and Winthrop, and other national works in Boston harbor, at the same time having charge of the construction of the sapper, miner, and pontoon equipages for the armies then invading Mexico. From 1848 to 1855 he was instructor of prac tical engineering in the military academy at West Point, during which time he spent two years in European, oriental, and American travel for his health; and in 1853-4 constructed the New York assay office. He was also appointed in 1848 commandant of sappers, miners, and pontoniers in the army. He afterward superintended the construction of the fortifications and other public works in North and South Carolina, and in 1858 took charge of those at New Bedford, Newport, New London, and New York on the sound. On the breaking out of the civil war in 1861 he was ordered to Washington, served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott, with the rank successively of lieutenant-colonel and colonel, from April 9 to Nov. 1, and was promoted to be major of engineers. On Nov. 12, 1861, he was nominated a brigadier-general and appointed chief of staff and engineers to Gen. Halleck, commanding the department of the Mississippi, and still holds the same relation to that general, having served through the campaign before Corinth and accompanied him when he was called to the chief command at Washington. While at the West he also had command for some time at Cairo, Ill., and since 1861 has been a member of the U. S. sanitary commission. Gen. Cullum has published a "Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy" (New York, 1850); "Military Bridges, with India Rubber Pontoons" (8vo., New York, 1849; 2d ed., 1863); and a translation of Duparcq's "Elements of Military Art and History" (1863).

CUMBERLAND GAP, a pass in the Cumberland mountains in S. E. Kentucky, 145 m. S. E. of Lexington, and 50 m. N. of Knoxville,

which has proved of much strategic importance during the existing civil war. The Cumberland mountains have in this region a general N. E. and S. W. direction, and for upward of 150 m. E. of the gap they present no opening available for a wagon road. The gap itself affords a narrow but perfectly practicable road, and W. of it are Baptist, Rogers's, and Big Creek gaps, which, without being in any sense depressions in the mountain range, derive their name from the fact that the summit is there somewhat more easy of access than elsewhere. Over Rogers's and Big Creek gaps, distant respectively 20 and 35 m. from Cumberland gap, lightly laden wagons have occasionally been known to pass; but prior to the war persons living S. of Big Creek gap preferred to drive an additional 80 m. rather than attempt even with empty wagons the passage of either that or Rogers's gap. The average height of the range is about 1,200 feet, one side of it being nearly perpendicular, and the walls enclosing Cumberland gap are 400 feet high. Through this defile therefore passes the only available road for hundreds of miles from Kentucky into eastern Tennessee, and the possession of it, in view of the well known Union sentiment of the people of the latter region, became early in the contest an important consideration with both Union and confederate generals. A Union army occupying the gap in force could threaten the railroads which pass through Knoxville and connect the eastern and western slave states, and could thus isolate to some extent the two regions; and a confederate army similarly posted could effectually oppose the efforts of the national troops to penetrate into eastern Tennessee, and could secure uninterrupted railroad communication for the seceded states. The gap was accordingly early occupied by a body of confederate troops, who kept in check the Unionists of East Tennessee, and sought to render their almost impregnable position still more strong by forming earthworks and rifle pits at every available point, and by blockading the gaps to the west by fallen trees and rocks so as to render them impassable to cavalry or artillery. No serious attempt against the gap was made by the Union forces until the general advance southward in the spring of 1862, when Gen. G. W. Morgan was sent there with an army of about 10,000 men. Arriving at Cumberland ford, on the Cumberland river, 10 m. N. of the gap, early in April, he ascertained by several extended reconnoissances the formidable character of the confederate defences, and the necessity of making a flank march across the mountains and attacking them in the rear. In order to facilitate this movement, the enemy were kept amused by various manœuvres in front of the gap, and a diversion against the important position of Chattanooga in S. E. Tennessee was attempted by a portion of Buell's army, under cover of which one of Morgan's brigades entered Rogers's gap on June 5 and began to remove the obstruetions. Two other

brigades followed, and so quietly and skilfully was the march conducted that the head of the column had advanced 40 m. over one of the most difficult routes ever travelled by artillery, before the confederates were aware that a single soldier had left Cumberland ford. Heavy siege guns were hauled along by the aid of block and tackle, horses and men pulling at the same rope; and in order to secure the rear guard from attack, the mountain sides were mined so that the valleys along the route could be at any moment obstructed. On June 11 this portion of Morgan's army reached Powell's valley on the S. side of the mountains, from which point it could threaten equally Cumberland gap on the E., Knoxville on the S., and Clinton, the confederate depot of supplies, on the S. W. The remaining brigades had meanwhile crossed the mountains at Big Creek gap, and on the 16th the whole army was concentrated at Fincastle, Tenn., the junction of the Knoxville and Valley roads, whence on the morning of the 18th it marched for Cumberland gap, 9 m. distant. The confederate Gen. Stevenson however evacuated the position at the approach of Morgan, by whom on the same evening it was quietly occupied. Here Morgan remained undisturbed for two months, awaiting the reenforcements, without which it would have been imprudent to attempt a demonstration on Knoxville or adjacent points. Meanwhile the confederates under Stevenson began to gather in formidable numbers in front of him, and on Aug. 17 Gen. E. Kirby Smith, who had passed through Rogers's and Big Creek gaps, appeared in his rear with 25,000 men, effectually interrupting his communications with Lexington and the north. The confederates confidently expected the surrender of the Union forces, thus cut off from their supplies; but as Morgan showed no disposition to capitulate, Smith was compelled at the expiration of a week to move northward to Lexington to obtain subsistence. For a month Morgan held out in the hope that assistance would reach him, and finally on Sept. 17 was compelled by fear of starvation to evacuate the gap and march toward the Ohio. Previous to his departure every thing not capable of being removed was destroyed, and the road was rendered impassable by exploding the mines laid in the adjoining mountain sides. The enemy immediately reoccupied the gap, and still (Dec. 1862) hold it in large force.

CURRY, JABEZ LAFAYETTE MONROE, an American politician, born in Lincoln co., Ga., June 5, 1825, removed with his family to Talladega co., Ala., where he still resides. He was graduated at the university of Georgia in 1843, and at the law school of Harvard university in 1845,and soon became distinguished as a lawyer. In 1846 he joined a regiment of Texas rangers raised for the Mexican war, but was compelled by ill health to leave it. He was a member of the house of representatives of Alabama in 1847, 1853, and 1855, and in 1856 was chosen a representative in congress, and distinguished