His father was a major in the ducal service, and his grandfather a lieutenant-general in the Prussian army. He was educated at the military academy of the city of Brunswick, and entered the army of the duchy as lieutenant in 1841. In 1847 he resigned and came to the United States for the purpose of offering his services to the government in the Mexican war; but failing to obtain a commission in the regular army, he returned to Germany after marrying a lady of Mobile. In 1854 he again came to America, and purchased a farm near Wallingford, Conn. At the commencement of the civil war he raised a regiment, the 29th New York volunteers, which he commanded at the first battle of Bull run, forming part of the reserve under Col. Miles. On Oct. 12, 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and appointed to the command of the 2d brigade of Blenker's division. This division was at tached in May, 1862, to the Mountain department under Gen. Fremont. When Sigel assumed command of the corps, after the organization of the army of Virginia, Gen. Steinwehr was promoted to the command of the 2d division, and participated in the campaign on the Rapidan and Rappahannock in August.

STEVENS, ISAAC INGALLS, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Andover, Mass., in 1817, killed in the battle near Chantilly, Fairfax co., Va., Sept. 1, 1862. He was graduated at West Point in 1839, ranking first in the same class with Gens. Halleck, Ricketts, and Ord, and was commissioned 2d lieutenant of engineers; became 1st lieutenant in 1840, and was adjutant of his corps in 1847-'8. From 1840 until the beginning of the Mexican war he was employed upon the fortifications of the New England coast. In Mexico he was attached to Gen. Scott's staff, and was brevetted captain and major for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco and at Chapultepec. At the attack upon the capital he was in Gen. Worth's division, and was severely wounded in the San Cosme suburb. After the war he was attached to the coast survey as principal assistant to Prof. Bache, and had charge of the office in Washington. In 1851 he published "Campaigns of the Rio Grande and Mexico, with Remarks on the recent Work of Major Ripley" (8vo., New York). On the accession of President Pierce (1853), who was his warm personal and political friend, he resigned his commission and was appointed governor of Washington territory, and at the same time placed in charge of the survey of the northern route for the Pacific railroad. He subsequently published a narrative of the expedition. During his term of office as governor he was involved in a conflict with the chief justice of the territory, Edward Lander, brother of the late Gen. Lander, and declared the territory under martial law. On May 7, 1856, he caused Judge Lander to be arrested in the court room. His action was disapproved by the authorities at Washington. After the accession of President Bu

chanan he represented Washington territory as delegate in congress for two terms. He was a member of the national democratic convention which met at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, supported the nomination of Mr. Breckinridge, and was chairman of the Breckinridge executive committee at Washington; but when the secession of the southern states became imminent, he strongly advised the president to dismiss Secretaries Floyd and Thompson. Being on the Pacific coast when he heard of the fall of Fort Sumter, he hastened to Washington, was appointed colonel of the 79th New York (highlanders), and on Sept. 28, 1861, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He was assigned a command under Gen. Sherman in the expedition to Port Royal, commanded the principal column in the unsuccessful assault on the enemy's position near Secessionville, June 16, 1862, and was ordered to reënforce Gen. McClellan after the retreat of the army of the Potomac from before Richmond. He was subsequently attached to Gen. Pope's command, and had charge of a division in the series of battles fought by the army of Virginia.

STONE, CHARLES P., brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Greenfield, Mass., in 1826, was graduated at West Point in 1845 and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant of ordnance; was acting assistant professor of ethics at West Point from Aug. 1845, to Jan. 1846; was brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Molino del Rey, Sept. 8, and captain for gallantry at Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847; became 1st lieutenant in Feb. 1853; and resigned his commission Nov. 17, 1856. He afterward took up his residence at Washington, and on the approach of the civil war was appointed by Gen. Scott, Jan. 2, 1861, to organize and command the militia of the District of Columbia. He discharged this duty with so much zeal and efficiency that on May 14,1861, he was commissioned as colonel of the 14th infantry, and on May 24 took a prominent part in the movement of the national forces into Virginia and the occupation of Alexandria. On May 28 he was attached to the staff of Gen. McDowell, was soon after assigned to the command of a brigade at Alexandria, and subsequently of a brigade in the army under Gen. Patterson. After Gen. McClellan took command of the army of the Potomac, Col. Stone was promoted to be a brigadier-general of volunteers, Aug. 4, with rank from May 17, 1861, and took command of a division whose head-quarters were at Poolesville, Md. The troops engaged in the unfortunate battle of Ball's bluff, Oct. 21, belonged to his division and acted under his orders; and after that battle his conduct was discussed in congress, and reports unfavorable to his loyalty began to be circulated. Finally, on Feb. 9, 1862, he was arrested by order of Gen. McClellan and imprisoned in Fort Lafay ette, where for a considerable time no person was allowed to see him. No official charges were preferred against him, nor was a court

volunteered to go to her relief, and succeeded in reaching the vessel in a small boat manned by 6 seamen, and took off 5 of the crew; but finding it impossible to return to Gibraltar till the gale subsided, he made for the Algesiras shore, and had nearly reached it when his boat was swamped by the waves, and one of his crew and two of the rescued Frenchmen perished. He served as lieutenant in 1819 on board the Cyane, which conveyed the first settlers to the colony of Liberia. While on the African coast he was placed in command of a boat and sent in search of slavers. He captured 4, and was made prize master and sent home with his prizes. In 1821 he was promoted to a first lieutenancy, and ordered to the Hornet, then on the West India station, and while attached to her aided in the capture of a notorious pirate ship and a slaver. From 1825 to 1829 he was on duty at the Brooklyn navy yard; then sailed as first lieutenant of the Peacock to search for the sloop of war Hornet, supposed to have been lost near Tampico; and while engaged in the search was transferred to the Falmouth as her commander and sent to Carthagena, whence he returned to New York in 1830. For the next 5 years he was engaged in shore duty; in 1835 was ordered to the command of the sloop of war John Adams, then in the Mediterranean squadron; in 1837 was appointed second in command in the Brooklyn navy yard; in 1842 was ordered to the razee Independence; in the following year was assigned to the command of the Brooklyn navy yard; and in 1846 took command of the ship of the line Ohio, and took part in the bombardment of Vera Cruz. He was next for a short time commander of the Brazil squadron; in 1851 had command of the Gosport navy yard; from 1852 to 1855 of the Mediterranean squadron, his flag ship being the frigate Cumberland; and from 1855 to 1859 of the Charlestown navy yard. In March, 1861, he was called to Washington as a member of a naval court martial, and while there was appointed flag officer of the Atlantic blockading squadron and ordered to the Minnesota as his flag ship. In May this squadron was divided, and the cruising ground extending from Key West to Chesapeake bay assigned to Flag Officer Stringham. With Gen. B. F. Butler he commanded the joint naval and military expedition which captured Forts Hatteras and Clark, Aug. 27 and 28. On Sept..23 he was relieved from his command, at his own request. On Aug. 1, 1862, he was made a rear admiral on the retired list.

STUART, JAMES E. B., a general in the service of the confederate states, born in Patrick co., Va., about 1835, was graduated at West Point in 1854 and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant in the mounted rifles, 2d lieutenant in the 1st cavalry in March, and 1st lieutenant in Dec. 1855; distinguished himself in a fight with the Cheyennes, June 29, 1857, when he was severely wounded; became captain in 1860, and resigned May 14, 1861. Entering the service of

Virginia, he was appointed colonel of a regiment of cavalry; commanded all the confederate cavalry at the first battle of Bull run; distinguished himself in an attack on the national forces at Lewinsville, Va., Sept. 13, 1861; was promoted to be a brigadier-general, and soon after a major-general; conducted a brilliant incursion within Gen. McClellan's lines on the Pamunkey river, June 13, 1862, at the head of 2 regiments, 1,200 cavalry, and 2 guns, destroying much property and causing very great alarm; surprised Gen. Pope's head-quarters at Catlett's station, near the Rappahannock, Aug. 22, in the midst of a thunder storm, capturing Pope's papers and correspondence, with the private property of his staff; and most brilliant of all, at the head of a body of 1,800 cavalry with 4 cannon, passed from south of the Potomac Oct. 9, crossing between Williamsport and Hancock on the right wing of Gen. McClellan's army, traversed Maryland, and passing Mercersburg, Penn., at noon, Oct. 10, entered Chambersburg after dark of that day, which was surrendered without resistance. Stuart and his troopers remained there during the next day, took a considerable quantity of spoil, and destroyed a vast amount of valuable property, and, retreating with the same celerity as they had displayed in their advance, crossed the Potomac on McClellan's left, thus making a circuit around that general's army, without serious loss. He is justly regarded as a cavalry officer of great merit. He is married to a daughter of Gen. Philip St. George Cooke, of the U. S. army.

STURGIS, SAMUEL DAVIS, brigadier-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Shippensburg, Cumberland co., Penn., in 1822. He was graduated at West Point in 1846 and commissioned brevet 2d lieutenant in the 2d dragoons, served during the Mexican war under Gen. Taylor, and was taken prisoner while on a reconnoissance previous to the battle of Bue-* na Vista, but exchanged soon afterward. At the close of the war he was ordered to California, and subsequently to New Mexico and the territories, and for his energy and skill against the Indians was promoted to be captain. He was then placed in command of Fort Smith, Ark., and remained there until the civil war in 1861. All his officers resigned their commissions and joined the southern confederacy; and being cut off from communication with the war department, he evacuated Fort Smith on his own responsibility, thus saving his command and the government property. In May he was appointed major in the 1st cavalry, and served in Missouri under Gen. Lyon, whom he succeeded in command after his death at the battle of Wilson's creek. He was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers in August, assigned to duty with the army in Tennessee, and afterward to the command of the department of Kansas. In 1862 he was called to Washington to assist the military governor, and assigned to the command of the fortifications around

that city. In the battles of South mountain, Antietam, and Fredericsburg he commanded the 2d division of the 9th army corps.

SUMMERVILLE, the county seat of Nicholas co., Va., on an affluent of Gauley river. The 7th Ohio volunteers, Col. Tyler, were surprised here on the morning of Aug. 26, 1861, by an overwhelming confederate force, consisting of cavalry, artillery, and infantry. Col. Tyler immediately sent orders to his train to move back toward Gauley Bridge, and with his command successfully cut his way through the enemy, losing 200 out of 900 men in the attempt. The Union troops formed again and prepared to fight, but were not subsequently attacked or pursued. The confederates lost colors and a few prisoners, and were believed to have suffered severely in killed and wounded.

SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE, major-general of volunteers, and brevet major-general in the U. S. army, born in Boston, Mass., in 1796. He was educated in Boston and at the Milton academy, and was never a pupil at West Point, having been appointed in March, 1819, 2d lieutenant in the 2d infantry by the commanderin-chief, Gen. Brown. He remained in that regiment until 1833, holding various staff appointments, and serving with distinction in the Black Hawk war. When the 2d regiment of dragoons was raised by Gen. Jackson, he was commissioned captain in it, and was constantly employed in service on the Indian frontier, except for a time when he commanded the school of cavalry practice at Carlisle, Penn., until the outbreak of the Mexican war. On June 30, 1846, he was promoted to be major. Placed by Gen. Scott in command of the mounted rifles, he led the famous cavalry charge at Cerro Gordo, April 18, 1847, was wounded, and obtained the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. He commanded the reserves at Contreras and Churubusco, and the entire cavalry at the battle of Molino del Rey, where he held in check 5,000 Mexican lancers who menaced the American left. For gallant conduct on this occasion he was brevetted colonel. On July 13, 1848, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 1st dragoons. After the war he was placed in command of the department of New Mexico, where, on the withdrawal of Gov. Calhoun in 1851, he was the only representative of the government. In 1854 he was ordered to Europe on official business, and in 1855 promoted to be colonel of the 1st cavalry. In 1856, being in command at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, he incurred the displeasure of the secretary of war, Jefferson Davis, by his conduct in the troubles between the free-state and the proslavery men, and was removed. In July of the next year he led an expedition against the Cheyenne Indians, and defeated them on the Solomon's fork of Kansas river. In 1858 he was made commander of the department of the West. He was selected by Gen. Scott to accompany Mr. Lincoln from Springfield to Washington in Feb. 1861, and on March 16 was ap

pointed brigadier-general in the regular army in place of Gen. Twiggs. He was then ordered to the command of the department of the Pacific; but being anxious for active service in the field, he was recalled to the East, and in March, 1862, appointed commander of the 1st army corps in the army of the Potomac. He commanded the left wing at the siege of Yorktown, and performed a conspicuous part in all the battles of the Chickahominy campaign, during which he was twice slightly wounded. For his services before Richmond he was appointed major-general of volunteers, to date from July 4, and brevet major-general in the regular army, to date from May 31. On the reorganization of the army after Gen. Pope's campaign in Virginia, the 2d corps was assigned to him, and with it he took part in the battle of Antietam, where he was wounded. He now commands the right grand division of the army of the Potomac, which bore the brunt of the battle of Fredericsburg, Dec. 13, 1862.

SUSQUEHANNAS, a tribe of Indians on the lower waters of the river of that name. They were known to Smith when he explored the Chesapeake; were of the Iroquois stock, ruled all the neighboring Algonquin tribes, and at one time nearly destroyed the Mohawks. They were always friendly to European settlers of all nations. By the Iroquois tribes they were called Gandastogue or Conestogue, or simply Andastes (from andayta, a pole to make a cabin roof). The Swedes, who were their allies, and the Dutch called them Minquas. They learned from these more of the science of war than other tribes, and had their palisaded town fortified by cannon. In the war between the Hurons and Iroquois, they sided with the former, and after their fall soon had to sustain the whole power of the cantons. Although greatly reduced by the small pox, they kept up the war with spirit from 1661 to 1676, but were at last subdued, Maryland and Virginia in 1675 assailing them in their distress. They then became a dependency of the league. They were among the first to enter into friendly relations with Penn, which were always preserved on their part. The celebrated Logan was the son of a chief of this tribe, and his character is an example of that which they bear in history. In 1763 the scanty remnant of the tribe was on mere suspicion massacred by the Paxton boys at Lancaster. Of the language of the Susquehannas or Minquas a vocabulary has fortunately been preserved by Campanius in his Nya Sverige (Stockholm, 1704).

SYKES, GEORGE, major-general of volunteers in the U. S. army, born in Maryland about 1823, was graduated at West Point in 1842 and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant in the 3d infantry; became 1st lieutenant in Sept. 1846; was brevetted captain for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, April 18, 1847; was assistant commissary of subsistence with Twiggs's division of the army of Mexico; became captain in Sept. 1855, major of the 14th infantry May 14,