220 On Chanting Prayers in the Communion Service. they did not enjoin the singing of the responses under consideration, (for in all churches a choir is not to be had) yet suffered the custom complained of by "Homo" to originate in their own days, and before their own eyes. Thomas Tallis, the father of English church music, who fixed and impressed upon our cathedral chanting and services, that character which they still accurately retain, flourished in the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. and, I believe, some part of Elizabeth's. Tallis's Litany and Tallis's Responses for the common morning and evening service, are still invariably used in cathedral and collegiate choirs. I need not here mention their expressive and devotional style: suffice it to say that, though, like most good things, they are occasionally debased by careless or unqualified performers, they are capable of being rendered, and often are rendered highly instrumental in conveying our devotions in a manner far more impressive than bare reading, however excellent. In putting musical notes to the Te Deum Magnificat, &c. together with the Creed and responses in the Communion service, Tallis has been followed, and in some respects excelled, by other composers. But I may safely say that, excepting perhaps two or three moderns, none of them have failed in giving solemnity and increased expression to the response in question. They have all adapted it to a few simple notes, so few and so simple, that, as the response is repeated ten times, every person of the least natural ear may, without musical knowledge, easily join in the harmony. As in this short response two ideas, one retrospective, the other prospective, are contained, one for pardon and the other for aid, I have often found it difficult in churches where this is read, to have time to fix and yet to separate the two ideas, while the short sentence is being read, and as is natural, faster every time it is repeated. In cathedrals where it is sung, the notes give one just time enough to embrace the full force of the words; and surely those who cannot harmoniously join in, have time enough to repeat, though not aloud, the double prayer. Homo's indulgence in favour of the Litany is curious, not to say inconsistent. His attempt to prove a strong distinction is, I must think, very forced. When the Ten Commandments are read to us, we have no need to tremble: we have none of the awful appearances of Mount Sinai; and though "chanting might have been inconsistent [April 1, with the trembling of the Israclites," till we are placed under similar terrors, I cannot see any force in this argument. I cannot join in the concluding sentence, that chanting this response is contrary to the Rubric: we are bid to pray, but not forbid to sing our prayers. I have to apologize, Mr. Editor, for the length of these remarks, as I can scarcely expect so large a share of your valuable publication. I hope Homo and I are friends, at least, not enemies. Orford, Feb. 9, 1815. HOMUNCULUS. RECOLLECTIONS OF THE UNPUBLISHED Freedom of Trade, (concluded.) HAVING treated of the general principles of trade, as directed by the commercial system of policy, its great objects are to give every encouragement to the exportation of manufactured commodities, and to forbid their importation; and in considering money only, as the criterion of national wealth. Of the different expedients by which exportation is promoted, drawbacks are allowed by Mr. Smith to be most-effectual. If they were disallowed, the revenue and customs would suffer, but the industry of the nation not be injured. A second expedient to encourage industry and exportation is, bounties; but as we cannot force foreigners to buy our goods, it is unnecessary to promote their manufacture by this means; nor should they be granted but in very peculiar cases, and where trades do not replace the ordinary profits of capital. İf all trades required bounties to encourage them, capital would soon cease to exist. Bounties have farther the effect of forcing trade into unnatural and losing channels, and thereby diverting it from a course of profitable industry. As to regulations in treaties between trading nations which allow peculiar privileges, they certainly are useful to the nation so favoured; but to the people who purchase these privileged articles they are often injurious, by destroying that competition which a free importation would create. Sometimes nations make treaties apparently against themselves, but with a view to profit. In this view the Methuen treaty with Portugal (which agreed to take the wines of that country on advantageous terms in preference to those of France, upon condition that they took our woollen manufacture in return) has been highly extolled. 1815.] On the Freedom of Trade. It has been calculated to bring 50,000l. weekly of cash into the country; but Mr. S. does not equally applaud it. The establishment of colonies under this commercial system, with a view to encourage exportation, is also censured by Mr. Smith; for there the same malignant influence extends in depressing the energies of the mother country by monopolies of all kinds. In Spain and Portugal, the establishment of colonies has been absolutely injurious to those states from this cause, and even in Britain, more is to be ascribed to the general freedom of trade in the country, and the spirit inspired by our laws and constitution, in accounting for the advantages we have derived from colonies, than to the regulations by which our colonial system is governed. Our manufactures have flourished, not in consequence of these regulations, but in spite of them. Mr. Hume seems the first writer who advanced these general no tions concerning the liberty of trade, as published in his essay on the jealousies of trade, printed in 1752. This furnished Mr. Smith with hints, which he after wards expanded with so much sagacity. Similar principles were, likewise, recommended in various publications by Dean Tucker, and by Dr. Franklin. This last writer possessed a peculiar talent and sagacity in seizing the strong points of a subject, and expressing them in the plainest and most obvious terms; although his education and babits seem not to have fitted him for taking that systematic and comprehensive view of the subject, which was pursued with so much success by Mr. Smith. Although, therefore, these principles were first brought forward systematically in France, they were originally started in this country. A Mr. Jacob Vanderland, in 1777, published a pamphlet in London, recommending the principles we have been stating; and be quotes an author of the name of Phillips, of still earlier date, and praises him for uttering a glorious sentiment, as he calls it, viz. "That a nation should consider itself, with respect to other states, as a great warehouse, where every person should buy what he will, and sell what he can." These principles, so just and liberal in theory, have been universally sanc tioned by experience wherever they have been tried. What bat an unbounded freedom of trade could have accumulated such vast riches in Holland,-a country denied by nature almost all the advantages which are the sources of national NEW MONTHLY MAG.-No. 15, 221 wealth? What but the same freedom could have rendered the cold and barren Country of Switzerland, shut out from the advantages of navigation, more opulent, more free, and more happy than all the more favoured climes that surround it? In the canton of Neufchatel there are two villages containing, says Mr. Smith, 7000 inhabitants, mostly employed in watch making. In these, any one of good character (come from whence he may) is allowed to settle and to purgue trade: there are no apprenticeships, no contraband articles, no fines or taxes, says Mr. Coxe; and under this system, in a comparatively short period, have these villages acquired this great prosperity. By the account of Osterman, the trade of watch-making does not seem to have been known there till about 1691, when a native of that country seeing a watch from England, deter mined to set about imitating it, and, after employing nearly a year in forming his tools, commenced business, which he carried on as long as he lived, and left five sons, all of whom followed the fa ther's trade. It is supposed now, that on an average, they manufacture there 40,000 watches annually. The same advantages from a free trade occurred in Tuscany, under the Emperor Leopold and they are still farther realized by the unparalleled progress of the United States of America. ACCOUNT OF THE SELTZER MİNERAL WATER. A REPORT having been spread, that the Seltzer spring* did not yield as much water as formerly, and that an artificial water was in consequence prepared on the spot, the government of the country in which it is situated, were induced to commit the analysis of it to a foreigner, as the surest means of obtaining an impartial result. This was deemed the more necessary, as no one had analyzed it on the spot of late years, and the old analysis of it was by no means corres pondent with the present state of che mistry. Their choice fortunately fell on M. Andrea, of Hanover, a chemist of acknowledged experience in mineralogy and natural history; who devoted him self with indefatigable zeal to this object; but, being attacked by a severe illness, was rendered incapable of compiling his This spring is situated at Niederselz, or Lower Selz, (from which the water takes its name) a village in what was formerly the electorate of Triers, near the city of Lim burg.-EDITOR, 222 Account of the Seltzer Mineral Water. proposed elaborate history of the Seltzer water, from the extensive materials he had collected for it. He intrusted this compilation to M. Westrumb, professor of chemistry at Marburg, who completed it in the year 1794, though it has not until recently issued from the press. As this work contains some extremely curious and interesting facts, it is not necessary to make any apology for calling the attention of the reader to the most important of them. The The square reservoir of the Seltzer spring incloses four sources, one of which is considerably more abundant than the other three. It is to be lamented that this reservoir is not covered over. greater source gushes out in a stream of above four inches diameter; a circumstance, which of itself must sufficiently attest the abundance of water contained in the reservoir, and has been satisfac torily ascertained by repeated observations. For at the times when the reservoir is completely emptied and cleaned, which happens thrice a year, it has been found, that the four springs yield 1000 French cubic inches, or 44 English gallons a minute; consequently affording a supply of above 304,166 French cubic feet, or 2,251,410 English gallons of water per annum, in which above 75,000lbs. of mineral substances are contained. At every cleansing of the reservoir, a physician, regularly appointed, must be present to analyze the water, and compare the result with that of the preceding cleansing. The water in this reservoir is so pellucid, that the bottom is clearly visible through a tube four yards high. In the principal and smaller reservoirs, as well as the canal, by which the waste is turned off from the former, it deposits a crystalline, yellowish-brown substance, consisting of iron, chalk, and nitre, all impregnated with carbonic acid. The temperature of the springs is always between 62 and 66 degrees of Fahrenheit; and the reservoir is constantly overhung with a stratum, from two to three feet deep, of those species of gases which form the principal ingredients of the Seltzer mineral water. Seventeen cubic inches of this air, as found immediately above the surface of the water, contained nine cubic inches of carbonic acid gas. Notwithstanding the injurious effects, which might be apprehended from the inhaling of this noxious atmosphere, the women employed in taking out the water seem to suffer no ill effects from it, When the hands or feet are held in it, [April 1, they are warmed much in the same way as in the stream of the cavern in Pyrmont, although it does not affect the thermometer: it was not found to contain any sulphurous acid gas: The specific weight of the Seltzer water is as 1,003 to 1,000 of distilled water, and in 100 Paris cubic inches of it are contained, 98 grains. Crystallized common salt .. -mineral alkali 97 glauber salts Oxygenated iron 4 14 4 81 14 .. 225 grains. ... And carbonic acid gas, 124 cubic inches. This differs from the generally received analysis of Bergmann, which has been long esteemed the only correct one, inasmuch as it gives a greater proportion of mineral alkali, and besides, glauber salts, silica, and iron, have been found component parts of it. The author of the former analysis is, however, by no means to be charged with incorrectness, as there is no doubt, all mineral waters sometimes vary in their precise compounds. This water has been found extremely efficacious, both as an alleviating and as an independent remedy; and it is much to be regretted, that experiments of its powers have not been made at the source itself. The cause is to be ascribed to the financial importance of its sale; in consequence of which the government of the country has paid little attention to the cure of diseases, and intentionally thrown every difficulty in the way of in valid visitors; so that nothing has been done either for their convenience or amusement. Professor Westrumb sup poses the source, from which this water flows, to be in the neighbouring hill, called Weiterholtz. The sale of the Seltzer water is to an astonishing extent; in a single day 16,000 pint bottles are often filled and packed away. In the year 1791, 1,215,708 entirely new, 23,898 half new, and 316,554 old bottles, were filled and sent off; these required 2,500 cases, and 1,600 hampers, exclusive of the quantity loaded in carts. Besides the director of the well, and his three assistants, two book-keepers and a cashier, this traffic constantly employs a superintendant, a counter, three packers, six women occupied in filling, five carriers, one bucket-counter, who keeps 1815.] Enigmatical Epitaph-Cathedral Music. an account of the unserviceable bottles, which frequently amount to 55,000 a year and are all destroyed, two corkers, four men, and one woman for other purposes, making a total of twenty-five persons kept in regular employ. In March, and from June to August, when there is an increase of work, eight or ten more are taken on. Their labours begin between three and four o'clock in the morning, and continue until dusk. The mechanical part of this traffic is also worthy of notice. The bottles are filled with fresh water over night and remain in that state on boards till the next morning. From twelve to eighteen thousand bottles being left in this way, a man whose task it is, walks over them on wooden shoes, and breaks off the neck of every bottle in which the water has suuk. The sound bottles are then cleaned out by women, and afterwards conveyed in cases, which contain a hundred each, to the reservoirs. The operation of filling is performed by four or six females, who kneel down, immerse five bottles in each hand two or three inches below the surface of the water, and, having thus filled them, replace them in the cases. The next process is that of corking, which is done by three or four men, who cut off any of the heads of the corks which rise above the neck, after they are driven in. The sealing employs five or six men; and this operation alone consumes 25,000 pounds of rosin, 26,000 skins of leather, 1500 pounds of twine, and 30 fathoms of wood for melting. It is scarcely credible, that a mineral water, which did not yield above 5 or 6 florins annually a century ago, should have now become a principal source of revenue. Estimating the clear profit even at so low a rate as two pence per bottle, the annual income derived from it, will not be much short of thirteen thousand pounds! MR. EDITOR, I BEG leave to transmit the following as an answer to the enigmatical epitaph that appeared in your publication for January last. Let Ann and Elizabeth be two widows, each having a son; let Charles be Ann's son, and Daniel be Elizabeth's; let Charles marry Elizabeth, and Daniel do the like kind office for Ann; let each of these couples (i. e. Charles and Elizabeth, Daniel and Ann) have a daughter; call Charles's daughter Emma, and Daniel's Fanny. Thus: 1. Ann and Elizabeth are the two 223 grandmothers with their two grand- 3. Charles and Daniel are the two fathers with their two daughters, Emma and Fanny. 4. Ann, with her son Charles, and Elizabeth, with her son Daniel, are the two mothers with two sons. 5. Emma and Fanny are the two maidens with two mothers, Ann and Elizabeth. 6. Charles being the son of Ann be fore her widowhood, and Fanny being her daughter by her union with Daniel, Charles and Fanny are brother and sister by the mother's side; in like manner, Daniel and Emma are the offspring of Elizabeth. Thus, then, Emma, the sister of Daniel, and Fanny, the sister of Charles, are the two sisters with their two brothers. W. D. MR. EDITOR, I SHOULD be sorry to render your highly respectable and esteemed magazine the vehicle of a mis-statement; and as the letter of J. P. in your last number, seems to insinuate that I have so done, in my observations on Cathedral Music, in your number for November last, I trust to your candour for the insertion of this. J. P. observes that the smallness of the income of the lay vicars is the cause of their inattention. Now, Sir, when I inform you that they are a body corporate, and that their income arises from fines on renewal of leases, &c. which averages, one year with another, at least 801. to each, exclusive of a house to live in rent-free, you will, I think, agree with me that it is a very sufficient sum, espe cially as they have full leisure and permission to follow any profession or business they may choose. I much fear that many worthy and able divines of our established church are not so well remunerated for their services. The organist, who is very capable, and should have the management of the choir, is, I be lieve, not so well rewarded for his abilities, which I am glad J. P. acknowledges to be eminent. He remarks, that I should have applied to the organist if the music was not agreeable to my taste; I did so and from him, as well as others, I gained the information respect ing the omission of the voluntaries, and the introduction of the Evening Hymn, &c, which I am aware is sung in many 224 Chiltern Hundreds-Description of Geneva. churches where there are charity children, but I believe was never before introduced in a cathedral; where, as long as music is considered as a necessary part of divine services, I contend it should be solemn and appropriate, when it certainly would tend to calm the mind, and render it susceptible of religious impressions; especially as there are compositions (many by persons who are styled the Fathers of the Church) which, in sublimity as well as true devotional spirit, are very suitable accompaniments to our liturgy, our homilies, &c. for which no one can have a higher veneration than myself. When I inform you, Sir, that, owing to the opportunity afforded me by so respectable a publication as yours to express my sentiments on cathedral music, I attribute the circumstance of the voluntaries being renewed, and an improved attention on the part of the lay vicars at Wells, which J. P.'s letter informs us is the case, I feel you will allow this to be a consideration for your Insertion of this. Southampton, Feb. 5, 1815. MR, EDITOR, T.Q. A FRIEND at Yverdun, a kind, obliging creature, hearing that my two fellow travellers and myself were going to Lausanne, inquired at what hour we intended to start. I told him that I should be speak a carriage to be ready at four the bext morning, as we wished to reach Lausanne in time for dinner. "Very well," replied he, "give yourself no farther trouble about the matter; I will have a carriage in attendance at the appointed hour, and drive you myself to Lausanne, as I know the road perfectly well." Accordingly at four o'clock precisely he drew up in front of our iun, in a light, convenient, char-à-banc, adapted for the convenient accommodation of [April 1, four persons, and in six hours set us down in Lausanne. From the last hill before we entered the town, the Lake of Geneva expanded in astonishing beauty to our view, stretching from the Valais to the eastern Jura in France; and the eye feasted on the enchanting colours and forms presented by its wa ters, and by the infinitely diversified shapes of the near and distant mountaintops along the wide-extended horizon. So uneven is the site of Lausanne, that before we reached our inn, the Golden Lion, we were obliged to alight four times, on account of the steep ascent and declivity of the streets; so that at last we determined to walk the remainder of the way. After dinner our friend left us on his return, carrying with him our warmest thanks for his kindness and attention. Lausanne had not this time the same charms for us as on preceding visits, be cause we were anxious to reach Geneva, In the evening, however, we had an extraordinary treat; we walked to the bar) bour of the town, which lies about half a league below it, on the lake. It is called Ouchy, and is a truly enchanting spot, How I wish that I could express to you the feelings which pervaded my bosom, when pacing the mole that runs out into the lake, I beheld on either side and before me the dark blue pellucid waters of the expanse (which has all the appearance of a sea) break, foaming, against the masses of rock, and alternately overflowing its limits, and hastily receding within them! The beauty of the evening was enjoyed by the people also boats were passing in all directions; vessels were traversing the lake; white swelling sails reflected the rays the evening sun from off the black, rocky shore of Meilleries, on the Savoy side: round about the harbour all was mirth and cheerfulness: the gardens and villas were full of graceful figures; and on the beach many hundreds of both sexesthe men on the left of the harbour, and the females on the right-were disporting in the refreshing waves. The whole of the way back to the town was up-hill: we found an excellent supper waiting for us at our inn; and were all three conveyed the following day, for a guipes and a half, to Geneva, which is eleven leagues distant, of Thus then, on the 19th of July, a perfectly serene and brilliant day, we had one of the finest rides that can be on the face of the earth, in an open carriage, upon an excellent road, as level as |