Jane. I know something of the operation; for I once went into a tan-yard with Pa, and he showed me how tanning was managed. The hair is first taken off by being steeped in lime water, and the skins are then scraped clean with a knife and pumice stone. After this, it is spread in a vat, and covered with oak or hemlock bark, ground fine; and filled with water. This changes the skin to leather.

Ma. At the present day, the vats are filled with the warm liquor in which the bark has been steeped, which effects the same object in much less time. And after the tanning, the leather passes into the hands of the currier, who, by scouring, greasing, waxing, sizing, and blacking, finishes it for the shoe maker, the saddler, &c.

Mary. But, Ma, I think Morocco leather, the most beautiful.

Ma. Morocco leather is made of the skins, both of sheep and goats, dressed in a similar way, only it is tanned with the leaves of the Sumach; a shrub of great beauty and useful

ness.

ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 51.
Reduction.

The method of changing one currency to another. RULE. 2. Bring the given sum to its lowest name, or to any convenient name.

2. Divide that name, by as many of the same as equals one in the currency required. The quotient will be the answer. Thus: Bring £42 12, N. Y. currency, to Federal money. £42X20+12=852s.÷8s. $106.50

OBS. 1. The proof of this operation will furnish a rule by which Federal money, may be changed into any currency. RULE. 1. Multiply the given sum in Federal money by the shillings which equal a dollar at the given place.

2. Divide the product by 20, and the quotient will be pounds, in the currency required.

Thus: Change $106.50, to pounds, &c. N. Y. currency.
$106.50X8=852s÷20=£42 - 12, Ans.

OBS. 2. If there is a remainder, after dividing by 20, then multiply it by 12, for pence, and any further remainder by 4, for farthings.

1

GRAMMAR.- LESSON 52.

Exercises in Parsing.

If I come I will help you. If you are good, you are happy. Mary will walk into the field unless it rains. Though a liar

speaks the truth, he will hardly bo believed. Moses must stay, if James goes. If they come, they may bring the books. You get no pay, unless you play. If he were to laugh, he would be known at once.

OBS. The Conjunction is frequently understood; the mood is nevertheless subjunctive. As: Were he to laugh, he would be known at once. Were I to act for you, the game would be immediately up.

Questions on the 21st Chapter.

READING EXERCISES.

Les. 2. What is Mary's remark? Ma's reply? Jane's question? Ma's answer? Mary's objection? Ma's explanation? Mary's retraction? Ma's admonition?

Les. 6. Subject? Jane's question? Ma's reply? Mary's question? Ma's answer? Mary's intimation? Ma's reply? Jane's question? Ma's answer? Jane's inquiry Ma's answer? Jane's explanation?

Les. 10. Subject? Mary's objection? Ma's explanation? Jane's question? Ma's answer? Jane's inquiry? Ma's reply? Mary's observation? Jane's request? Ma's reply? Mary's

remark?

Les. 14. Subject? Jane's question? Ma's answer? Jane's observation? Ma's explanation? Jane's explanation? Ma's remark? Mary's observation? Ma's remark? Mary's inquiry? Ma's answer?

Les. 18. Subject? Jane's question? Ma's answer? Jane's objection? Ma's reply? Jane's remark? Mary's remark? Ma's explanation?

Les. 22. Subject? Jane's remark? remark? Ma's conclusion? Jane's Mary's answer? Jane's observation? Les. 26. Subject? Jane's wish? remark? Ma's reply? Mary's question? remark? Ma's remark?

Ma's reply? Mary's remark? Ma's reply? Mary's remark? Ma's answer? Jane's Ma's answer? Jane's

Ma's reply? Jane's

Les. 30. Subject? Mary's wish? remark? Ma's remark? Jane's remark? Mary's remark? Ma's remark?

Les. 34. Subject? Mary's remark? Ma's answer? Mary's question? Ma's answer? Jane's remark? Ma's reply? Mary's remark? Ma's answer?

Les. 38. Subject? Mary's intimation? Ma's reply? Jane's inquiry? Ma's answer? Jane's wish? Mary's wish? Ma's reply? Jane's remark? Ma's reply?

Les. 42. Subject? Jane's remark? Ma's answer? Jane's observation? Ma's reply? Jane's remark? Ma's answer? Jane's promise? Ma's remark? Mary's reply? Ma's reply? Mary's reply? Ma's reply?

Les. 46. Subject? Ma's question? Jane's reply? Mary's remark? Ma's reply? Jane's inquiry? Ma's reply? Mary's remark? Ma's explanation? Mary's question? Ma's answer? Jane's remark? Ma's reply?

Les. 50. Subject? Mary's question? Ma's answer? Jane's question? Ma's answer? Jane's explanation? Ma's remark? Mary's remark? Ma's reply?

ARITHMETICAL EXERCISES.

Les. 3. What is Reduction? How many kinds? What is the rule? What the example? What of the note?

Les. 7. What the 2d rule? Example? Note?

Les. 11. What the 1st rule for reducing English and Federal money? What the 2d rule? The 3d rule and note? The 4th rule? The 5th rule? The 6th rule? The 7th rule? The Sth rule?

Les. 47. What is the 1st step in the rule given to reduce a given quantity to several unequal quantities of the same name and equal number? What the 2d step? Example? Illustration?

Les. 51. What is the 1st step in the 1st rule for changing one currency into another? What is the 2d? 1st Observation? What is the 1st step in the second rule? What is the second? 2d Observation?

GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES.

Les. 4. What is the 14th rule? Example? Obs. 1? Obs. 2? Examples?

Les. 8. What the 15th rule? Example? Illustration?

Les. 12. What the 16 rule? Example? Illustration? Obs. and example 1? Obs. and example 2?

Les. 16. What is mood?

The note? The number and kinds of moods? What the Indicative mood? What is tense? How many and what? Note, &c.?

Les. 20. Remark? Note 1st? What a regular verb? What an irregular verb? Note 2d, &c.?

Les. 24. How are participles formed? How many kinds? How distinguished? What a simple tense? What a compound tense?

Les. 28. What of the 1st obs.? What of the 2d obs.?

Les. 32. How is the perfect tense formed? How the pluperfect? What of solemn style, &c.?

Les. 36. How is the first future tense formed? How the second? The note?

Les. 44. What the 17th rule? Example? Illustration? Les. 52. What of the note at the close of this lesson? Example? · Illustration?

OBS. The questions here introduced on the subjects of arithmetic and grammar, are designed for general examinations. The teacher will find it necessary to multiply and extend them greatly in the recitation of lessons, and to add a variety of explanations and illustrations, which, if introduced here, would swell the work to an unwieldly bulk.

Ink, Galls, Copperas, Gum Arabic, Water and Shell Lac. Mary. Mamma', you have told us about paper and wafers', and I know that pens are the strong, wing feathers of the goose'; now we wish to know something about ink`.

Ma. There are many sorts of ink', and many ways of making it; but the common ink', is made of galls, copperas, gum arabic', and water. Try', Jane', and explain these several materials.

Jane. I believe galls are small bunches found in the leaves of the oak', and caused by the bite of an insect. Copperas is nothing more than another name for vitriol. And gum arabic is a kind of sap that exudes from a tree which grows in

Asia; but', in explaning water, I can only say that water is water'.

Ma. Water, my child', is a liquid fluid; it is composed of eighty-five parts of oxygen, and fifteen parts of hydrogen. You will understand these terms when you enter upon the subject of chemistry'.

Mary. We now understand all the materials used in writing a letter, if it is sealed with a wafer; but should we use sealing war', we should be ignorant of its parts.

Ma. Sealing wax', is made of shell-lac`, and rosin', coloured with vermilion; the poorer kinds are coloured with red lead.` Mary. Pray, Ma, what is shell lac?

Ma. It is a substance, deposited on trees in the East Indies, by an insect, in its native state it is called stick lac`; but when melted into a crust', it is called shell lac`.