GRAMMAR.-LESSON 20. Of the Infinitive Moud. The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb, which expresses an action in general, but not the action of any subject or agent. It is distinguished by the preposition, to, either expressed or understood, immediately before it; as: to read, to write, to walk, to be, to live, to die, &c. This verb has neither person, nor number; but it is governed, and sometimes governs. It is used only in two tenses; the Present and Perfect. Present Time. To be, To write, To walk, To love, Infinitive Mood. Perfect Time. To have written, To have walked, To have loved. NOTE. This form of the verb, may be regarded as the root from which all the other forms of the verbs are derived; and it is used without the sign of the preposition, to, before the following verbs: bid, dare, feel, see, make, need, hear, and let. hec-kle kěk'kl. heck-y hěk ́kē lan-guid lan'gwid knock-er nokkur lan-guish lăn'gwish knot-grass not-gras lan-guor lan'gwur READING. LESSON 22. Coral and Ivory. Jane. Ma', sister Mary believes that coral is a mineral'; but I have doubts about it; will you be so kind as to inform us? Ma. Coral', my child', is an animal production. It is duced by a species of the Polypus; a poor half animated pro worm'. The creature is supposed to form the coral for its habitation; and thus produce a constant supply'. Mary. Ma', you tell us wonders! Where is coral obtained? Ma. It is found attached to rocks', deep in the sea', whence it is gathered by coral fishermen'. The principal fisheries are at Marseilles and Messina'; both on the northern coast of the Mediterranean sea`. Jane. Now we are on the subject of rare and delicate things', I should be glad to hear something about ivory`. Ma. Ivory is the tusks of the Elephant, and it answers to the horns of other animals'. Horn, I understand', can', by long and intense boiling', be reduced to a jelly'; and so can the shavings of ivory. The shavings of ivory burnt in a crucible to a black powder', make a useful paint; called ivory black. Mary. What is a crucible, Ma? Jane. I can answer that, sister'; it is a chemist's melting pot. But, Ma, is not ivory frequently coloured'? Ma. Yes'; such as red, green, black'. &c. but I think its mative, creamy white', is the richest and most beautiful'. 4 14 ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 23. DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 114 2124 Decimal Fractions, like those of Vulgar Fractions, express a part of a unit. But in this case, the unit, is always divided into equal parts, and each of these, again subdivided into 10 lesser parts, and so on to infinitude. Hence, the denominator is always 10, 100, 1000, 10000, &c. or unity with any indefinite number of naughts to the right of it. These, if written in the form of vulgar fractions, would stand. thus: From these examples it will be seen that the number of naughts below the line, is equal to the number of significant figures above the line; and this will always be the case when both terms of Decimal Fractions are expressed; therefore, the numerator only is written; but in order to distinguish it from whole numbers, a point is placed before the fraction, thus: .4, .14, .114, .2124. These may be readily valued, if the naughts are supposed to be written below them. 10 100 1000 10000 Whole numbers are valued from the right, toward the left, and increase in a tenfold ratio; but Decimal Fractions are numerated from left to right, and decrease in the same ratio, as exhibited in the subjoined table. 6 7 8 9 NOTE. A naught at the left of a Decimal Fraction, diminishes its value tenfold; two naughts, a hundred fold, &c. for they remove the fraction further from mity. OBS. The 14th and 18th Rules, the first of which provides that conjunctions connect nouns, and pronouns in the same case, and the second, that conjunctions connect verbs in the same mood and tense, are of familiar construction, and of very extensive application. I told him he might go, and stay a week, if he chose. should have come back at the appointed time, and he would have met with favour. Bid him call to-morrow. Ask him the time of day, and when he leaves home. Time and chance happen to all. The winds blew, and the rains descended, and beat upon that house, and it fell. Hear her and her sister sing and play. Bid him and his brother read and write. She loves to study and work, and I will let her try to write and speak. Jane. I hope', Ma'. you will not forget to tell us something about gold' and silver`. Ma. You mean, I suppose', to have me speak of the metals in general. I must begin by observing that metals are distinguished from all other substances, by four distinct qualities; weight, opacity, and brilliancy, and the property of conducting the electric fluid or lightning'. Mary. I expect I know', Ma'. what you mean'; you refer to the long rods of iron which are set up by the side of buildings to protect them from lightning'.. Ma. I do my child'; and since you have been so apt, it will give me pleasure to inform you that the lightning rod', is a discovery of the seventeenth century, by our esteemed countryman, Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Jane. But', Ma', now for the metals; you said they were heavy', opaque', and brilliant'. Ma. Yes; and they have some other properties; all of which contribute to render them greatly useful for the purposes of common life', and the different arts.. Gold, silver, and platina', are called noble metals'; because they cannot be altered by fire or air. Platina is the heaviest metal known'; it is 23 times the weight of pure water; gold is 19 times, quick silver, 10 times, lead 111⁄2 times', and silver, 10 times the weight of water. Mary. Where are the metals found`, Mamma? Ma. The noble metals are most abundant in America'; iron is found in almost every part of the world`; and lead', tin', &c.' are very abundant both in Europe and America'. DECIMAL FRACTIONS. Addition. NOTE, When whole numbers and decimal parts, are expressed in the same sum, it is called a mixed number, as, 6.4, 15.14, 18.114. All the figures to the right of the point, must be regarded as decimal parts of unity, each of which has its absolute value, and its relative value. In the first sum, the 4, is four tenths of one; in the second, the 15, is the fifteen hundredths of one, or the five tenths of the one tenth; and in the third, the 114, is the one hundred and fourteen thou sandth parts of unity. RULE. 1. Place the given numbers, whether mixed or pure fractions, so that those of the same value shall stand immediately under each other. 2. Find the amount of each column, as in addition of whole numbers, observing to carry one for each ten, from a lower to a higher column. 3. Point off to the right of the sum, as many places for decimals, as equal the greatest number of decimal places in any of the given terms. The Proof is the same as in addition of whole numbers. GRAMMAR.-LESSON 28. Exercises in Parsing. RULE 19. The infinitive mood of the verb, may be govern ed by a noun, pronoun, adjective, or participle, as: He ought to read the first authors. In this example, to read, is an irregular transitive verb, in the infinitive mood, present time; and is governed by the verb, ought, Rule 19. ter. Tell him to write a let He is willing to read his book. Bid him lay aside his folly. Dare him to assume it again. Let him be excused. See her write the copy. Hear him plead her cause. Make him forbear. Joseph makes him work. You hear him recite. They are anxious to study. We are wishing to be gone. Mary must let him try to read, and write. He bade the boy to help him move. He was trying to help him. |