A.

Absence of machinery in the British West
Indies, 148.

of regular demand for labor in pure-
ly agricultural countries, 369.
Absenteeism, of, 147.
Accumulation, of, 374.

Adaptability of the procreative tendency in
man, to the circumstances under which
he exists, 441, 447.

Adulteration of commodities a consequence
of the separation of consumers from pro-
ducers, 463.

Advantages to the farmer resulting from
proximity of the market, 202.

of co-operation over antagonism, 409.
Africa. Course of settlement in, 74. Fer-
tility of soil, and scarcity of population
in, 484.

Agriculture. Requires the largest knowl-
edge, and therefore last in its develop-
ment, 120. Becomes developed as the
market is brought nearer to the place of
production, 139. Absorbs a constantly-
increasing proportion of the powers of an
advancing society, 201. Loses its gam-
bling character as employments become
diversified, 203. Of France, 54, 386. Of
England, 221. Of Denmark, 232. Of Spain,
234. Of Russia, 242. Of the United States,
267. The last and highest of human pur-
suits, 528.

Agricultural communities. Little commerce
of, 171. Causes of the weakness of, 203.
Grow from without, 518. The more their
growth the greater their dependence, 518.

development and decline. How they
affect the prices of rude products, 277.
Agricultural risks diminish as consumers
and producers approach each other, 140.
Agriculturist becomes free as employments
become diversified, 201. Last to be eman-
cipated, 528.

skilled, always making a machine,

201.
Alabama. Exhaustion of the soil of, 262.
Alliance, constant, of war and trade, 117.
How it exhibits itself in France, 206; in
Great Britain, 219; in the United States,
270.

All matter susceptible of being made useful
to man, 96.

All men seek commerce: some men desire to
perform acts of trade, 113.
America, the United States of. How the
feeling of responsibility exhibits itself in,
46. Exhaustion of the soil of, 53, 262.
Course of settlement in, 66. Abandon-

ment of the richer soils of, 80. Popula-
tion of, 255. Extraordinary contrasts pre-
sented to view by, 253. Tendency to as-
sociation in, 254. Tendency to dispersion
in, 255. Erroneous policy of, 256. Vari-
able policy of, 257. Decline in the prices
of the rude products of the soil of, 262, 263.
Phenomena observed in, directly the re-
verse of those of the advancing countries
of Europe, 259. Loss to the farmers of,
consequent upon the necessity for export-
ing food, 260. How the laborers of, are
affected by a rise in the price of food, 261.
Exhaustive effects of cotton cultivation in,
262, 263. Small productive power of the
slave States of, 263. Vast amount of
power placed by nature at the command
of the people of, 267. Great waste of
power in, 267. Waste of the constituents
of food in, 267. Instability and its effects
in, 268, 269. Phenomena presented by the
industrial history of, 269. High rate of
interest in, 269. Policy of, adverse to the
creation of local centres, 269. Warlike
tendencies of, 269 Growing discord in, 270.
Increasing risk of loss by fire in, 271.
Recklessness in, 271. Speculative and
gambling spirit in, 272. Frequency and
rapidity of changes in, 273. Phenomena
of the last ten years of the history of, 273.
Declining power of, 277. Movement of the
precious metals in, 292. How protection
affects the supply of those metals in, 292.
Relations of money and capital in, 302.
Of banking in, 337. Large proportion
borne by movable to fixed capital in, 376.
Phenomena of circulation exhibited in,
388, 389. Continuance of slavery in, a
consequence of exhaustion of the soil of.
390. Revenue system of, 420. Compe-
tition for the sale of labor in, 430. Its
effect in exaggerating the evils of slavery
in, 433. Policy of, like that of Great
Britain, tends to destroy competition for
the purchase of labor, or labor's products,
432. Pro-slavery tendencies of both, 435.
Decline of agriculture in, 472. Enormous
tax of transportation paid by, 515. Small
amount of commerce of State with State,
in, 519. Slow growth of power in, to con-
tribute to the commerce of the world, 520
American aborigines. Their little tendency
towards sexual intercourse, 481.

policy adverse to the interests of the
farmers of the world, 264.
Analogies of natural law universal, 121.
Analogy of the two-fold life of man to his
two-fold life in society, 506.

Analysis required in all departments of

of, 126.

Approximation of the prices of raw materials
and finished products furnishes the essen-
tial characteristic of civilization, 192.
Consequent upon increased rapidity of cir-
culation, 287. Grows with the growth of
power to command the services of the
precious metals, 292. How it affects the
power of taxation, 414.

of man to man attended with diminu-
tion of the trader's power, 114.
Association, the first and greatest of the
needs of man, 37. Indispensable to the
existence of language, 37. Requires dif-
ferences, 52. Its slight existence where
employments are not diversified, 53. Makes
of man the master of nature, 62. Every
act of, an act of commerce, 106. Great
natural tendency towards, in the United
States, 254. The precious metals furnish
the great instrument of, 306. How it af-
fects production, 365. How it affects wages,
profits, rents, and interest, 395.

individuality, development, and pro-
gress, directly proportionate to each
other, 46.

the power of, grows with the de-
velopment of individuality, 43. With in-
crease of numbers, 60. Its growth in
Athens, 128. In Spain, 133. Absence of,
in Sparta, 130. Efforts of France to destroy
the, 134. Exercise of, prohibited by the
British Colonial system, 143, 144.
Athens, growth of the power of association
in, 128. Peaceful progress of, 128. Rights
and duties in, 128. Subsequent tyranny
of, 128, 129. Splendor and weakness of, 129.
Decline and fall of, 130. Taxation of, 417.
Attraction and counter-attraction essential
to the existence of harmony, 44.
Attractive force of cities, 37.
Australia, course of settlement in, 74.

B.

Bacon. His tree of science, 25.
Balance of trade, receivable in the precious
metals, 292. Necessary to all countries
which do not themselves produce such
metals, 294. How it affects the currency,
358.

of force among the vital organs, 451.
Bank circulation, a nearly constant quan-
tity, 329.

contractions, effects of 316.

deposits, causes which influence, and
influence exerted by, 329.

monopolies, injurious effects of, 318.
notes. How they affect the supply of
the precious metals, 298. How they in-
crease the utility of money, 318. Origin
of, 321.

Banker, ancient and modern, always in alli-
ance with the soldier, 117.
Bank circulation regulated by the people,
338, 339.

of England, the, 320. Capital and
circulating notes of, 322. Movement of,
from 1796 to 1815, 323. Circulation of, 323.
Resumption of payment by, and its effects,
324. Subsequent expansions and contrac-
tions of, 325. Saved from bankruptcy by
the Bank of France, 325. Sir Robert Peel's
Act for the regulation of, 327. Injurious
effect of the monopoly of, 328. Circulation
of, 329. Destruction caused by, in 1841,
330. Of all monetary institutions, the one
in whose constitution we find least of the
elements of stability, 330.

of France, the, creation of, 332. Mo-
nopoly of, 334. Movement of, from 1819
to 1846, 334. Tendency towards steadiness
in the circulation of, 334. Instability of
deposits in, 335. Power of, for controlling
the societary movement, 336. Heavy tax-
ation for the maintenance of, 336.
Banking, English, instability of, 319. How
it affects the value of money, 320.
Banks, private, of England. Their numerous
failures, 344.

of Holland and Germany, 312.
of discount, origin and effects of,

312, 313.

American. Gradual development of
the system of, 337. Proportion of loans to
capital in, 338. Tendency towards steadi-
ness in the movement of, 340. Number
and capital of, 343. Failnres of, 344.
Trivial losses of the people by, 344. Lo
calization of capital by means of, 345
How they are affected by the free trade
and protective systems, 347, 348. Cause
of the failures of, 351.

Barbarism a necessary consequence of the
absence of the power of association, 42.
Bastiat, M. Erroneous views of, in regard
to money, 360. On the law of distribution,
411.

Belgium. Course of settlement in, 72. De-
velopment of individuality in, 44.
Blanqui, M., on the condition of the French
people, 214.

Brain, anatomy and chemistry of the, not
sufficient definitely to resolve the pro-
blems of Social Science, 454.

and nerves. Special and general
functions of the, 451.
British and American banks, comparison of
the movements of, 343.

American colonies, prohibitions of
association in, 143.

centralization, growth of, 219.
colonial policy, 470; destructive
character of, 471.

corn-laws. Failure of their repeal to

produce the effects predicted, 194.

peers, rapid extinction of, 454.

British policy opposed to the true interests
of the British people, 190.

school of economical science. Er-
rors of the, 378.

society, growing imperfection of, 195.
system, the, looks to monopolizing
the machinery of conversion for the world,
143. As exhibited in Jamaica, 146; in
Ireland, 159. Based exclusively upon the
idea of trade, 173. Looks to taxing the
producers and consumers of the world by
increasing the tax of transportation, 192.
Stoppage of the circulation, a necessary
consequence of, 193. Destructive character
of, has produced resistance, 205.

taxes paid by the countries that sup-
ply the raw materials of manufactures,
420.

war upon the commerce of other
nations, 189.

West Indies, destruction of life in
the, 151.

writers on money, 352.

Buy in the cheapest market and sell in the
dearest one, the governing principle of the
soldier and the trader, 113. The motto of
England, 173.

C.

Caird on English agriculture, 220.
Capital. Declines in its power over labor, as
men are more enabled to associate, 86, 87.
Charge for the use of, declines as men ob-
tain power over nature, 88. Charge for,
embraces no compensation for nature's
services, 94. No deficiency of, in Ireland,
158. How it economises labor, 199. Is
consumed, but not destroyed, 209. Defi-
nition of, 374. How centralization affects
its division into fixed and movable, 375.
Power of accumulating not a result of
saving, 376. Always a result of economy
of labor, 376. Every waste of labor a
waste of, 378. How the policy of Colbert
tended to promote the growth of, 378.
Error of the teachings of the British school
in regard to the accumulation of, 378.
Grows, with the growth of competition for
the purchase of labor, 427.
Capitalist, the. How he might profit by the
study of Social Science, 529.
Capitalist's quantity increases, as his pro-
portion diminishes, 394, 401.
Carthage. Wars, monopolies, and fall of,
130.

Causes of the decline of nations, 135.

of the decay of Ireland, 162; of India,
Turkey, and Portugal, 171.

of the failures of American banks, 351.
of the misery of Ireland, according
to British teachers, 162.
Central America, course of settlement in, 70.
Centralization. Growth of, in Italy, Greece,
and India, 40; in Spain, 41; in France, 41;
in Britain, 42. As exhibited in Jamaica,
147. Effects of, in India, 166. Growth
of, in the United States, 252. Increases
the quantity of money required for the
performance of exchanges, 310. Produces

competition for the sale of labor, 429.
How it affects the wages of England, 449.
The more perfect the steadiness of the
societary movement, the less is the ten-
dency to, 510. Over-population a conse-
quence of, 521.

Centralization and decentralization alike
necessary, in planets and societies, 38.
How exhibited, in Europe and America,
38-42.

slavery, and death, travel together.
in both the moral and material world,
56, 127.

Cerebral power of woman abated by the re-
productive system, 454.

Changes in the place of matter closely con-
nected with the movements of the trader,
118. Small amount of knowledge re-
quired for effecting, 118. Necessity there-
for declines, as men are more enabled to
come together, 118.-(Seo Transporta-
tion.)

mechanical and chemical, in the form
of matter. More concrete and special
than changes of place, and require a
higher degree of knowledge, 118, 174.
Changes in the societary proportions con-
sequent upon increase of the power of
effecting, 175. How human effort is econ-
omised by, 175. Efforts at monopolizing
the power to effect such changes, and
their effects, 178.-(See Conversion, and
Manufactures.)

vital, in the form of matter. The
earth alone capable of effecting, 119.
Power applied to producing, grows, as that
required for transportation and conver-
sion declines, 117. Economy of human
force resulting from the growth of power
to effect, 177. The greater that power,
the greater the development of the latent
powers of land and man, 202.-(See Agri-
culture.)

in the societary proportions, 137, 175,

202.
Changes in the United States, frequency
and rapidity of, 273.
Charge for the use of money, of the, 300.-
(See Interest.)

Chastity of hunter tribes, 453.
Chatham, Lord, would not permit colonists
to make a hob-nail for themselves, 144.
Cheap labor, how that of Ireland has af
fected the people of England, 190.
Cheapening of raw produce tends toward
slavery for man, 222.

Cheapness of raw produce in England, in
the 14th century, 178.
Chemical and mechanical changes in the
form of matter, of, 174.
Chemistry of the population question, 453.
Chevalier, M., 214. On Capital and money,
362. His approval of the protective poli-
cies of Colbert, Cromwell, and others, 513.
Chinese opium war, 127.
Circulation, the societary, how it is affecte l
by the precious metals, 284. Development
of individuality stimulates, 382. Rapid-
ity of, increases as capital becomes fixed,
382. How Colbert's policy tended to-
wards quickening, 385. How the British

system tends towards retarding, 886. In-
creased rapidity of, an evidence of grow-
ing civilization, 387. Equality promoted
by rapidity of, 388. Phenomena of, pre-
sented by the United States, 388. How
American slavery is affected by sluggish-
ness of, 390. How it affects the distribu-
tion of the products of labor, 391.
Circulation of American banks, 341.
▬▬ of the Bank of England, 329.
France, 334.

Civil government, office of the, 506.

designed both for the assist-
ance and defence of societies, 507.
Civilization. Of Rome, 131. Its essential
characteristic, 149. How it affects prices,
285. How affected by division of the land,
and increase in the rapidity of circulation,
387.

Civilized communities export their commo-
dities in a finished state, 515.
Cobden, Mr. On Russia, 246.
Coinage. How it affects the value of the
precious metals, 281.

Colbert, advent of, to power, 208. Policy
of promotive of commerce, 208. Policy
of, adopted in Central and Northern Eu-
rope, 231.
How that policy affects the
growth of capital, 378. His full appre-
ciation of the duties of a statesman, 511.
Held wealth to be a means, and not an
end, 511.

and Cromwell, their resistance to
the monopolies of Holland, 177.
Colonial and trading system of Spain, 133.

policy of Greece, Carthage, Spain,
and France, 143. Of England, 184.
Colonization upon rich soils, failure of at-
tempts at, 69.

commences upon the poorer soils,
466. Richest lands of the world as yet
unoccupied, 467. How may they be sub-
dned, 468. Exhaustion of the soil pro-
duces a necessity for, 470. Of that of
Greece, 470. Destructive effects of the
modern system of, 470, 471. Necessity
for, diminishes as the prices of rude pro-
ducts and finished commodities approxi-
mate each other, 475.
Combination required for development of
the individual faculties, 43. Essential to
the growth of wealth, 100, 102. Grecian
tendencies towards, 128. In England, 369.
Commerce. Its slight existence in the
absence of differences among men, 106.
Obstacles to, in the early periods of so-
ciety, 109. Gradual development of,
109. Definition of, 113. Sought by all
men, 113. Regards trade as an instru-
ment to be used by man, 114. Tendency
of, towards decentralization and freedom,
115. Tends to produce continuity of the
societary motion, 115. Its place in the
order of development, 120. Every act of
association an act of, 120. Natural his-
tory of, 121. Roots and branches of the
tree of, 121. Decay of, in Spain, conse-
quent upon the expulsion of the Moors,
133. Gradual growth of, 138. How af-
fected by supplies of the precious metals,
296. Becomes more free as capital be-

comes fixed, and taxation becomes more
direct, 424.

Commerce and Society, only different modes
of expressing the same idea, 106.

and Trade usually regarded as con-
vertible terms, yet wholly different, 113
Opposite tendencies of, 268.

of the family. Its character, in the
various stages of society, 496.

of the State, the, 504. Object of so.
cietary organization, the development of,
508. How Colbert's policy tended to pro-
mote, 511. Hume, Smith, and others,
on the necessity for measures of protec
tion, as promotive of, 511. Commerce of
the world grows with the development
of, 516.

of the world. Grows with develop-
ment of the individualities of nations, 517.
Commodities, or things, not wealth to those
who have not the knowledge how to use
them, 98.

tend towards those places at which
they are most utilized, 318.
Communism in Russia, 244.
Communities prosper in the ratio of the uti-
lization of their rude products, 290.
Comparative circulation of the banks of
America, France, and England, 340, 341.

physiology of procreation, 453.
Comparison, inseparably connected with the
idea of value, 84.

Competition for nature's services, promotes
increase in the value of land and labor,
432. Grows in the protected countries of
Europe, 432.

for the purchase of labor. Scarcely
exists in the early stages of society, 426.
Grows with the increase of wealth and
population, and with growing diversity in
the demand for human powers, 427. In-
creases, as the prices of rude products
and those of finished commodities ap-
proach each other, 428.

for the purchase of rude products of
the earth, 429. Increases in the pro-
tected countries of Europe, 431. Freedom
grows with, 432.

for the sale of labor tends towards
slavery, 428.

for the sale of female labor in Eng-
land, and its effects, 493.
Composition of forces, law of the, 123.
Comte, M. On the general relation of
science and art, 508.

Condition, the, of human progress, 141.
Conditions upon which, alone, the prospe
rity of nations can be secured, 189.
Consolidation of the land, in Italy, 131. In
Spain, 233.

of English land, and its effects, 221,
225, 226, 227, 448.
Constant alliance of war and tæde, 117,
206, 269.

Consumers and producers come together,
as employments become diversified, 53.
Wealth, freedom, power, and happiness,
grow with their near approach to each
other, 115.

Consumption the measure of production,

364

Contemporaneous maturity of the repro-

ductive function and the intellectual and
moral powers, 453.

Continental system. How it affected the
growth of manufactures, 230. Its effects,
as exhibited in Russia, 242.

Continuity of the societary motion, a test
of civilization, 108, 370. How it affects
the growth of wealth, 200.
Conversion of, 174. Requires a knowledge
of the properties of things, whereas trans-
portation looks only to their magnitude
or weight, 174 Economy of nature's gifts
resulting from bringing the place of, near
to that of production, 175. Freedom
grows, as the distance is decreased, 177.
Co-ordinating office of the nervous system,

505.

power of the State, the, 304. Re-
quired for facilitating combination, 505.
Its action in the social body, similar to
that of the brain in the physical one, 510.
Limitation of its sphere of duty, 511. Du-
ties of, as exhibited by Colbert, 511.
Hume and others, 512, 513. Necessity for,
grows with the growth of wealth and
numbers, 516.

Co-ordination required in the ratio of devel-
opment, 507.

Coquelin, M., on money, capital, and banks,
303, 304.

Corporate and municipal governments, of,

508.

Corrective, the, of excessive procreation, 453.
Cost of reproduction the limit of value, 83.
Cotton, remarkable reduction in the price
of, 262.

culture, 262.

growing States. Small production
of the, 363.
Course of settlement in the United States,
66; in Mexico, 69; in the West Indies, 70;
in South America, 71; in England, 71; in
Scotland, 71; in France, 72; in Belgium
and Holland, 72; in Scandinavia, 73; in
Russia and Germany, 73; in Hungary and
Italy, 73; in Corsica, Sicily and Greece,
73; in Africa and the Islands of the Pa-
cific, 74; in India, 74.

Credit. American policy adverse to the ex-
istence of, 347.
Crime in India, 168.

Cromwell and Colbert, resistance of, to the
monopolies of Holland, 177.

Cultivation commences with the less fertile

soils, 59. How improvement in, affects
the progress of rent, 405.

Currency, what constitutes the, 314. How
it is affected by bank expansions and con-
tractions, 316. Furnishes the most potent
instrument of taxation, 332. A sound
system of, one of the first of societary
needs, 342. How affected by the balance
of trade, 345, 346.

Custom grows into law, in favor of the la-
borer, in all the protected countries of
Europe, 434. Reverse of this, in free
trade countries, 434.

Cuvier, M. Held that vegetables were the
natural food of man, 458.

D.

Decentralization. Tends towards freedom,
40. How it affects the quantity of the
precious metals required for the perform-
ance of exchanges, 310.

Decline of value, a consequence of diminish-
ed cost of reproduction, 84.

of Athens, 130. Of Venice, Genoa,
Pisa, and Holland, 131, 132. Of Spain,
132. Of Spanish cities, 233.

of all communities that follow in the
train of England, 173.
Declining power of self-direction, as exhib-
ited by Great Britain, 195.

Definite proportions, law of, as applied to
Social Science, 107.

Definitions. Of Social Science, 47. Of value,
87. Of utility, 96. Of wealth, 100. Of
trade, 113. Of commerce, 113. Of pro-
duction, 364. Of capital, 374. Summary
of, 380.

absence of, in politico-economical
science, 33.

De Fontenay, M. On capital and its effects,
378.

De Jonnés, M. On the effects of protection,
in France, 513.

Demand the cause of supply, 464.
Denmark. Few natural advantages of, 231.
Protective policy of, 232. Economy of
labor in, 232. Division of land, and growth
of freedom in, 232. Furnishes no evi-
dence of the over-population theory, 233.
Laing on the division of land in, 444.
Dependence of the English farmer of the
18th century upon foreign markets, and
its effects, 182.
Depopulation drives men back to the poor
soils, 80.

and poverty of Turkey, 155. Of Ire-
land, 159.
Destruction of human life in the British
West India Islands, 147, 150.
Destructive tendencies of the British trad-
ing system, 204.

Development begins in the stomach of
plants, 49. Continued in that of animals,
50.

of war and trade, 116. Transporta-
tion and manufactures later in, 118.
Agriculture follows manufactures in the
order of, 119. Commerce latest in its full,
120.

Difference indispensable to the existence of
association, whether in the physical of
moral world, 43.

Differences. Power of combination in
creases with the growth of, 43.

Direct taxation. Tends to supersede that
which is indirect, in the ratio of the ap-
proximation of the prices of rude and fin
ished products, 421. Tendency therete,
grows with increase in the rapidity of the
societary circulation, 422. Cannot be re-
sorted to, in purely agricultural coun-
tries, 423. Power of, an evidence of ad-
vance in civilization, 424.

Disappearance of Irish manufactures, under
the Act of Union, 157.