lieutenant in the mounted rifles, became captain in 1847, and was brevetted major for gallantry at Chapultepec, where he commanded an advance party of stormers. After the capture of the city of Mexico he served under Gen. Lane against the guerillas, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for his conduct in action with the enemy at Matamoras and the pass of Gualajara. During the following years he was for a long time on bureau duty in Washington, his health unfitting him for active service. When the civil war broke out he was with his regiment in New Mexico, and was assigned by Col. Canby to the command of the southern district. He defended Fort Craig against the Texan forces under Sibley, and on June 1, 1862, was ordered to Washington, with the trophies and reports of the campaign. On July 16 he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and assigned to duty with Gen. Pope's army of Virginia, as chief of cavalry, and afterward as inspector-general. ROBIN, CHARLES PHILIPPE, a French physician and microscopist, born at Jafferon, department of Ain, June 4, 1821. He was educated at Paris, and was sent in 1845 by Orfila to the shores of Normandy and the isle of Jersey to collect specimens for his museum connected with the school of practical medicine. He afterward devoted his attention especially to microscopic investigations in anatomy and pathology, and may be considered as the leader if not the founder of the school of microscopic medicine. He has taken prominent rank also as a lecturer and writer on general anatomy, of which he was made professor in 1847. Among his publications, beside several memoirs read before the institute of France and the biological society, mostly on the microscopic anatomy of the brain, medullary canal, and tissues, are the following: Du microscope et des injections dans leur application à l'anatomie et à la pathologie (8vo., 1849); Tableaux d'anatomie, contenant l'exposé de toutes les parties à étudier dans l'organisme de l'homme et dans celui des animaux (4to., 1851); Traité de chimie anatomique et physiologique, normale ou pathologique, ou des principes immédiats normaux ou morbides qui constituent le corps de l'homme et des mammifères (3 vols. 4to., with an atlas of 45 plates), in conjunction with M. Verdeil; and Histoire naturelle des végétaux parasites qui croissent sur l'homme et les animaux virants (8vo., 1853, with an atlas of 15 plates). He prepared with M. Lettré the 10th and 11th editions of the Dictionnaire de médecine of P. H. Nysten (1855 and 1858). ROBINSON, JOHN CLEVELAND, brigadiergeneral of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Binghamton, N. Y., April 10, 1817. He entered the military academy in 1835 and remained there till 1838, when he began the study of law, but obtained in 1839 a commission as 2d lieutenant in the 5th infantry. He was ordered to the Rio Grande in 1845, and was promoted to be 1st lieutenant during the Mexican war, in which he was distinguished at the battle of Monterey. At the close of that war he served with his regiment in Arkansas and Texas, was made captain in 1850, and was afterward sent against the Indians in Florida. In 1857 he accompanied the army to Utah, and was placed in command of Fort Bridger. At the beginning of the civil war he commanded at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. When relieved from this duty he was sent to the West as mustering officer, and remained as such until appointed colonel of the 1st regiment Michigan volunteers. He was promoted to be major of the 2d infantry in Feb. 1862, was made brigadier-general of volunteers in the following April, and took command of a brigade at Newport News in May, but was soon ordered to the army of the Potomac and placed in command of the 1st brigade of Kearny's division in the corps of Gen. Heintzelman. He was distinguished during the seven days' battles before Richmond, particularly those fought on June 30 and July 1, 1862. RODMAN, ISAAC PEACE, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born at South Kingstown, R. I., Aug. 28, 1822, died Sept. 29, 1862, in consequence of wounds received at the battle of Antietam. He was educated for mercantile pursuits, engaged in business as a manufacturer, was for several years colonel of a militia regiment, and when the civil war broke out in 1861 was a member of the state senate of Rhode Island. He resigned his seat to raise a company. of volunteers, and as captain in the 2d Rhode Island regiment participated in the battle of Bull run. He soon afterward became lieutenant-colonel and then colonel of the 4th Rhode Island volunteers, whom he commanded at the taking of Roanoke island, his regiment being attached to the command of Gen. Parke. For his gallantry at the battle of Newbern (March 14, 1862), where he led a decisive charge and took the enemy's works at the point of the bayonet, he was appointed brigadier-general, April 28, 1862. In the battle of Antietam, while leading his brigade to a charge upon the enemy's guns, he was mortally wounded by a cannon ball. ROSECRANS, WILLIAM STARKE, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born at Kingston, Delaware co., O., Nov. 6, 1819. He was graduated at West Point in 1842, being the 5th in rank in his class, and appointed a 2d lieutenant of engineers; served one year at Fortress Monroe; became assistant professor of engineering at West Point in 1843; took charge of the fortifications at Newport, R. I., in 1847; in 1852 was ordered to survey New Bedford and Providence harbors and Taunton river; in1853 became constructing engineer at the Washington navy yard; and in April, 1854, resigned his commission. He then opened an office in Cincinnati as a consulting engineer and architect, in 1855 took charge of the works of the cannel coal company in western Virginia, and afterward became connected with the Cincinnati coal oil company. On the breaking out of the civil war in 1861 he became attached to the staff of Gen. McClellan in Ohio, was appointed on June 10 colonel of the 23d Ohio volunteers, and on June 16 was commissioned a brigadier-general in the regular army, and ordered to duty under Gen. McClellan in western Virginia. He won the battle of Rich mountain, July 12, and on July 24 succeeded McClellan as commander of that department, which he retained until superseded by Gen. Fremont in March, 1862. In June he succeeded Gen. Pope in command of an army corps in the army of the Mississippi, under Gen. Grant. In September, when the commands were reorganized, Gen. Grant's department was called the district of West Tennessee, and Gen. Rosecrans was placed in charge of the army of the Mississippi, composing the 3d division of Grant's district, his head-quarters being at Corinth. Here, on Oct. 3 and 4, he received the attack of the confederates under Van Dorn and Price, and after a bloody and desperate contest signally defeated them. On Oct. 30 he superseded Gen. Buell in command of the department of the Ohio, and he was soon afterward as signed to the command of the department of the Cumberland, comprising the state of Tennessee south of the Cumberland and east of the Tennessee river, and such parts of northern Alabama as may be occupied by the federal forces; his troops constitute the 14th army corps. ROSS, LEONARD FULTON, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Fulton co., Ill., was admitted to the bar in 1845, and the next year enlisted as a private in the 4th. Illinois volunteers, and served through the Mexican war, rising to be 1st lieutenant. After the war he resumed the practice of his profession, and was probate judge for 6 years. In May, 1861, he was chosen colonel of the 17th Illinois volunteers, with which he served in Missouri and Kentucky. The next winter he was in command at Cape Girardeau, Mo. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers April 25, 1862, having been previously in command of a brigade since the capture of Fort Donelson. After the evacuation of Corinth he was promoted to the command of a division, and stationed at Bolivar, Tenn. ROUSSEAU, LOVELL HARRISON, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Lincoln co., Ky., in 1820. He is of Huguenot descent, and his father was first cousin to President Harrison. He never went to school after he was 10 years old. When he was 13 his father died, leaving a widow and a large family of young children. Lovell obtained employment in macadamizing a turnpike road, and while he sat at his work breaking stone, used to study French from a paper spread out before him. After a while he removed to the vicinity of Louisville, studied law for a few months there, and for a few months more at Bloomfield, Ind., was admitted to the bar in the latter place in 1841, and in 1844-5 was a member of the Indiana legislature. In 1846 he became captain in the 2d Indiana volunteers for the Mexican war, and immediately after his return home was elected to the state senate. He removed to Louisville, Ky., in 1849, before his term of office had expired, but his constituents would not allow him to resign. In 1860 he was elected to the Kentucky senate. When the civil war broke out he raised two regiments of Kentuckians, but, in deference to the neutral sentiment prevailing in that state, was obliged to encamp on the Indiana side of the Ohio river. When Buckner advanced toward Louisville in Sept. 1861, he crossed the river to protect that city. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers Oct. 1, and attached to Gen. Buell's army of the Ohio, with which he participated in the battle of Shiloh. He was afterward promoted to the command of a division in Gen. McCook's corps, at the head of which he took a principal share in the battle of Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. In the same month he was nominated a major-general. RUBIDIUM (Lat. rubidus, dark red), an alkaline metal, the existence of which was first suspected by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, subsequently to the discovery of cæsium (see CESIUM in this supplement), and through a similar circumstance, namely, the detection (in the spectrum obtained by examination of an impure compound of caesium) of certain bright lines not previously observed in the light from any then known elements. (See SPECTRUM ANALYSIS in this supplement.) The lines characteristic of the new metal are two remarkable bands of dark red lying beyond Fraunhofer's A (see OPTICS), and consequently in a part of the spectrum visible only by unusual methods. A precipitate of potassium and associated alkaline metals being obtained from specimens of lepidolite by action of bichloride of platinum, by subsequent reduction of the precipitate with hydrogen and extracting with water the chloride of the new metal is separated; and this is then purified by repeated precipitation and boiling, alternately. To free it from cæsium, the chloride is converted into a carbonate, and repeatedly extracted with alcohol. With mercury, by aid of a voltaic circuit, the rubidium is then obtained in the condition of an amalgam, which is of silverwhite color and crystalline structure. Rubidium is thus far found in greatest quantity in lepidolites, from which its compounds are most easily obtained pure. A lepidolite from Rozena in Moravia gave .002 of the entire weight of oxide of rubidium; the Saxon lepidolite was still richer; and traces of the metal were determined in almost all the mineral waters examined, though not always in the potash compounds of commerce. Very recently, Bunsen has found a lepidolite yielding .03 of rubidium. The equivalent of rubidium is 85.36; its symbol Rb. As in case of cæsium, its amalgam quickly oxidizes in the air, and decomposes cold water. Though standing in the scale below cæsium, rubidium is electro-positive to potassium. Its hydrate is highly soluble, caustic, dissolving in water with strong evolution of heat, and greed ily attracting water and carbonic acid from the air. Its carbonate forms indistinct, strongly alkaline crystals; its bicarbonate, prismatic crystals, permanent in the air, with a faint alkaline reaction, and cooling rather than caustic taste. Its sulphate and nitrate have been obtained, and it has also its peculiar alum, crystallizing in hard glassy octahedrons. Its chloride crystallizes with difficulty in cubes, permanent in the air, and easily fusible.-Mr. E. W. Blake, jr., of New Haven, reports (1862) the finding of both rubidium and cæsium, along with lithium, potassium, and sodium, in the residues from the preparation of lithia from triphyline, the iron and phosphoric acid of the residues being first removed, and the remaining sulphates of the alkalies converted into chlorides. Both the former metals he first detected by means of the spectra afforded on optical examination of the residues named. While a quantitative analysis showed in 100 parts of the entire mass of chlorides the presence of 50.04 of chloride of sodium, 40.98 of that of lithium, and 9.29 of that of potassium, that of rubidium formed but 0.18, and of cæsium but 0.11 parts of 1 per cent. Prof. C. D. Allen ("American Journal of Science," Dec. 1862) details a new process for the separation of caesium and rubidium, in the form of bitartrates. He found the lepidolite of Hebron, Me., unusually rich in these elements, though their relative quantities were the reverse of those in the lepidolites examined by Bunsen, the cæsium being here the most abundant. In the first process of extraction, he obtained 0.3 per cent. of cæsium, and 0.14 of rubidium; and he subsequently recovered ADLIER, MARY ANNE (MADDEN), an American authoress, born in Cootehill, county Cavan, Ireland, Dec. 31, 1820. When scarcely 18 she began to contribute to "La Belle Assemblée," a magazine published in London under the patronage of the late duchess of Kent. After the death of her parents she emigrated to America with a young brother, and settled in Montreal, where she published by subscription a collection of traditionary stories, entitled "Tales of the Olden Time." In 1846 she became the wife of Mr. James Sadlier, one of the firm of D. and J. Sadlier and co., Catholic publishers of New York and Montreal, and now (1862) resides in the former city. She has written a great number of Catholic tales, and has also been a contributor to several of the leading Catholic papers of America. SALOMON, FREDERIC, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born near Halberstadt, Prussia, April 7, 1826. He received his early education at the gymnasium in Halberstadt, and was appointed a government surveyor. He served as a one year's volun 66 S an additional quantity of the metals from the washings of the first process. One part of bitartrate of cæsium requires for solution 1.02 parts of boiling water; 1 part of the like salt of rubidium, 8.5 parts. Grandeau has recently detected rubidium in the ashes of the beet, in tobacco, coffee, tea, and raw tartar; and he believes it to be a widely distributed metal, not necessarily associated with lithium.-Two points of especial interest connected with the discovery and relations of the new metals are, that instead of the long familiar number of two fixed alkalies, we are henceforth obliged to admit at least five such substances, viz., cæsia, rubidia, potassa, soda, and lithia; and that, singularly, these alkalies, and especially the first three just named, show a remarkable tendency to appear in the same minerals or other situations, and also a sort of affinity or at least similarity of behavior that renders their separation difficult. RUGGLES, DANIEL, a general in the service of the confederate states, born in Massachusetts about 1814, was graduated at West Point in 1833 and appointed a brevet 2d lieutenant in the 5th infantry; became 2d lieutenant Feb. 18, 1836, 1st lieutenant July 7, 1838, and captain June 18, 1846; was brevetted major for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, and lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847; and resigned his commission May 7, 1861. He was at once appointed a brigadier-general in the provisional confederate army, served in New Orleans in the winter of 1861-2, and retreated thence with the forces under Gen. M. Lovell, previous to the surrender of the city to Flag Officer Farragut. teer" under the Prussian military system, at Magdeburg, in the artillery, and was promoted to a lieutenancy in that service after passing the necessary examination. In 1848 he went to Berlin, and became a pupil in the royal academy of architecture. He soon after emigrated to the United States with his brother William, now (1862) governor of Wisconsin, and settled at Manitowoc, Wis., where he pursued for a time his business of surveying, was register of deeds 4 years, and was employed as chief engineer on the Manitowoc and Mississippi railroad until 1859. In the spring of 1861 he was elected captain in the 5th regiment Missouri volunteers, served in that capacity during their term of three months under Gen. Sigel, and was present at the battle of Wilson's creek. Before his first term of service had expired he was made colonel of the 9th Wisconsin volunteers, which he commanded until he was appointed brigadier-general, July 16, 1862, and assigned to a brigade in Kansas. SALOMON, HAYM, an American financier, born of Hebrew parentage at Lissa, then in Po land, about 1740, died in Philadelphia in 1785. Emigrating to America some years before the revolution, he established himself in Philadelphia as a merchant and banker, and accumulated a large fortune, which during the war of independence he devoted to the use of the American government. He negotiated all the war subsidies obtained from France and Holland, which he indorsed and sold in bills to American merchants at a credit of two and three months on his personal security, receiving for his commission one quarter of one per cent. He acted as paymaster-general of the French forces in America, and for some time supported the ministers or agents of several foreign powers when their own sources of supply were cut off. It is asserted that over $100,000 thus advanced has never been paid. Mr. Salomon also lent to the U. S. government about $600,000 in specie, and at the time of his death the sum of $400,000 remained due to him from the government, irrespective of amounts which he had lent to statesmen and others while engaged in fulfilling public trusts. His descendants have petitioned for remuneration, and their claims have several times been favorably reported upon by committees of congress. SAVAGE'S STATION. See CHICKAHOMINY. SAXTON, RUFUS, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Deerfield, Mass., Oct. 19, 1824. He was engaged in agricultural labors until he was 20 years of age, was graduated at West Point in 1849 and entered the 3d artillery, was transferred to the 4th artillery in 1850, and became 1st lieutenant in 1855. In the same year he led a surveying party across the Rocky mountains from the mouth of the Columbia river, by way of the North pass, to Fort Benton on the Missouri, and thence by way of that river to St. Louis. After his return from this expedition he was employed for some years on the coast survey, and effected certain improvements in instruments for taking deep sea soundings, one of which, a self-registering thermometer, bears his name. (See ATLANTIC OCEAN, vol. ii. p. 304.) In 1860 he became an instructor at West Point. At the breaking out of the civil war he was at St. Louis, under Capt. (afterward Gen.) Lyon, acting as quartermaster, with the rank of captain, and bore a conspicuous part in breaking up the confederate "Camp Jackson." He subsequently joined McClellan in western Virginia, and accompanied him to Washington. He went with Gen. Sherman to Port Royal in the capacity of quartermaster, and on April 15, 1862, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. For a short time after the retreat of Gen. Banks from the valley of the Shenandoah, Gen. Saxton was in command at Harper's Ferry. Soon after this he went back to Port Royal, where he is now (Dec. 1862) acting as military governor. SCAMMON, ELIAKIM PARKER, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Maine, was graduated at West Point in 1837 and appointed 2d lieutenant in the 4th artillery; was acting assistant professor of mathematica at West Point from Aug. 28, 1837, to Sept. 10, 1838, and assistant professor of ethics from Aug. 30, 1841, to July 13, 1846; was transferred to the topographical engineers July 7, 1838, and became 1st lieutenant Sept. 21, 1846; was acting aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott in his Mexican campaign; became captain in March, 1853; and was dismissed June 4, 1856. In 1861 he reentered the service, became colonel of the 43d Ohio volunteers, and in Oct. 1862, was promoted to be brigadier-general for gallantry in the battle of South mountain. SCHENCK, ROBERT CUMMING, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Ohio, Oct. 7, 1809. He was educated at the Miami university, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He did not continue long in the practice of his profession, but soon entered political life, was elected to the legislature of his state, and then sent to congress as a whig during 4 consecutive terms (1843-251), and was distinguished for ability and industry. In 1851 he was appointed U. S. minister to Brazil, where he remained for 3 years. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and placed in command of a brigade stationed near Washington. On June 17, while attempting to carry out an order to take possession of the railroad from Alexandria to Vienna, Va., the train in which he was transporting his men was fired into and disabled by a concealed battery, and severe loss was inflicted upon the national soldiers before they could retreat. At the first battle of Bull run Gen. Schenck commanded a brigade under Gen. Tyler; he was in the rear during the retreat, and brought off his men in comparatively good order. He afterward served under Gens. Rosecrans and Fremont, in western Virginia, and under Sigel; was wounded at Bull run, Aug. 30, 1862, and had an arm amputated at the wrist on the battle field. In October he was nominated a major-general, and was again elected to congress as a republican, defeating C. L. Vallandigham, his democratic opponent. He was appointed to command at Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1862. SCHOEPF, ALBIN FRANCISCO, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Hungary, March 1, 1822. He entered the military academy in Vienna in 1837, became a 2d lieutenant of artillery in 1841, and served in the Austrian army until the outbreak of the revolution in Hungary in 1848. He then enlisted in the Hungarian army as a private, but was soon made captain, and afterward major. After the defeat of his countrymen in 1849, he escaped into Turkey, served under Gen. Bem at Aleppo, and was made instructor of artillery. In 1851 he came to the United States, and in the same year received an appointment in the U. S. coast survey. In 1858 he was transferred to the patent office as an assistant examiner. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 28, 1861, and immediately ordered to Kentucky, where on Oct. 21 he defeated Gen. Zollicoffer at Camp Wild Cat. At the battle of Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862, he commanded a division in Gen. Gilbert's corps. SCHOFIELD, JOHN MCALLISTER, brigadiergeneral of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Chautauqua co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 1831. At 12 years of age he removed with his father's family to Illinois. He was graduated at West Point in 1853, brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 2d artillery, and stationed for two years at Fort Moultrie, S. C., and Fort Cassin, Florida. He was then ordered to West Point as instructor in natural philosophy, and remained there for 5 years, when he was granted a leave of absence to occupy the chair of natural philosophy in Washington university, St. Louis, Mo., which place he was filling when the civil war broke out. By an order from the war department he was detailed to muster into service the Missouri troops, and was appointed major of the 1st Missouri infantry. His rank in the regular army was then 1st lieutenant, and in May, 1861, he was appointed captain. After the battle of Booneville he joined Gen. Lyon as assistant adjutantgeneral and chief of staff, and was with him when he fell at the battle of Wilson's creek. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers Nov. 21, 1861, and assigned to the command of the militia of Missouri authorized by the war department to be raised for service during the war. When Gen. Halleck went to Pittsburg Landing, about four fifths of the state was placed under command of Gen. Schofield, and on June 1, 1862, the district of Missouri, comprising the entire state, was assigned to him. In October he received command of the army of the frontier, comprising the troops of Missouri and Kansas, with which he drove all the organized forces of the rebels back to the valley of the Arkansas, defeating Hindman, Oct. 22, at Maysville near Pea ridge, Ark., and pursuing him beyond the Boston mountains. SCHURZ, CARL, an American orator and brigadier-general of volunteers, born at Liblar, near Cologne, Germany, March 2, 1829. He passed through the full course of studies at the gymnasium of Cologne, and in 1846 went to the university of Bonn, where he studied history, philosophy, and ancient languages. On the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he took an active interest in the prevailing agitation, and having become acquainted with Gottfried Kinkel, then professor of rhetoric at the university, he joined him in the publication of a liberal newspaper, which was conducted wholly by Schurz while Kinkel was absent as a member of the Prussian legislature. In the spring of 1849, having made an unsuccessful attempt to produce an insurrection at Bonn, both Kinkel and Schurz were obliged to flee, and betook themselves to the Palatinate, where a body of revolutionary troops were already organized. Schurz entered the military service as adjutant, and participated in the defence of Rastadt. On the surrender of that fortress he concealed himself for 3 days and nights without food, and finally, escaping through a sewer, made his way across the Rhine, arriving in Switzerland at the beginning of Aug. 1849, where he remained in seclusion at Zürich till the following May. Kinkel in the mean time had been captured, condemned to 20 years' imprisonment, and shut up in the fortress of Spandau. After long correspondence with his wife, Schurz determined to undertake his rescue, and for this purpose made his way secretly back to Germany in May, 1850, spending much time in preparations in Cologne and Berlin, and remaining in the latter city for 3 months engaged in endeavors to establish relations with the guards who watched the prisoner. The rescue was finally accomplished in the night of Nov. 6, 1850, Kinkel's cell being broken open and he brought upon the roof of the prison, whence he was successfully lowered to the ground. From the boldness of the scheme it was alleged, without reason, that the government must have winked at it. The fugitives escaped the same night across the frontier into Mecklenburg, and thence made their way to Rostock, and, after remaining some time in concealment, took passage in a small schooner for Leith, where they arrived about Dec. 1. Schurz then went to Paris, where he remained as a correspondent of German journals till June, 1851, when he went to London and lived as a teacher till July, 1852. He then married and removed to America. He remained 3 years in Philadelphia engaged in legal, historical, and political studies, made a short visit to Europe, and then settled at Madison, Wis. In the presidential canvass of 1856 he became known as an orator in the German language. In 1857 he was nominated by the republican state convention as a candidate for the office of lieutenant-governor of the state, but was not elected. In 1858, on occasion of the contest between Mr. Douglas and Mr. Lincoln for the U. S. senatorship of Illinois, he delivered his first English speech, which was widely republished by the journals in various parts of the country. In the spring of 1859 he was invited to the celebration of Jefferson's anniversary in Boston, and delivered a speech on Americanism in Faneuil hall. He had now removed to Milwaukee and established himself in the practice of the law. In the winter of 1859-'60 he was extensively engaged as a lyceum lecturer in New England; when in Springfield, Mass., he delivered a speech against the ideas and policy of Mr. Douglas, which excited much attention. As a member of the republican national convention of 1860, he exercised a good deal of influence, especially in determining that portion of the platform which related to citizens of foreign origin. During the canvass which followed he was constantly occupied in addressing the people throughout the northern states, both in English and German, his principal speeches being one on "The Irrepressible Conflict," delivered in St. Louis, and one entitled "The Bill of Indictment against Douglas," delivered in New York. Af |