earliest), True as Steel, Wildfire, Tales for the Marines, and Great Heart. Among the biographical and historical sketches are, Shakespeare's England, the Life of J. M. W. Turner (which was sharply criticized by the Athenæum), and British Artists from Hogarth to Turner. His works of travel include Art and Nature at Home and Abroad, Life in Spain Past and Present, Turkish Life and Character, etc. Besides these, Mr. Thornbury has published a volume of Songs of the Cavaliers and Round Heads, and Two Centuries of Song, and translated La Fontaine's Fables into English verse, and also the legend of the Wandering Jew. His style is lively and entertaining, and his novels have the merit of healthy feeling and naturalness of character and incident. THOMAS B. SHAW, 1813-1862, was born in London, and educated at Cambridge. He was appointed Professor of English Literature in the Imperial Lyceum, St. Petersburg, in 1842, Lector in the University of St. Petersburg in 1851, and Tutor of English to the Grand Dukes of Russia from 1853 to 1862. His chief work was Outlines of English Literature, being the substance of his course of lectures in the Lyceum and the University.

REV. ANDREW K. H. BOYD, 1825, is a Scotch minister and a popular writer on religious and moral subjects. His works have been reprinted in this country, and have been received with general favor: Recreations of a Country Parson; Graver Thoughts; Leisure Hours; Every-Day Philosopher; Counsel and Comfort; Autumn Holidays.

REV. PETER BAYNE, , a Scotch clergyman, has attained considerable celebrity by his critical articles on literary subjects and also by his religious writings, all of which have displayed talent of a high order. His published volumes are Essays in Biographical Criticism, Sermons, The Christian Life, Social and Individual. "These volumes indicate the traits of mind and heart which render the Christian Life so intensely suggestive and vitalizing, and at the same time they display a critical power seldom equalled in comprehensiveness, depth of insight, candid appreciation, and judicial integrity."— N. Am. Review.

JOHN BROWN, M. D., 1810, of Edinburgh, was educated at the High-School and the University of that city. He has been a contributor to the North British Review and to Good Words. He published two volumes of Essays, on professional and other subjects, entitled Hora Subsecivæ. One of these pieces, called Rab and His Friends, giving an account of a favorite dog, has been very popular.

SIR ROUNDELL PALMER, M. P., 1812 —, was educated at Rugby and at Oxford. He entered Parliament in 1847, and is one of the ablest debaters in the Liberal party. He was made Solicitor-General in 1861, and was Attorney-General from 1863 to 1866. He is a man of fine literary culture, and has published a work of great excellence, The Book of Praise, from the Best English Hymn Writers, which has had a large sale,

JAMES PILLANS, 1778-1864, was a native of Edinburgh, and a contemporary with Brougham and Francis Horner in the Edinburgh High-School. He was subsequently Principal of the School, and was Professor of Humanity in the Edinburgh University, from 1820 to 1863. His publications have been chiefly on educational subjects: Three Lectures on the Proper Objects and Methods of Education; Letters on Elementary Teaching; Rationale of Discipline as exemplified in the Edinburgh High-School; Contributions to the Cause of Education, etc.

JOSEPH ANGUS, D. D., 1816, is the author of several excellent manuals: Bible Hand-Book, Hand-Book of the English Language; Hand-Book of English Literature; Hand-Book of Extracts from English Authors; Christ our Life; Prize Essay on the Voluntary System; and Sermons. His Hand-Books are exceedingly valuable. Dr.

Angus was born at Bolam, Northumberland, and educated at King's College, Stepney College, and Edinburgh. He is a prominent writer and preacher among the Baptists. He was made Secretary of the Baptist Missionary Society in 1840, and President of Stepney College in 1849. He has been for several years English Examiner in the University of London, and in the Indian Civil Service.

MRS. MARY COWDEN CLARKE, 1809, has connected herself indissolubly with the works of Shakespeare, by the preparation of a Complete Concordance of his Plays. This work occupied her for sixteen years, and is the most perfect work of the kind to be found. Besides this, Mrs. Clarke has written The Iron Cousin, an excellent novel; Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines; Shakespeare's Proverbs; World-Noted Women, etc.

GEORGE OLIVER, D. D., 1782-1867, was especially distinguished as a writer on Freemasonry.

His various publications on that subject number nearly thirty volumes, and are favorite works with the brethren of the order. The following are the titles of a few: Dictionary of Symbolic Masonry; Symbol of Glory, showing the Object and End of Masonry; The Antiquities of Freemasonry; An Apology for Freemasonry; Theocratic Philosophy of Freemasonry; Origin of the Royal Arch Degree; Insignia of the Royal Arch Degree; Ornaments, Furniture, and Jewels; Account of the Masonic schism of the Last Century; Mirror for the Johannite Masons, etc. Besides his Masonic writings, Dr. Oliver has published numerous antiquarian works: Historic Collections relative to the Monasteries in Devon; History of Antiquities of Beverly; Monumental Antiquities of Grimsby; Existing Remains of the Ancient Britons, etc.

Writers on Architecture.

The subject of ARCHITECTURE has given birth to a literature of its Two only of the writers on this subject can be named.

own.

AUGUSTUS WELBY PUGIN, 1811-1852, a son of the eminent architect, Augustus Pugin, gained applause at an early age by his skill in architectural design. He obtained eminence, not only as an architect, but as a writer on architecture, and was especially noted for his devotion to the Gothic and mediaval styles of building and ornament. He became a convert to the Catholic Church, and was a zealous advocate of its rites and ceremonies. The following are some of his works: True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture; An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England; Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume; The Present State of Public Worship among the Roman Catholics; Contrasts, or a Parallel between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day, showing the Decay of Taste. It was of this work that one of the reviewers remarked that Pugin told "the bluntest and most disagreeable truths in the bluntest possible manner." The artist's criticisms, however, though irritating, were generally acquiesced in, and wrought a great change in the public taste.

JAMES FERGUSSON, 1808, is celebrated both as an architect and a writer on architecture. He is a native of Scotland. He spent several years in India and China. He advocated a new theory of fortifications and earthworks. His plans were much ridiculed at the time, but the siege of Sebastopol showed that in many of his ideas he was right. His chief works are: Illustrated Hand-book of Architecture; The Peril of Portsmouth, or French Fleets and English Forts; The Ancient Topography of Jerusalem; Picturesque Illustrations of Ancient Architecture in Hindostan; The Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored.

Richardson.

CHARLES RICHARDSON, LL. D., 1775-1865, is well known as the author of A New Dictionary of the English Language.

Dr. Richardson, in the earlier part of his life, gave some attention to legal studies, but afterwards devoted himself almost exclusively to philological pursuits. From 1852 to 1865 he was in the receipt of a pension of £75 from the Government.

His first publication was Illustrations of English Philology, 1815. It consisted mainly of criticisms on Johnson's Dictionary, and an advocacy of the principles of lexicography advanced by Horne Tooke. He was next engaged to prepare A Dictionary of the English Language for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, and his great work appeared originally in this form, namely, as a part of the Encyclopædia. It was published afterwards as a separate work, first in numbers, and then, in 1837, in 2 vols., 4to. This work, which the author very properly calls A New Dictionary of the English Language, constitutes his claim to an enduring place in English literature.

The Dictionary of Richardson is altogether unique. The other Dictionaries that we have are built up by accretion one upon another, or have been developed one from another-Webster from Johnson, Johnson from Bailey, and so on, going back to Edward Philips's little book, The New World of Words. But Richardson struck out boldly into a new path. He adopted as a cardinal principle the dictum of Horne Tooke, that each word has inherently but one meaning, and this one primary meaning must first be ascertained, not by arbitrary conjecture, but by etymological and historical research; and that all the secondary and derived meanings should be subordinated to it, and be shown to spring from it, in historical and logical order. Another feature of his work, equally prominent, is his accumulation of quotations under each word or family of words, showing its use in successive periods, giving in fact the materials for a history of the word.

Richardson's work is so incomplete that it can never supply the place of a dictionary for general use. Yet it is so rich in materials that no literary or professional man can well do without it. The cardinal principles upon which it is based are the true foundations of the science of lexicography, and if ever a general and comprehensive English dictionary shall be framed, in which these principles shall be fully carried out, it will constitute an era in English lexicography.

JOHN MITCHELL KEMBLE, 1807-1857, stands in the foremost rank of Anglo-Saxon philologists.

Mr. Kemble is the son of Charles Kemble and only brother of Mrs. Fanny Kemble. He was educated at Cambridge, and studied afterwards in Germany under Jacob Grimm. The most prominent of his publications are his editions of the Poems of Beowulf, of the Saxon Charters, and of the State Papers and Correspondence on the State of Europe from the Revolution to the Accession of the House of Hanover. For a number of years he was also editor of the British and Foreign Quarterly. His most popular work is The Saxons in England, A History of the English Commonwealth until the Norman Conquest, left unfinished.

JOHN CONINGTON, 1825-1869, Professor of Latin in the University of Oxford, by his profound scholarship, seemed about to bring back the times of Porson and Bentley. His early death, on the threshold of a career that promised so much, was a source of general regret.

Conington was born at Boston, and educated at Rugby, under Arnold and Tait, and at Oxford. His career, both at school and at the University, was a succession of triumphs. At the close of his undergraduate career, he was elected Fellow of University College. He was elected in 1854 to the newly created University Professorship of Latin, which chair he held until his death. His first publication of any note was a translation of the Agamemnon of Eschylus into English verse, in 1848. The Choëphora of Eschylus, with Notes, appeared in 1857. The Works of Virgil with an English Commentary was completed in 1863. The Odes and the Carmen Seculare of Horace, translated into English verse, appeared in 1863; and the Æneid of Virgil, translated into English verse, in 1866. Professor Conington's translations won general applause from critics, not only by the masterly scholarship which they exhibited, but by the ease and elegance of his English, and his wonderfully delicate appreciation of rhythm.

BENJAMIN JOWETT, 1817 -, Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford, was born at Camberwell, and educated at St. Paul's School and at Oxford. He was appointed tutor of Balliol College in 1842, and Greek Professor in 1855. Prof. Jowett has written a Commentary on the Epistles to the Romans, Galatians, and Thessalonians, and is one of the authors of the volume of "Essays and Reviews," having contributed to it the essay on The Interpretation of Scripture. His greatest literary work, however, is his Translation of Plato, which has obtained at once general acceptance.

Smith's Dictionaries.

WILLIAM SMITH, LL. D., 1814 —, is known to all scholars by his Classical and Bible Dictionaries.

Dr. Smith is a native of London, and a graduate of its University, where he took high honors. After commencing the study of the law, he abandoned it for philology. He has occupied several professional positions, and he became editor of Murray's Quarterly in 1867. Dr. Smith is perhaps the most widely known of all English classical scholars of the present day. Those who have been benefited by his labors may be counted by hundreds of thousands. His most celebrated works are the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, and the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. These six large volumes, in the latest edition, constitute the most valuable contribution ever made in English to the classical student's working-library, and completely supersede all other works of the kind. The list of writers for these volumes would embrace nearly all that are distinguished in England for classical attainments.

Next in importance to these is Smith's Latin-English Dictionary, an admirable work, based upon those of Freund and Forcellini.

Dr. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, in three volumes, stands also at the head of works of its kind, covering the entire ground of biblical lore.

In addition to these larger works, Dr. Smith has published a number of minor works, among them some classical authors, but consisting chiefly of condensed historical manuals, such as the smaller Histories of Greece and Rome, The Student's Gibbon, The Student's Hume, The History of France, The Old Testament History, and The New Testament History, etc.

The mere list of works of such magnitude and excellence is enough to fill the lover of sound learning with admiration for the editor, who has displayed in them the greatest zeal, and also the greatest skill in availing himself of the resources of his numerous contributors and coadjutors.

Travels.

The literature of TRAVEL at the present day is very abundant and valuable. A few only of this class of writers can be named.

SIR WILLIAM EDWARD PARRY, Rear Admiral R. N., 1790-1855, is well known as an Arctic explorer. Admiral, then Captain, Parry made, between 1819 and 1828, four voyages to the Arctic regions, by which his name has been rendered famous. His attempts to reach the North Pole, like those of so many others, were failures; but he had the merit of familiarizing the navies of England and America with the perils of Arctic navigation, and of arousing a spirit of generous emulation. An edition of his four voyages was published in 1828.

SIR JOHN Ross, 1777-1856, Rear-Admiral in the British navy, is well known as an Arctic explorer, at first under Parry and afterwards in command. Ilis Arctic voyages were three in number, of which the last, made in 1850, was in search of Sir John Franklin. He has published separate accounts of all these voyages, as well as several other treatises on Arctic explorations. These works are full of interesting information, but have not that charm of style which belongs to Dr. Kane's celebrated narrative.

WILLIAM SCORESBY, 1790-1857, son of the celebrated Arctic navigator of the same name, and a clergyman of the Church of England, is author of numerous works, chiefly descriptive of the Arctic regions. The chief of them are: An Account of the Arctic Regions; Journal of a Voyage to the North Whale Fishery; Magnetical Observations, in three parts; Memorials of the Sea, in which is contained a full account of the adventures of his father; and, finally, a Journal of a Voyage Around the World for Magnetic Research. Young Scoresby accompanied his father for a number of years in his Arctic explorations, and succeeded him in the command of The Resolution, but took holy orders in 1825. In addition to these works, Mr. Scoresby contributed a number of papers to the reports of various scientific associations.

CHARLES AUGUST MURRAY, 1806, son of the Earl of Dunmore, has travelled extensively, in a diplomatic capacity, in the East, and also in America. As an author he is known by his Travels in North America and a Summer Residence with the Pawnee Tribe, etc., a work of travels in two volumes. This has been highly commended, as written in a lively, almost genial manner, and quite free from prejudice. Murray has also published two novels, The Prairie Bird, a tale of Indian life, and The Child of the Pyramid, an Egyptian Tale.

RICHARD ROBERT MADDEN, M. D., 1798, a native of Ireland, has travelled extensívely, and given to the world a number of volumes of travels and history. The best known of his travels are perhaps: Travels in Turkey, Egypt, Palestine, etc. He also published an account of The United Irishmen of 1798, and The Infirmities of Genius. The work of greatest permanent value, however, is his Memoirs and Correspondence of the Countess of Blessington, in 3 vols.

AUSTIN HENRY LAYARD, D. C. L., 1817, of English family, but born in Paris, is one of the most distinguished travellers of the present century. Mr. Layard has held several offices under the British Government, and was appointed, 1869, Ambassador to Spain. He was the discoverer of the buried remains of Nineveh. His principal works are: Nineveh and its Remains, 2 vols., 8vo; The Monuments of Nineveh; Fresh Discoveries at Nineveh and Researches at Babylon; Illustrations of the Vases, etc., at Nineveh. The publication of these volumes of discoveries marked a new era in archæology, the revelation of a long-lost world. The effect of Mr. Layard's successful labors was increased by the able manner in which they were presented to the public. The style of the narrative is simple, vigorous, and perfectly unaffected.