employés from 254,935 to 367,865, or 44 43 per cent.; the wages paid from £11,885,800 to £19,954,488, or 67.86 per cent.; cost of raw materials from £35,983.718 to £51,198,643, or 42'3 per cent.; the value of the products from £61,935,213 to £95,089,141, or 53'5 per cent. The capital invested per head is £5 in Prince Edward's Island and the North-West Territory, £7 in Manitoba, £8 in Nova Scotia, £10 in New Brunswick, £16 in Quebec, £17 in Ontario, and £29 in British Columbia. The general results are (1) a large increase, in the number of hands employed, the wages paid, and the capital invested. This last points to a large outlay for improved machinery. (2) The average workman in 1891 was better skilled than in 1881, and turned out 6 per cent. more in value, and (3) in 1891 earned 16 per cent. more wages than in 1881. (4) As every dollar invested produced in 1891 less than in 1881, the capitalist has had smaller profit. (5) Notwithstanding the reduced gross profits of the manufacturer, the workman has received a larger share of the total products by 9 per cent.

In the WEST INDIES, the report for Jamaica for 1891-92 shows a decrease in the Imports and Exports respectively of £400,000 and £180,000. The revenue by import duties fell 13 per cent., principally from the action of the Reciprocity treaty with the United States. The Internal customs also fell by £19,000, and the shipping by 11 vessels, or 12,118 tons. This shows a serious decline in the colony, which complains much of bad treatment at the hands of the Colonial Office and lately held a public meeting to seek a remedy. Sugarcane, tobacco, ginger had remained stationary, ground products and guinea grass had advanced, and 1,100 acres had been added to Coffee cultivation. The house tax gave 89,898 houses, instead of 134.545 given in the last census, which seems to have counted separate flats and even rooms as houses, when occupied by a family.

Obituary. We have the melancholy task of recording

the deaths, during the quarter, of Mr. Anthony Edwards of Smyrna, over 80 years old, who established European newspapers at Constantinople and Smyrna; of the oriental scholar and great Sinologist, the Marquis d'Hervey de St. Denis; of General Henry Dyett Abbott, C. B., who served in Kurnoul and during the Indian Mutiny; of the Central Asian traveller Theodore Child, who perished of Cholera at Teheran; of Cardinal Charles Allemand Lavigerie, of Algiers; of Saul Solomon; of F. A. Lushington, of the Indian Civil Service; of the veteran Sanskritologist Professor Dr. C. Schütz at the age of 87; of W. Piercey Austin, D.D., for 50 years Bishop of British Guiana; of Mr. James Wild, Curator of the Sloane Museum, a great authority on Arabian art; of General Count Yamada, a leading Japanese politician; of Sir W. Ritchie, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada; of Sir Thomas Cockburn Campbell, Speaker of the Legislative Council of W. Australia; of the distinguished Oriental Scholar Ernest Renan; of Leon Joseph Gordon the Hebrew poet; of Archbishop Lovenan of Pondicherry; of the Sherif of Wazan, Mulai Sid Al Hadj Abdus Salam, cousin of the Sultan of Morocco; of General Sir Fred. Abbott, who served in the first Burma and Caubul wars; of the Hon. Sir James Mac-Bain, K.C.M.G., President of the Legislative Council of Victoria; of Sir Samuel Grannier, AttorneyGeneral of Ceylon; of Genl. James Maurice Primrose, C.S.I., who took part in the last Afghan war; General W. Donnett Morgan, who served in the 2nd Sikh war, the Mutiny, the Umbeyla and Bhotan wars; of Col. H. W. Buller, who was in the Umbeyla and last Afghan campaigns; of Genl. Sir Thomas Pears, R.E., K.C.B., who served in Kurnoul, the 1st China and 1st Sikh wars, and afterwards did even greater service on the Indian Railways; of Genl. Hastings Frazer, C.B., who served in the Mutiny; of Surgeon-General H. Mills Cameron, who was through the 2nd Sikh war and the Mutiny; of State Councillor Dr. Paul Kempf, professor of Oriental languages at

Prague; of Mr. Paul Peel, the Canadian artist and painter; of Mr. Lionel Moore, attaché to the British Embassy at Constantinople, a ripe Turkish and Arabic scholar; of Mr. W. Wynn Kenrick, Commissioner of Mines in British Guiana; of Dr. David Lloyd Morgan, C.B., of the Royal Navy, who served in the Crimea and Chinese wars, and was Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals in the West Indies and at Hong Kong; of the Honourable Sir Adams George Archibald, of the Privy Council of Canada where he held several important offices; of Genl. C. Vanburgh Jenkins who had served in the 2nd Afghan, the Umbeyla, and the two Sikh compaigns; of Sir John Morphett, President of the Legislative Council of Adelaide; of Mr. A. Brandreth, of the Indian Civil Service; and of Sir R. Owen, K.C.B. V.

19th December, 1892.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES.

1. The European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, from 1784 to 1803, by HERBERT COMPTON. (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892. Price 16s.) This stout, closely printed, and well-got-up volume is a page out of one of the wildest chapters of the Romance of History. Even the adventurous tales of the olden Italian condottieri pale before the stirring events in Indian history, during the half century before Lord Lake's capture of Delhi. Of the Europeans who took part in those events and made their history, the Savoyard de Boigne, the Irish George Thomas, and the French Perron have been selected by our author for full notice. An appendix deals, briefly and in alphabetical order, with nearly 70 other adventurers, of more or less note among the many, who at that time sought not only the bubble reputation, but also the more pleasant harvests of the pagoda tree, in the then fabulously rich realms of India. The list is by no means a complete one, nor are these short biographies without an occasional slip. But Mr. Compton has certainly given us a book which enhances the vivid interest of most stirring times and daring persons, by applying a very graphic and graceful style to the results of the diligent and painstaking research brought by him to his task. His book is much more than readable, more than interesting,-it is positively fascinating; and among its pages is scattered much information on the state of India in those troublous days and on the manners and customs of people of all kinds. Among the side lights which it sheds, we note another ray (pp. 27-29) on the character of Warren Hastings: this seems to come out not only clearer but also brighter as each new document casts its beam or gives its tint to the excellent portrait which even now history has painted and time has matured of this greatest, and at one time most maligned of Indian rulers. We recommend the book to our readers, as one well deserving a place not merely in their hands for cursory perusal, but also on their shelves for occasional reference, in matters of Indian History.

2. Albuquerque, by H. MORSE STEPHENS. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1892. 2s. 6d.) The Rulers of India Series would have been, indeed, very incomplete without this volume, in which Mr. Stephens gives us an excellent biography of his hero, coupled with much accurate and not easily accessible information regarding the Portuguese empire in the East, and shrewd observations upon it, of historical and political interest. Albuquerque was not only the greatest and best of the Portuguese Governors of India, but he was also the only one who united in himself the rare qualifications required for that office. He had justice, goodness, firmness, a wide grasp of the state of affairs in the East and of the means of securing to Portugal a high position amid them, the ability, nerve, and force of character necessary not only to conquer open enemies and opponents, but to overcome the far worse impediments of insubordinate assistants who thwarted, and interested peculators who calumniated him.

Had he got earlier into power or retained it longer, had his distant king and those whom he sent really aided Albuquerque as the situation required, and, above all, had his far-reaching and statesmanlike designs been continued by his successors instead of being cast aside for peculation and persecution, the Portuguese would have had a wider, longer and better empire in the East than they actually did. Albuquerque, great man as he was, had his faults, and our author does not conceal them; but his fair, and judicious remarks clearly show that they were rather the faults of the age and country than of the man, whose character was otherwise as pure, good and high as it is well drawn by Mr. Stephens. The numerous points in the history of the Portuguese in India, to which subsequent events in that of the Dutch and English run quite parallel, are duly noticed. The two concluding chapters give, in about 37 pages, a condensed account of the successors of Albuquerque, down to 1580, when Spain and Portugal became temporarily united under the sceptre of Philip II. Our author rightly mentions the important position which Christian missions held in the History of Portuguese India, but he does no more. There are, as he knows and says, plenty of facts and materials for an historical sketch of the Portuguese missions in India; and it would certainly not be lacking in interest; but as Mr. Stephens did not think that this lay within the scope of his work, he has judiciously left it alone. His book is a well written and full account of an important factor in Indian history, and is a very good number in this excellent Series.

3. Lord Lawrence, by SIR CHARLES AITCHISON, K.C.S.I. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1892. 2s. 6d.) Even in the select group of remarkable men whom the Rulers of India Series introduces to the English reader, Lord Lawrence stands conspicuous as one of the most remarkable—a figure to catch the eye of the student of India, as a giant among men. It is a pity, therefore, that his life in this Series has fallen into Lilliputian hands. Sir Charles Aitchison knew Lawrence well, had served under him, and appreciates him; and he had at hand, not only the published lives and notices of his great chief, but also the many unpublished documents which are accessible to the writers of this Series. Much might, therefore, have been fairly expected from him; yet he has signally failed to do his subject justice. He gives us nothing new, and that may not be all his fault; but he does not even make the old matter more interesting: his Lord Lawrence is nerveless, lifeless. What Sir Charles set about to write, it would be hard to tell. At p. 38 he states he is not writing a biography,—at p. 39 he will not narrate events,-at p. 67 he declines to detail Lawrence's pacification of the Punjab,—at p. 176 he will not be tempted to treat of Lawrence's foreign policy in general, and though he "selects" for particular discussion the Afghan question, even that (p. 177) he will not deal with except in very small part. If, then, we are not to have biography, nor history, nor detailed criticism, what is left to tell? Nothing—and this Sir Charles gives us, at great length. We are sorry to say that this volume falls very far below its predecessors in this series. Yet we gladly give Sir Charles Aitchison credit for two good points. He is more outspoken than previous writers on the "Cartridges" which caused the mutiny of 1857,