Souci Series.' But it is as a poet that he claims special remembrance. His poems include Songs in Summer (1857); The King's Bell; The Book of the East; Abraham Lincoln, a Horatian Ode; and The Lion's Cub and other Verse (1891). Some of his lyrics are bright and tender; his most characteristic work is rather reflective than original and spontaneous.

Edmund Clarence Stedman was born in 1833, the son of a merchant at Hartford in Connecticut. He studied at Yale and early took to journalism, was for a time on the staff of the New York Tribune, was war-correspondent of the New York World during the war, held a post under the Attorney-General of the United States, but from 1869 until 1900 was a stockbroker at New York. He contributed actively to the more important magazines, and published his first volume of verse, Poems, Lyric and Idyllic, in 1860. Later poems or collections of verse have been Alice of Monmouth, an Idyl of the Great War; The Blameless Prince; Hawthorne and other Poems; Lyrics and Idyls; and a collected edition of his poems appeared in 1884. His critical work on the Victorian Poets, a handbook to the poetic literature of England for two generations, appeared in 1875, is recognised as a work of standard value, and has gone through many editions. The Poets of America, published in 1886, hardly took the same rank even in America. He wrote on The Nature and Elements of Poetry, and has edited, with or without collaboration, W. S. Landor, Austin Dobson, and Poe, besides A Victorian Anthology and An American Anthology. The Library of American Literature, edited by him in conjunction with Miss E. M. Hutchinson, completed in 1890, fills eleven volumes. Some of his lyrics are very fresh and admirable, and most of his poetic work shows careful and artistic finish. As a critic he is less remarkable for profound insight and discrimination than for breadth and sympathy.

Thomas Bailey Aldrich was born in 1836 at Portsmouth in New Hampshire. His father's death prevented his going to Harvard; but while engaged in his uncle's New York banking-house he began to contribute verse to the newspapers, and soon after the publication of The Bells, a Collection of Chimes (1855), adopted literature as a profession. He was associated with N. P. Willis's Home Journal, Every Saturday, and other magazines; and from 1881 to 1890 he was editor of the Atlantic Monthly. Amongst his poems are The Ballad of Babie Bell, Pampinea, Cloth of Gold, Flower and Thorn, Mercedes; a complete collection appeared in 1882. He has written also stories, romances, and sketches, including Daisy's Necklace, The Course of True Love, The Story of a Bad Boy, Marjorie Daw, Prudence Palfrey. He is an accomplished lyrist, and his more ambitious poems are at least graceful and well worded. In some of his stories and sketches he shows himself a brilliant humourist.

Francis Richard Stockton (1834-1902), born at Philadelphia, was trained as engraver and journalist, and became assistant-editor of St Nicholas. He attracted notice by his fantastic stories for children, which fill several volumes; but he is best known as author of Rudder Grange (1879), the droll and humorous story of a holiday on a house-boat, with much human nature and a good deal of burlesque. The Lady or the Tiger, a short problem story, made also a great impression. Other humorous or whimsical stories, notably unequal in interest, were The Late Mrs Null, The Casting Away of Mrs Lecks and Mrs Aleshine, and The Dusantes, The Hundredth Man, The Schooner Merry Chanter, The Squirrel Inn, Pomona's Travels, The Shadrach, Captain Chap, The Story Teller's Pack, The Associate Hermits, and A Bicycle of Cathay. To a different category belonged The Buccaneers and Pirates of our Coasts (1898). The Captain's Toll-gate, finished just before his death, was published with a memorial sketch of him by his wife in 1903.

Edward Eggleston (1837-1902), born at Vevay, Indiana, became a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and had held various pastoral and editorial posts when, about 1880, he withdrew from the ministry and devoted himself to literary work. He wrote many popular books on American history, but is best known for his stories of The Hoosier Schoolmaster, The Hoosier Schoolboy, The Mystery of Metropolisville, The Circuit Rider, Roxy, The Graysons, and The Faith Doctor.

John Burroughs, born at Roxbury in New York State on the 3rd April 1837, was brought up on a farm, and after some years of teaching, journalism, clerking in the Treasury department at Washington, and of periodic duties as a bankexaminer, settled down in 1874 on a farm in New York, to divide his time between literature and fruit-culture. His books mostly deal with natural history or country life, and include Wake Robin (1871), Birds and Poets, Locusts and Wild Honey, Pepacton, Signs and Seasons, and Riverly, Essays on Birds, Trees, Flowers. Winter Sunshine and Fresh Fields are European travel-sketches; Squirrels and other Fur-bearers is more specifically zoological; and he published in 1866 a study of Whitman. He is in some respects a continuator of Thoreau's work, but writes for the most part in a lighter vein.

William Dwight Whitney (1827-94), a younger brother of the geologist Josiah Dwight Whitney, was born at Northampton, Massachusetts; studied at Williams College, at Yale, and in Germany; and was professor at Yale of Sanskrit and of Comparative Philology. He waged war with Max-Müller, and wrote Darwinism and Language, The Life and Growth of Language, and other philological works. He was editor-in-chief of the Century Dictionary.

Charles Eliot Norton, born the son of a Unitarian minister at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1827, studied at Harvard, was for a while engaged in commerce, but erelong devoted himself to literature and æsthetics, becoming known as a Dante scholar and an authority on art. From 1875 to 1898 he was Professor of the History of Art at Harvard. His prose translation of Dante is classical; he has written on church building in the Middle Ages and on recent social theories; but he is perhaps most widely known as an accomplished editor, having edited the letters of Lowell and G. W. Curtis, the correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson, and of Goethe and Carlyle, as well as the standard edition of Carlyle's letters.

Silas Weir Mitchell, born in Philadelphia in 1830, studied at the Jefferson Medical College and Edinburgh University, and settling as a practitioner in his native city, became distinguished especially in the treatment of nervous diseases. Besides books on physiology and neurology and serpent poisons, he wrote articles in prose and verse for the magazines; and Hephzibah Guinness and other stories in 1880 gave him rank as a capable novelist. In War Time and Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker, are amongst his best-known works. Five several collections of poems (A Masque and other Poems, The Wager, &c.) have been issued in one volume.

John William Draper (1811-82) was born at St Helens near Liverpool, and in 1833 emigrated to Virginia. Having studied physics and chemistry in England and the United States, he taught these two subjects in a Virginian college, but from 1839 was associated with the University of the City of New York, first as Professor of Chemistry, and, after 1850, of Physiology. He wrote handbooks of chemistry, natural philosophy, and physiology, and a series of memoirs on radiant energy; but is chiefly remembered for his History of the American Civil War (3 vols. 1867–70), for his History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (2 vols. 1863), and, most of all, for his History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874), in which his attitude was frankly rationalistic.

Andrew Dickson White, born at Homer, New York, in 1832, studied at Yale, Paris, and Berlin, and has been Professor of History in the University of Michigan and President of Cornell, United States Minister to Germany and to Russia, and from 1897 ambassador in Germany. His bestknown book is A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology (1876); but he has written studies in general, mediæval, and modern history, on European schools of history, on comets, on currency questions, and on The New Germany.

Horace Howard Furness, the son of a Unitarian minister in Philadelphia, was born in 1833, studied at Harvard, and was admitted to the Bar, but was early attracted to the studies in virtue

of which he was to become America's greatest Shakespearian scholar. In 1871 he began his great life-work, the Variorum edition of Shakespeare's works, of which in thirty years he had issued thirteen volumes. Latterly his wife and his son were associated with him in his labours.

Phillips Brooks (1835-93), born at Boston, Massachusetts, studied at Harvard and elsewhere, and in his cures at Philadelphia and Boston became known as one of the most eloquent and powerful preachers in America. In 1891 he was made Bishop of Massachusetts in the Protestant Episcopal Church. Several volumes of his sermons and lectures show his independence of judgment and catholicity of spirit. There is a Life of him by A. V. G. Allen (1901).

John Hay, born of Scottish ancestry at Salem in Indiana, 8th October 1838, educated at Brown University, and admitted to the Illinois Bar in 1861, was assistant private secretary to President Lincoln till his death, and during the war served for some months, attaining the rank of colonel. In 1865-70 he was secretary of legation at Paris and Madrid, and chargé d'affaires at Vienna (1867–68); in 1870-75 he worked as a journalist on the staff of the New York Tribune; and in 1879-81 he was first Assistant-Secretary of State. Thereafter he was for a time mainly engaged in literary work, till in 1897 he was sent by President McKinley as ambassador to Great Britain, where both as man and as diplomat he won golden opinions. As Secretary of State at home from 1898, he showed in a critical time exceptional foresight, strength, and tact. As an author he is known for his command of peculiarly American humour and pathos in pithy, simple verse. His Pike County Ballads (1871) include 'Little Breeches' and 'Jim Bludso;' he has also published Castilian Days (1871), and, with Nicolay, a Life of Lincoln (1891). He is responsible for another volume of poems issued in 1890, and for an address on Sir Walter Scott. The popular anonymous novel The Bread-Winners (1883) was attributed to him, but not acknowledged by him as his.

Edward Payson Roe (1838-88), born in New Windsor, New York, was chaplain in the volunteer service during the war, and afterwards pastor of a Presbyterian church at Highland Falls. The great success of his first novel, Barriers Burned Away (1872), encouraged him to make literature his profession; and his fifteen novels include From Jest to Earnest (1875), Near to Nature's Heart (1876), Nature's Serial Story (1884), and He Fell in Love with his Wife (1886). He also wrote on gardening and fruit culture.

Charles Heber Clark, a Philadelphia journalist, born in 1841 in Berlin, Maryland, is better known by his pen-name of 'Max Adeler,' and as author of the somewhat boisterously humorous Out of the Hurly Burly (1874), Elbow-room, Random Shots, and Fortunate Island (1881).

Charles Farrar Browne (1834-67), not so well known by his own name as by that of his creation, 'Artemus Ward,' was born at Waterford in Maine, worked at Boston and elsewhere as a compositor, became a reporter, and in 1858, under the style of 'Artemus Ward, showman,' wrote for the Cleveland Plaindealer a description of an imaginary travelling menagerie. This was followed by letters in which the original, characteristic, whimsical humour was enhanced by grotesque spelling and naïve moralising, and was brought to bear on business puffery with keenly satirical and highly entertaining effect. In 1861 'Artemus Ward' entered the lecture field, and started a panorama, whose artistic wretchedness furnished occasion for countless jokes; the success of his humorous lecture,' The Babes in the Wood,' decided him to abide by lecturing. It satirised the dull twaddle often foisted on the public by pompous bores. When a Californian manager telegraphed to him, 'What will you take for forty nights in California?' his instant reply, 'Brandy and water,' secured him a welcome among the miners. In 1862 he was in California and Utah, gathering materials for comic lectures on the Mormons, whose religion is singular but their wives are plural.' In 1864 he was disabled by pulmonary consumption; but in 1866, having rallied somewhat, he went to London, where he contributed to Punch, and was very popular as 'the genial showman,' exhibiting his panorama at the Egyptian Hall. After a short sojourn in Jersey, he returned to England, only to die at Southampton. His publications were Artemus Ward, His Book (1862); Artemus Ward, His Panorama (1865); Artemus Ward among the Mormons (1866); Artemus Ward in England (1867). M. D. Landon prefixed a Life to an edition of the Works (1875). He was the first American humourist to make a European reputation; for a decade or two he was the most outstanding representative of American humour. His 'goaks' and his 'morril wax-works' had even greater vogue in Britain than at home; and though his books are little read now, some of his jests and phrases have become part of the Anglo-Saxon store of proverbial sayings.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens, best known to his readers by his pen-name of Mark Twain, was born at Florida, Missouri, on 30th November 1835. After learning the trade of a printer and working as a pilot on the Mississippi, he eventually became a journalist in San Francisco. His Innocents Abroad (1869), the result of a foreign tour, had an enormous success, and thenceforward his reputation as a humourist was established. His subsequent books include Roughing It (1872), Tom Sawyer, A Tramp Abroad, The Prince and the Pauper, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The American Claimant, The £1,000,000 Bank-Note, Pudd'nhead Wilson, The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg, and A Double-Barrelled

Detective Story (1902). His share in an unfortunate publishing house drove him to a lecturing tour round the world (1895-96), which enabled him fully to re-establish his fortunes. Mark Twain's humour has secured him a large audience not only in America and this country, but also in Germany and other Continental countries. It is the dry, incisive humour of a shrewd man of the world who, having gone through life with his eyes wide open, has cheered himself by laughing not merely at the foibles of his fellow-men, but, by implication, at his own as well. He is not very reverent in his attitude towards what he considers worn-out survivals of old

SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS.

From a Photograph by Elliott & Fry.

beliefs and superstitions, and sometimes pokes fun without much discrimination, as in A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur and Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc; but when his humour is, as it generally is, at its best and freshest the result to his readers is delightful. In Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, perhaps, Mark Twain showed his power at its highest point, his humour and pathos developed with consummate ease and force in a succession of vividly adventurous episodes.

Julia Ward Howe, born in 1819 in New York, was the daughter of Samuel Ward, and in 1843 she married Samuel Gridley Howe, reformer and philanthropist, best known as the teacher of the famous deaf-mute Laura Bridgman. Mrs Howe shared many of her husband's labours, not only assisting him in editing an anti-slavery paper,

but lecturing with him on social subjects, and even on occasion preaching in Unitarian pulpits. By far her best-known achievement, however, was her Battle Hymn of the Republic,' inspired in 1861 by the sight of Northern troops marching to the tune of 'John Brown's body;' but she had before that published two collections of poems, as later, in 1866, she published Later Lyrics. Mrs Howe was a conspicuous advocate of prison reform and of woman's suffrage. She published books on sex and society and on education, a Life of Margaret Fuller, a collection of Margaret Fuller's love-letters to a Mr Nathan (1903), and a volume of her own Reminiscences (1899). From Sunset Ridge (1898) was a collection of her poems, new and old.

Alice Cary (1820-71) and Phoebe Cary (1824-71), daughters of a farmer near Cincinnati, published poems jointly in 1851, attained great literary and social success through their gifts, secured the patronage and friendship of Horace Greeley and Whittier, and in their deaths were divided by only three months. Alice was the author of the Clovernook Papers and Clovernook Children, tales of Western life. Besides more than one collection of poems, she published several domestic novels, including Hagar, Married not Mated, and The Bishop's Son. Phoebe's principal books were Poems and Parodies and Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love, besides some excellent hymns and occasional pieces. Her best-known hymns are 'Nearer Home' and 'One sweetly solemn thought.' There is a Memorial of the two sisters by Mrs Mary C. Ames (1873).

Maria Susanna Cummins (1827-66), born at Salem, Massachusetts, began to write in 1850 for the Atlantic Monthly and other magazines. Her The Lamplighter (1854)—a rather sentimental and lachrymose tale of the fortunes of an orphan girl-had an amazing success; 40,000 copies sold in two months; and it was read and reprinted almost as zealously in Britain as at home. It is still read on both sides of the Atlantic, spite of its old-fashioned air. Miss Cummins's later novels, Mabel Vaughan (1857), El Fureidis (1860), and Haunted Hearts (1864) did not meet with any such success or add at all to her reputation.

Alfred Thayer Mahan, born in 1840 at West Point, the son of one of the professors there, studied at the United States Naval Academy, and from 1856 till 1896 served in the navy, as captain from 1885 on. His writings on naval science and history are luminous and authoritative, and include The Gulf and Inland Waters (1883), The Influence of Sea Power on History (1890), The Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution and the Empire, The Interest of the United States in Sea Power, The Problem of Asia, and Types of Naval Officers (1902), besides Lives of Admiral Farragut and of Nelson, and books on the war in Cuba and the South African War of 1899-1902.

Francis Bret Harte

was born in Albany, New York, on 25th August 1839. As a boy of fifteen he went with his mother to California, and became in turn a schoolmaster, a miner, and a compositor, eventually in 1857 obtaining an engagement on the Golden Era of San Francisco, to which he contributed his first sketches (Mliss amongst others) dealing with mining life. From 1864 to 1870 he was Secretary of the United States Mint in San Francisco. In the former year he wrote for the newly founded literary magazine The Californian, which also numbered among its contributors C. W. Stoddard

and S. L. Clemens (Mark Twain'). The Condensed Novels, parodies of celebrated novelists. which he began in the Golden Era, were continued in the Californian. In 1868 he had founded the Overland Monthly, and to this magazine he contributed many of the stories that made him famous, The Luck of Roaring Camp, The Outcasts of Poker Flat, Miggles, Tennessee's Partner, and The Idyll of Red Gulch, as well as Plain Language from Truthful James (better known as The Heathen Chinee), a humorous poem that achieved a remarkable popularity throughout the English-speaking world. Later he became a contributor to the Atlantic Monthly, and spent much time in lecturing tours. In 1870 and 1871 he published three volumes of his collected poems. In 1878 he was sent to Crefield as United States Consul, and two years later in the same capacity to Glasgow. In

1885 he gave up official work and came to London, where he resided until his death.

Bret Harte did many things in literature, and did nearly all of them well. He was a poet, often humorous, sometimes tender, and again nobly patriotic; his Condensed Novels show a power of parody unequalled in pungency and aptness by any writer since Thackeray; he could write romances distinguished by gentle and refined feeling. It is, perhaps, as the delineator of the life of Californian miners in the early days that he will chiefly be remembered. His characters are rough and lawless men, and the language they speak suits their nature. But Bret Harte's magic touch shows the soul of goodness in things evil. In his sketches the gambler, the outcast, the lost woman, even the ruffian with the guilt of blood on his conscience, are capable of noble acts of selfsacrifice and devotion. We are not allowed to forget that they are uncouth human beings, but their essential humanity rather than their uncouthness is insisted on. In Bret Harte's method there is no mawkishness. From this defect he was saved by his abundant humour. This quality of his, rooted as it was in his deeper feelings, cannot be specially defined as American. It is the humour of the great masters of literature all the world over. Bret Harte was a most prolific writer up to the day of his death, but his later work, admirable as much of it is, lacks the freshness of those earlier efforts of which it is, indeed, often a mere repetition. He died on 5th May 1902, and was buried at Frimley in Surrey. His Life has been written by Mr T. Edgar Pemberton (1903, with bibliography).

Joaquin Miller is the pen-name of CINCINNATUS HEINE MILLER, an American poet, born in Wabash district, Indiana, in 1841. Removing with his parents to Oregon in 1854, he became a miner in California, was with Walker in Nicaragua, and afterwards lived with the Indians till 1860. He then studied law in Oregon, and set up in practice in 1863, after a Democratic paper that he edited had been suppressed for disloyalty. He was a county judge from 1866 to 1870, and then visited Europe; in England his first volume of verse was published. He afterwards settled as a journalist in Washington, and in 1887 in California, ultimately making his home in Oakland. In 1890 he revisited England; and in 1897-98 was correspondent in Klondyke for a New York journal. His pen-name he adopted on the publication of his first volume of poetry from the baptismal name of a Mexican brigand in whose defence he had written a pamphlet. His poems include Songs of the Sierras (1871), of the Sunlands (1873), of the Desert (1875), of Italy (1878), and of the Mexican Seas (1887), and Chants for the Boer (1900); his prose works, The Danites in the Sierras (1881), Shadows of Shasta (1881), and '49, or the Goldseekers of the Sierras (1884). He also wrote The

Danites, The Silent Man, '49 (dramatised from his story by himself), Tally Ho, and one or two other plays and melodramas, a Life of Christ, and My Life among the Modocs (1873). A collected edition of his poems first appeared in 1882; and in a long poem called As it was in the Beginning (1903) he claims to 'call aloud from his mountaintop as a seer.'

A

Sidney Lanier (1842-81) was born at Macon in Georgia, of Huguenot stock, and graduated at Oglethorpe College before he entered the Confederate army. His health suffered much in hardships endured as a blockade-runner; after the war he was a shopman, a teacher, and a lawyer in succession; and next, an accomplished musician, he earned his livelihood as first flute in the orchestras of Baltimore and New York. romance, Tiger Lilies (1867), had proved a failure; but his literary ability was so manifest that he was asked to write the ode for the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876, and in 1879 he was installed as lecturer on English literature in the Johns Hopkins University. A course of lectures on The Science of English Verse, original and suggestive, was published as a book (1881); another course on The English Novel (1883) was unfinished at his death. Shakespeare and his Forerunners was not published till 1902. In spite of his ill-health and the distractions of his laborious life, he wrote poems in virtue of which he is by many regarded as the most important American poet of his time, 'Corn,' 'The Song of the Chattahoochee,''The Marshes of Glynn,' and the Centennial cantata being amongst the best known. His adaptations of Froissart and of the Mabinogion have made him known to several generations of youthful readers; his Letters reveal the poet and the musician; and there is a memoir of him by W. H. Ward prefixed to his collected poems as edited by his widow in 1881 (new ed. 1884).

John Fiske (1842-1901) was originally called Edmund Fiske Green, but at thirteen adopted the name of his maternal grandfather. Born at Hartford, Connecticut, he studied at Harvard, where afterwards he was lecturer, librarian, and member of the board of overseers. He was admitted to the Bar, but never practised; he wrote much on philosophy and history, contributed to the development of the evolution doctrine, and was well known throughout the Union as a lecturer. His first publication (on tobacco and alcohol) in 1868 was followed in 1872 by his work on Myths and Mythmakers. His Cosmic Philosophy was mainly an exposition of Herbert Spencer; his Darwinism and other Essays was eminently suggestive; he applied the evolution theory to historical problems; and in Man's Destiny, The Idea of God, The Origin of Evil, and Through Nature to God (1899) he defended spiritual religion. His Discovery of America (1892) was but one of a long series of important works on American history, which