1 CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL. 'Well,' continued he, 'you must know that in those A boy, sir,' answered Mr Poringer with gravity. 'I don't know, sir; he found me on the common, sir, 'That's very extraordinary! What is he doing at the door?' "Tossing up a half-penny with his-self, sir; and it is not a half-penny at all, but only a bit of round slate, with a head cut on it.' 'Elizabeth,' said the captain, turning to his sister "The conditions of mankind,' replied Miss Semple, 'Very true, Elizabeth,' said the captain-' very 'Heads it is!' said he, making use of the new illumination to determine the fact; and then he turned up a thin precocious-looking face to the spectators. His attention was specially attracted by the most noticeable figure in the group. He looked long at the captain, and the captain looked long at him; till at length the latter burst out furiously: 'He is hungry-that's what it is! Take him down to the kitchen, Poringer, and feed that boy! Give him as much as ever he can eat and drink; do you hear?that's what you have got to do!' And so saying, he turned savagely away, coughing violently at the mist, and escorted his sister back to their chimney-corners, with the air of an officer charging at the head of his company. Mr Poringer looked very sour at the order he had received; but knowing that the captain would brook no refusal in a case of this kind, he stooped his long body towards the boy, took the collar of his little ragged coat between his thumb and two fingers, and lifted him over the threshold. Captain Semple had been in active service a great part of his life, and at the peace had been reduced to half-pay and turned adrift, knowing, like many others, very little of society beyond the precincts of the barracks. Fortunately for him, however, he possessed a moderate independence besides his half-pay, and instead of giving his only sister a fixed allowance as formerly, he took her to live with him. Till then they had never met on intimate terms since they were children, and But still He had On the second evening after the occurrences we have related, the captain and his sister were sitting as usual near the fireplace, Elizabeth at work with her knitting, and he with his sole materials of amusement or study lying before him on the table-his Sunday newspaper, which lasted him the entire week, and the Army wiping his spectacles, and looking dreamily before him, List, the only book he ever read. The captain was when on a sudden he fancied that the door opened The veteran started and rubbed his eyes, slowly, and some light-coloured object shewed itself for and Elizabeth looked up mechanically. The noiseless appearance returned, and a pale thin face was seen gradually thrusting itself forward, till its large eyes obtained a full view of the room. Every item of the material scene did these eyes dwell upon for a moment, and then they fixed upon the living figures; resting a moment. slightly upon Elizabeth, but gazing long and earnestly upon the captain, as if measuring every hair of his beard. Satisfied at length with the survey, the face was withdrawn, and the door closed as noiselessly as it had opened. The captain rung the bell with a jerk, exclaiming : Bless my soul, Elizabeth! there's that boy again. Poringer must have been on the common !'-and another jerk of the bell testified his impatience, and brought Molly like an apparition. 'Where's Poringer?' snapped the captain ferociously. "O yes, sir!' replied Molly, fixing her astonished eyes helplessly upon him, as she kept clutching the handle of the door-'O please, sir, Mr Poringer's giving orders at the Plough!' Send the cook!' 'O yes, sir! O please, sir, Mrs Margery's not dressed!' 'Not dressed?-the improper woman! Get away with you-don't let her come here, mind you. Send Poringer when he returns,' and Molly instantly disappeared, shutting the door nervously, that made it bang, and giggling away hysterically to the kitchen. Captain Semple assured his sister, that in time of war he had known men shot for desertion of a lighter kind than Poringer's, and he had begun a story which would illustrate the point completely, when the unabashed criminal walked into the room. 'So!' said his master--late as usual; although you knew very well that there was nobody to answer the parlour but an astonished idiot and an undressed cook!' 'I was giving orders in the village, sir.' 'And finding the boy again on the common?' 'No, sir; the boy has never left the house.' Upon my word!' 'My orders, sir, were to feed the boy, not to turn him out; and Mrs Margery said that no man with any bowels would use a human boy worse than the enemy's dog. Mrs Margery has took wonderful to him, sir.' "Then, perhaps she knows something about him?' 'Yes, sir; she has a way of telling what will turn up in the Denowment, wherever that may be; and she says she knows perfectly well he will prove to be, at the very least, an Heir-at-Law. Molly has took to him also, sir: she is always a-giving him pieces of bread, that he can't eat, and puts in his pocket with the other things.' 'What other things?' 'Pebbles, sir, string, cobbler's wax, buttons, a sawdust ball with a hole in it, and bits that are neither them nor anything else.' "That's very extraordinary,' said the captain. 'Elizabeth, that boy puts me in mind of a boy we had in our regiment who was the very moral of him—as you shall hear.' Miss Semple moved her chair, and raised her light-gray eyes to her brother's face. 'My attention was first drawn to the boy,' continued the captain, by -I don't wish to distress you, Elizabeth-by Lieutenant Mollison-poor Mollison!' A faint colour rose for a moment into the waxen face of the virgin, and she dropped her eyes upon her work. 'Well-well-that boy, Elizabeth, was a drummerboy, and he was-no, not a thin boy: he was, in fact, a fat-an uncommon fat boy; and-no, there was nothing in his pocket, nothing at all in his pocket; but- Well, sir, what more do you want?' 'I was only a-waiting, sir, till you had finished,' said Mr Poringer, to ask what was to be done with this boy.' Finished! How can I ever finish with these constant interruptions? But let us see' The captain drooped his shaggy brows over his eyes, and sank into a deep cogitation. He at length suggested that the boy must belong to somebody: somebody, for instance, must have taken care of him when he was a baby. 'He never was a baby,' replied Mr Poringer with decision he is quite positive of that; he is sure he would recollect it from the curiousness of the thing. When he ought by rights to have been a baby, he was only a small boy, sir. He had never a father, he says; but he thinks he must have belonged in some way or other to a woman called Sall, for she sometimes gave him victuals when he asked her, but oftener a slap, telling him to go and forage for his-self.' 6 'Well, there,' cried the captain, we have a clue at once-the name of the boy's mother or other relationSall.' 'Excuse me, sir,' said Mr Poringer, shaking his head gravely-all the women of the lower classes is called Sall, and there is no telling one from another. There is nothing known, or can be known, of that boy but this: a troop of vagrants was seen by the constable crossing the common just as the mist was thickening; they passed through the village without stopping; and soon after this boy lighted on me in the dark.' 'I say, Poringer, could you not lose him as easily as you found him?' If you please, sir, I did not find him-he found me. If there had been fifty boys on the common, I would not have found one of 'em. But anyways, as for losing him, I did try it on this morning. I took him to the Gravel Pits, sir, beyond the village, where there are paths in all directions, and a view from nowhere: a cat, sir, could not find its way home from there. Well, sir, I walked him round and round, and then dropped him into a pit, telling him to be a-gathering some chickweed for our canary till I came back, and then I pegged home as fast as I could. I was standing in the kitchen telling Mrs Margery what I had done, when I heard a low voice behind me saying: "Heads it is!" and when I turned round, I declare, sir, I was almost skeered to see the boy sitting on the floor in a corner, tossing up with his-self for a piece of bread Molly had just given him.' At this conclusion the captain emitted a sardonic laugh, for he seemed tickled at the idea of Mr Poringer's defeat. 'Playing with his-self!' snarled he with a sneerand which of them won-hey?' 'I believe it was the Other, sir,' said Mr Poringer, for the Boy left the piece of bread on the floor. But perhaps his pocket was full.' 'And what do you think of it all, Elizabeth?' 'When a boy,' replied the spinster, almost warmly, for her gentle nature had been revolted by Mr Poringer's narrative-' when a boy escapes marvellously from a gravel-pit, we may be sure the finger of Providence was in it.' 'That's very true, Elizabeth-that's very true: we will think over the matter, and see about it to-morrow.' STEAM AMONG THE FARMERS. THOSE who visit Christmas cattle-shows simply in a grazing frame of mind, do justice neither to themselves nor to the show. There is something more to do than to admire fat pigs which cannot see out of their eyes, and fat sheep which look more silly even than lean sheep, and fat bullocks which measure an unlimited number of yards round the body. Unless a man roams also among the agricultural implements, he cannot rightly judge a matter which is well worthy of attention-the wonderful energy and activity of the farmers since the repeal of the corn-laws. It is no part of our business to dilate upon political combats, but it is unquestionably a part of every Englishman's business to know that the agriculturists are bravely 'putting their shoulders to the wheel,' and applying all modern improvements in furtherance of their labours. The gradual spread in the use of steam-power is not among the least remarkable of these appliances. A year or two ago, we happened to meet with a 'Song of Steam' in an American newspaper; the name of the writer does not appear; but we feel inclined to reprint here three of the CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL. stanzas, partly because there is really a dash of sparkle In the darksome depths of the fathomless mine Where the rocks ne'er saw the sun decline, I bring earth's glittering jewels up And I make the fountain's granite cup I blow the bellows, I forge the steel, In all the shops of trade; I hammer the ore and turn the wheel Where my arms of strength are made. I manage the furnace, the mill, the mint ; And all my doings I put into print I've no muscle to weary, no breast to decay, And soon I intend you may all go and play For I scorn the strength of your puny hands, Without going so far as to expect that we may all Here are the productions of Messrs Clayton and fixed. The facilities thus afforded are remarkable; on. Here are Messrs Dray's portable steam-engines; and here Messrs Hornsby's; and here Messrs Garrett's, and Messrs Barrett's, and Messrs Ransome's; and so The relative merits of each, and the trade competition between them, we have nothing to do with here. The great point is to know that there are a dozen firms or more manufacturing these powerful aids to agriculture. Some excel in the rapidity with which steam is got up; while others excel in the amount of horsepower produced by the consumption of a given weight of coal. The Royal Agricultural Society was mainly instrumental in bringing forward the movable steam-engines for farms, in the interval between 1841 and 1851. Mr Pusey, a great authority on all these matters, has thus noticed the advantages of portable over fixed engines for farm-work: 'If a farm be a large one, and especially if, as is often the case, it be of an irregular shape, there is great waste of labour for horses and men in bringing home all the corn in the straw to one point, and in again carrying out the dung to a distance of perhaps two or three miles; it is therefore common, and should be general, to have a second outlying yard; and this accommodation cannot be reconciled with a fixed hardly-and if small, will certainly not-bear the exengine. If the farm be of a moderate size, it will pense of a fixed engine; there would be waste of capital days in a year. It is now common, therefore, in some in multiplying fixed engines to be worked but a few counties, for a man to invest a small capital in a movable engine, and earn his livelihood by letting it out to the farmer. But there is a further advantage in these movable engines, little, I believe, if at all known. Hitherto, corn has been thrashed under cover in barns; but with these engines, and the improved thrashing-machines, we can thrash the rick in the open air at once as it stands. It will be said: How can you thrash out of doors on a wet day? The answer is simple: neither can you move the rick into your barn on a wet day: and so rapid is the work of the new thrashing-machines, that it takes no more time to thrash the corn than to move it.' But steam does something more than this for the farmer: it helps to make pipes for draining his land; and it helps to steam potatoes and other roots as fodder In respect to steaming for animals; and it helps to plough his land-although it must be owned that ploughing-machines have not yet come much into use. potatoes for pigs, it has been remarked that even diseased potatoes, if not too far gone, by being thus treated may be rendered wholesome, and may be stored up for months. If the visitor to a cattle-show, who spends a reasonable time in the implement-galleries or yards, would choose to extend his thoughts a little from steam among the farmers to machinery among the farmers, he would soon find how wonderfully the use of such machinery has spread within the last few years. In nearly everything which can be called a machine in respect to farming, one of these three things is observable-that a man turns a handle, that a horse exerts its pulling force, or that a steam-engine puts forth its multiform power; and it is only those who have watched the progress of recent improvement, who can form even a guess of the wide extent to which the simple hand-instruments-such as the spade, the rake, the hoe, the dibble, the flail, &c.-have been superseded on large farms by skilfully constructed machines. The old ploughs, with wheels and gallows, required four horses to draw them; but two horses can now do as much work with a plough of lighter and more scientific construction. The old harrows had their tines or teeth at a definite distance apart; but our farmers can now obtain expanding harrows, which can be adapted to the state of the land. The old rollers, in many cases, were simply tree-trunks rudely fashioned into cylindrical shape, having their framework loaded with rough materials to give them weight; but now we have iron rollers which will last for ever. The old farmers Nay, not only do farmers now display all this ability, but they have actually become poetical, which the world in general is perhaps not aware of. That Messrs Moses and Hyam, as Messrs Warren and Day and Martin formerly did, throw around their business proceedings a halo of poetry, everybody knows; but it has, until lately, been new to us that an agricultural implement-maker thinks it worth his while to lisp in numbers; and as it is not to be supposed that he would bring ploughs and poetry together, unless the farmers were pleased thereat, the latter must also have a share of the credit. Listen: Iron-ploughs as Kimble's, as Howard's, and as Ball; The tipping apparatus is simple and sound, With a little chaff, we have done Sir, have you chaff-machines now worked by man? I recommend horse-power, my late improved plan; Many of them I have just lately put down, That give satisfaction to farmers around. And if you should doubt it-hear what I now sayYou can go to see them: they're at work to-day. I fix it for cutting aloft, if you please; And one horse can work it-an old hack with ease. Without e'er a driver, one man with two boys, Can cut eighty bushels an hour without noise. Opinions may possibly differ as to the merits of this poetical effusion; but there is no difference of opinion as to the simple fact-that agricultural implement-makers have placed the means of great advancement within the reach of farmers. In 1851, Mr Pusey made this important statement-that the improvement in farmingimplements made within the preceding dozen years, had been such as to insure a saving on outgoings, or an increase of incomings, of not less than one-half on all the main branches of farming-labour. were wont to attempt, sometimes hopelessly, to break heavy clods by the alternate use of the roller and the harrow; but the farmers of the new school have now their powerful and efficient clod-crushers, whereby turnip-land can be prepared for corn with celerity and success. The old plough was expected to do more work than it could do well; but the scarifiers, and grubbers, and cultivators of the present day are analogous to a large party of ploughs all working at once, whereby a large percentage of horse-power is saved. The old seed-lip and dibble deposited the seed very slowly; but the modern drill does this with astonishing quickness; and not only so, but it will even deposit manure and water with the seed in the hollows made for its reception. The old hoe was 'slow,' both figuratively and really; but the modern horsehoe is a compound of four, six, or eight hoes at once, each working more quickly than the original handimplement. The old sickle was the only instrument used by our fathers and grandfathers for cutting corn; but the M'Cormicks, and Husseys, and Bells have shewn us what can be done by reaping-machines. The old rake was the only implement for gathering stray hay and corn; but the modern horse-rake will do the same work ten or twenty times as rapidly. The old hay-fields exhibited simply the handicraft labour which supplied so many Daphnes and Colins to the pastoral poets; but the haymaking-machines now give a different aspect to the affair. The old carts and wagons in which the farmer conveyed his produce from the field to the barn, and from thence to market, were a terrible drag to the horses; but now, like clippers on another element, they weigh less, carry more, and move more quickly. The old flail beat about the corn in a rude way on the barn-floor; but the new thrashing-machine enables either horses or steam to do the work more conveniently and more expeditiously. The old process of winnowing left the wind to blow away the chaff in a blind and capricious manner; but the modern winnowing-machines have such a discriminating power, that they can separate the grain into 'good corn,' 'good tail,'' tail,'' whites,'' screenings,' and 'chaff,' thus enabling the farmer to carry to market produce the quality of which can be exactly determined. The sheep and lambs of old days had to munch away at whole turnips, as best they might; but the modern turnip-cutter, by presenting the root in nice mouthfuls, economises the muscular power of the animal, and gives him an increased value in the market. The old chaff was cut by hand with a sort of chopping or guillotine action; but the chaff-cutters now made perform the work with far greater celerity. The old farmers drained their land, if at all, by using hand-He is alloo't to hae been a gentleman, even by the made tiles, and pipes laid in hand-made grooves and English biographers o' his son; and, dootless, sae he gutters; but the new farmers can reap the advantages was, sin' he was an Annandale Johnston. He had gane of the ingenious tile-machines, and can lay down the up to London, about the time o' Queen Mary, and was pipes by the still more ingenious draining-plough. amang them that suffered under that sour uphalder o' MAUNDERING S. BY A SCOTCHMA N. I AM far frae being clear that Nature hersel', though a kindly auld carline, has been a'thegither just to Scotland, seeing that she has sae contrived that some o' our greatest men, that ought by richts to hae been Scotchmen, were born in England and other countries, and sae hae been kenned as Englishers, or else something no quite sae guid. There's glorious old Ben Jonson, the dramatic poet and scholar, that everybody taks for a regular Londoner, merely because he happened to be born there. Ben's father, it's weel kent, was a Johnston o' Annandale in Dumfriesshire, a bauld guid family there to this day. CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL. an honest saddler o' the name o' Cant, his ancestor There was a still greater man in that same century, Then, there was Willie Cowper, the author o' the Task, There was a German philosopher in the last century, Weel, we've got down a guid way noo, and the next My greatest grudge o' a' is regarding that bright Naebody that kens me will ever suppose that I'm vain either aboot mysel' or my country. I wot weel, when we consider what frail miserable creatures we are, we hae little need for being proud o' onything. Yet, somehow, I aye like to hear the name o' puir auld Scotland brought aboon board, so that it is na for things even-down disrespectable. Some years ago, we used to hear a great deal aboot a light-headed jillet tant political character at the coort o' the king o' they ca' Lola Montes, that had become quite an imporBavaria. Noo, although I believe it's a fact that Lola's father was a Scotch officer o' the army, I set nae store by her ava-I turn the back o' my hand on a' sic cutties as her. Only, it is a fact that she comes o' huz-c' that there can be nae doot, be it creditable or no. Weel, ye see, there's another very distinguished leddy o' modern times, that's no to be spoken o' in the new empress o' France. A fine-looking quean she is, same breath wi' that Lady Lighthead. This is the I'm tauld. Weel, it's quite positive aboot her, that her mother was a Kirkpatrick, come o' the house o' Closeburn, in the same county that Ben Jonson's |