and hoped that private industry will then take hold and do the actual work of production?

Secretary SAWYER. That is right.

Chairman KEE. We have had, during the course of this hearing, the suggestion made here that this is just another one of the give-away

programs.

Secretary SAWYER. Yes.

Chairman KEE. What is your idea with reference to that?

Secretary SAWYER. Well, I hope it is not, and it is my understanding that it is not. I think that as far as the Government finance, that is actual Government money, is concerned, that is being adequately handled and will be in the future by the Export-Import Bank. There are times, of course, when we put the Export-Import Bank back of investments in foreign countries, and so far as I know in practice, it is only done on a sound investment basis. But certainly it is not my idea that this is characterized as a give-away program. It is a program by which we will cooperate with other countries after they have indicated that they want us to aid them in raising their standard of living.

Chairman KEE. In the beginning of your statement you spoke of the things which it is expected to share with other people. Those things are not necessarily material things?

Secretary SAWYER. No.

Chairman KEE. But it is the knowledge and skill and know-how which we have acquired over periods of years and under which and with which we have been able to go forward to the extent that we have in this country?

Secretary SAWYER. That is right.

Chairman KEE. In other words, we are simply proposing to establish what you might say is a school in these countries and share with them the knowledge which we have acquired over a period of years. Secretary SAWYER. Yes; you have stated it perfectly. Mr. Chairman. Chairman KEE. We know we have had what might be called giveaway programs. We started out before the war with the lend-lease program, under which we allegedly gave away billions-yes, billions of dollars for our own protection and security. Then we were joined by other nations of the world in a relief program, under which for each of 2 years we gave 1 percent of our total national income. Secretary SAWYER. Yes.

Chairman KEE. That was really a give-away program under UNRRA, which was for the purpose of rehabilitating the peoples of the earth, of assisting countries to produce the material things that had been destroyed by the ravages of war, and to feed the hungry and clothe the naked.

And since that time we have had the Marshall plan, another program under which we have granted additional relief to the peoples of Europe. This also was and is in the interest of own national security.

I understand that this is an entirely different program and does not contemplate the expenditure of large amounts of money, such as we have expended in the former programs in the war-torn countries. Is it not true that the required appropriation is not in excess of $35,000,000 for the first year's operation of this program?

Secretary SAWYER. Yes; but by standards which we now use it is. relatively a small amount. It is a lot of money, of course, but it should not involve such figures as you have referred to in UNRRA and lend-lease and the Marshall plan.

Chairman KEE. It has been characterized several times, and I think it is true, as a vast undertaking, a vast program, but is it not vast only in that the scope of its activities is global in extent, but it is not vast in the cost of the program as compared with other programs? Secretary SAWYER. That is my idea of what the President intended when he mentioned it.

Chairman KEE. You spoke of securing agreements from other countries. You mean, I take it, bilateral agreements.

Secretary SAWYER. Yes.

Chairman KEE. Not a general contract, but bilateral agreements, I each of which would be applicable to the particular country with which they are made?

Secretary SAWYER. Yes.

Chairman KEE. And that the bilateral agreement would be made solely for the purpose of protecting the individual or the corporation or private business that might decide to invest-to protect them from expropriation, from the ravages and damages that might be occasioned by war, from catastrophes and similar causes of destruction or loss? Secretary SAWYER. That is right.

Chairman KEE. Are you familiar in any ways with the operations of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs?

Secretary SAWYER. No, I am not familiar with the details, Mr. Chairman.

Chairman KEE. That has been conducted for 5 or 6 years down in South and Central America.

Secretary SAWYER. No; I am not familiar with the details.

Chairman KEE. Incidentally the Institute of Inter-American Affairs is a program instituted during the war under the leadership of Mr. Nelson Rockefeller who was then associated with the Government. It had for its purpose the aiding of those peoples in hygiene, in agriculture, health movements, and education. It has been operating very successfully in many South and Central American countries. Projects have been established-servicoes they are called down there-and all of those services have been rendered under the supervision of agents from the United States Government.

That program has been in existence for about 6 years. Operations have been carried on in various countries, and we have had the cooperation of all of them. In the beginning some of them were contributing nothing; all of them are now contributing to the extent of three times the amount that we are putting up.

During those years there have been various political changes in the countries. There have been revolutions in different sections of South and Central America. Governments have been overturned and new officials have taken over, but in no instance has any of the operations of the inter-American program been disturbed by any new Govern

ment.

To my mind this is an indication that bilateral agreements can be made and they can be kept.

Secretary SAWYER. Yes.

Chairman KEE. And that, as I understand it, is the intent of this program when we put it into operation, to have similar agreements in all of these countries.

I think that is all. I did not mean to testify myself, but I wanted to be sure

Secretary SAWYER. You could not get a better witness, Mr. Chair

man.

Chairman KEE. Thank you, Mr. Secretary, for coming up. We appreciate very much your statement.

Secretary SAWYER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Chairman KEE. Our next witness is Mr. Fairfield, representing the Foreign Missions Conference of North America. Mr. Fairfield, we shall be glad to hear you at this time.

STATEMENT OF WYNN C. FAIRFIELD, SECRETARY FOR GENERAL ADMINISTRATION, FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE; ACCOMPANIED BY JOHN H. REISNER, SECRETARY, RURAL MISSIONS COOPERATING COMMITTEE, AND IRA W. MOOMAW, EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY

Mr. FAIRFIELD. Mr. Chairman, I should like to ask that these two gentlemen sit with me, if that is agreeable.

Chairman KEE. Mr. Fairfield, will you please identify yourselves for the record, giving your names, and whom you represent. It will be perfectly agreeable for both of you to appear together.

Mr. FAIRFIELD. The three of us, Mr. Chairman, are representing the Foreign Missions Conference informally. In other words, we are not backed up by a particular action of the Foreign Missions Conference, but as members of the staff are speaking out of our own experience and the contacts that we have in this field.

Chairman KEE. What is the Foreign Missions Conference?

Mr. FAIRFIELD. The Foreign Missions Conference of North America includes 102 foreign missions agencies of the United States and Canada, with approximately 60 denominations cooperating. We believe it includes about 90 percent of the Protestant foreign mission work centering in North America.

Chairman KEE. It is not of only one particular denomination?
Mr. FAIRFIELD. That is correct.

Chairman KEE. All Protestant denominations?

Mr. FAIRFIELD. Yes. Mr. Reisner, on my right, is the secretary of our Rural Missions Cooperating Committee and also the executive secretary of Agricultural Missions, Inc.

Chairman KEE. Will you state his full name, for the purpose of the record?

Mr. FAIRFIELD. John H. Reisner; also with me is Dr. Ira W. Moomaw, who is the educational secretary of the Rural Missions Cooperating Committee and of Agricultural Missions, which latter is a separate corporation, but we are an interlocking organization.

Chairman KEE. You may proceed. If you have a statement to present, we shall be glad to hear it.

Mr. FAIRFIELD. I should like first to summarize the points we would like to make and then make a somewhat longer statement, Mr. Chair

man.

Chairman KEE. You may proceed.

Mr. FAIRFIELD. 1. The humanitarian objectives sought by Point IV have long been a concern of Christian missions which have included medical work and medical education, agricultural improvement projects and agricultural education, industrial work and industrial education as well as social service centers and training in cities and country, and extensive participation in relief projects on behalf of American churches such as flood and famine relief in China and famine and refugee relief in India.

Therefore, we welcome the proposal in theory and to the extent that it can be carried on effectively for the sake of the peoples concerned.

2. We believe that a thoroughly Christianized community, from the home and the village level up to the level of world order, is the only permanent basis for justice, righteousness, mutual understanding and good will, and thus lasting peace.

May I call your attention to the fact, Mr. Chairman, that behind you in the mural is portrayed the ultimate goal: "On earth, peace"; the rest of the quotation is generally quoted as "good will among men," which is one of the things we are trying to promote.

Therefore, we welcome this program to the extent that it will be in harmony with and contribute to those foundation stones, and will not make their realization more difficult. The means must be recognized as a part of the end and consonant therewith. We believe that the program can be successful to the extent that it is motivated by Christian unselfishness and concern.

3. We believe that ways must be found so that political considerations will not enter into administrative decisions on any level. We recognize that as a rather high goal, but I think it is obvious what we have in mind.

4. We believe that for greatest effectiveness the United States must retain the right to withhold payments on appropriations if the work is not being carried on effectively, economically, and in such manner that the people for whom the plan was designed receive the maximum help from it. That is provided for in the bill as presented.

5. We believe that high personal character and unselfish concern for the welfare of the masses on the part of all personnel involved, American, United Nations, or local, is at least as important as professional qualifications and must be provided for at all costs. Americans who go to other countries in connection with these programs must be prepared to do so at the sacrifice of comfort and personal security, in a spirit essentially missionary. It would be better not to send anyone than to send men and women who might be competent professionally, but who would not take with them and embody the very highest ideals in American life.

6. We believe that success in American contacts with the people of most areas, particularly in Asia, will be made more certain by enlisting the counsel of missionaries competent to help. While not all missionaries will be qualified technically to assist with such programs, there are many who can render invaluable counsel due to their first-hand knowledge of the people and of local situations.

7. We are prepared to give instances where at a comparatively small expenditure the living standards of a community or nation were raised

with an accompanying spiritual contribution that helped to establish the reservoir of good will toward America so frequently referred to. 8. We believe that the objective of the Point IV program will be achieved to the maximum extent only by enlisting the services of institutions in the United States such as our colleges of agriculture, home economics, engineering, medicine, and so forth, and private organizations in a position to help. This does not preclude working with United Nations agencies. It means the program should be distributed widely among existing American facilities.

9. We believe that the Point IV program should be included in the bipartisan foreign policy of our Government. The problems of underprivileged peoples are long-term ones; and, unless there can be a continuing program, it would be better not to start at all.

Now, sir, may we expand on those points?

The underdeveloped areas in Asia, Africa, and Latin America represent about two-thirds of the world population with an estimated per capita income valued at $41 and with purchases of 70 cents per person per annum (1936-40) from the United States. The Christian missionary outreach of the church has been centered in these same areas. With the exception of Japan before the war, their cultures and civilizations were predominantly agrarian. And it is predominantly among the rural people of these countries that the church has been established. These village congregations number approximately 120,000 with an estimated membership of 12,000,000 and an estimated 100,000 pastors, evangelists, and Bible women. There are probably 50,000 village school teachers responsible for Christian schools in these areas. To the above Christian workers must be added several times their number in volunteer laymen and women who participate in local Christian activities. These rural congregations are the growing points of the world Christian movement witnessing to a Christian faith and to a Christian way of life.

The President's inaugural address, the draft of the bill submitted to Congress for legislative action on the Point IV program, and the President's message accompanying the legislative draft all emphasize strengthening the economic foundations of the underdeveloped countries and raising standards of living in them. Certainly the Christian membership in the church can unreservedly accept the President's statement that "only by helping the least fortunate of its members to help themselves can the human family achieve the decent, satisfying life that is the right of all people." Not all would agree with his following statement that "democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force to stir the peoples of the world into triumphant action, not only against their human oppressors but also against their ancient enemies hunger, misery, and despair." Democracy is a result not a cause, and the major cause has its roots in Christian teaching and living.

The church through its missionary outreach has for a long time been engaged in activities that are clearly comprehended in the objectives of the Point IV program. These experiences have provided a unique understanding of the problem of helping people that is of great significance. Certain definite principles have emerged. Any such program must be comprehensive, dealing with a variety of needs. The projects must be correlated into a unified program aimed to re