WE are told indeed by () Dionysius Ch. III. of Halicarnassus and Quintilian, that Aristotle, with Theodectes, and the more early writers, held but three Parts of speech, the Noun, the Verb, and the Conjunction. This, it must be owned, accords with the oriental Tongues, whose Grammars (we are (k) told) admit no other. But as to Aristotle, we have his own authority to assert the contrary, who not only enumerates the four v Species which we have adopted, but ascertains them each by a proper De-finition.*

See the places quoted in the note immediately preceding.

(k) Antiquissima eorum est opinio, qui tres classes faciunt. Estque hæc Arabum quoque sententia-Hebræi quoque (qui, cum Arabes Grammaticam scribere desinerent, artem eam demum scribere cœperunt, quod ante annos contigit circiter quadringentos) Hebræi, inquam, hac in re secuti sunt magistros suos Arabes.-Immo vero trium classium numerum aliæ etiam Orientis linguæ retinent.Dubium, utrum eâ in re Orientales imituti sunt antiquos Græcorum, an hi potius secuti sunt Orientalium exemplum. Utut est, etiam veteres Græcos tres tantum partes agnovisse, non solum autor est Dionysius, &c. Voss. de Analog. 1. 1. c. 1. See also Sanctii Minerv. l. 1. c. 2.

* Sup. p. 34.

Ch. III.

To conclude the Subject of the following Chapters will be a distinct and separate consideration of the NOUN, the VERB, the ARTICLE, and the CONJUNCTION; which four, the better (as we apprehend) to express their respective natures, we chuse to call SUBSTANTIVES, ATTRIBUTIVES, DEFINITIVES, and CONNECTIVES.

CHAP.

CHAP. IV.

Concerning Substantives, properly so called.

SUBSTANTIVES are all those principal Ch.IV. Words, which are significant of Substances, considered as Substances.

THE first sort of Substances are the NATURAL, such as Animal, Vegetable, Man, Oak.

THERE are other Substances of our own making. Thus by giving a Figure not natural to natural Materials, we create such Substances, as House, Ship, Watch, Telescope, &c.

AGAIN, by a more refined operation of our Mind alone, we abstract any Attribute from its necessary subject, and consider it apart, devoid of its depenD3 dence.

Ch. IV. dence. For example, from Body we abstract to Fly; from Surface, the being White; from Soul, the being Temperate.

AND thus it is we convert even Attributes into Substances, denoting them on this occasion by proper Substantives, such as Flight, Whiteness, Temperance; or else by others more general, such as Motion, Colour, Virtue. These we call ABSTRACT SUBSTANCES; the second sort we call ARTIFICIAL.

Now all those several Substances have their Genus, their Species, and their Individuals. For example, in natural Substances, Animal is a Genus; Man, a Species, Alexander, an Individual. In artificial Substances, Edifice is a Genus; Palace, a Species; the Vatican, an Individual. In abstract Substances, Motion is a Genus; Flight, a Species; this Flight or that Flight are Individuals.

As

be Ch. IV.

As therefore every a) GENUS may found whole and intire in each one of its Species; (for thus Man, Horse, and Dog, are each of them distinctly a complete and intire Animal) and as every SPECIES may be found whole and intire in each one of its Individuals; (for thus Socrates, Plato, and Xenophon, are each of them completely and distinctly a Man) hence it is, that every Genus, though ONE, is multiplied into MANY; and every Species, though ONE, is also multiplied into MANY, by reference to those beings which are their proper subordinates. Since then no individual has any such subordinates, it can never in strictness be considered as MANY, and so is truly an INDIVIDUAL as well in Nature as in Name.

(a) This is what Plato seems to have expressed in a manner somewhat mysterious, when he talks of μixv ἰδέαν διὰ πολλῶν, ἑνὸς ἑκάςε κειμένω χωρίς, πάλη διατεταμένην-καὶ πολλὰς, ἑτέρας ἀλλήλων, ὑπὸ μιᾶς ἔξωθεν περιεχομένας. Sophist. p. 253. Edit. Serrani. For the common definition of Genus and Species, see the Isagoge or Introduction of Porphyry to Aristotle's Logic.