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legislative elections, hardly allowing questions of foreign policy to receive more than half attention But assuming that any one reads the article of M. Flourens with attention, there is one of his arguments which seems at once to carry the conviction that he has at least thought and expressed the sentiments of the great majority of Frenchmen-England wants to interfere in the differences which at the present time are occurring between Siam and the French Republic; she wishes to intervene by hiding her intrusion under cover of an arbitral procedure. It may be that England thinks that by acting in this manner she will at the same time indicate, thus insinuates M. Flourens, the intention of arrogating to herself the rôle of arbitrator, and oblige France by gentle pressure to accept her interested decisions. This beautiful zeal for arbitration is admirable; but why does she not submit for solution to a tribunal of arbitration the grave question of Egypt, which she does not seem willing to refer for decision in the way she has promised? England has engaged, By the people who reason thus, to evacuate Egypt when universal order has been re-established; but for ten years the most complete order has reigned in the Khedive's country, and yet the English troops have not left Cairo, and the real Khedive is Lord Cromer. The English Government affirms that it is fully determined at some time to redeem its promise, but that, with great regret, it is at present obliged to postpone the execution of that promise. But they say, Is it really well for England to pass sentence, and at such a time? Would not the method of arbitration, above all others, on this Occasion afford the best opportunity to prove this aniversal panacea, which is put forward so enthusiastically as a cure for the difficulties of others? And yet this enthusiasm has not dealt with its own case. Perhaps the argument is at fault, and the Egyptian estion does not contain points which could be referred arbitrators. But this is surely specious, and I not see very well how the Englishmen who are sponsible for the foreign policy will be able to swer it. It is certain that the formation of an arbitration tribunal, which might judge between England and the Khedive, or an European Conference which should arrange matters in Egypt, would put an end to the idea, which is increasing in France, that the cupation of the Delta is, in the intention of the Foreign Office, only a step towards the annexation of the whole valley of the Nile. And judging from the terview which has appeared in the columns of the Westminster Gazette, it seems that this is the opinion held certain English journalists. Nobody in France oreover, can understand that the legitimate desire of The Khedive to choose his ministers for himself, and at to be any longer under the tutelage of a foreign Evernment, should be censured in such severe terms, and that this attitude is sufficient to justify the ardiness on the part of England in performing the lemn promise she has made. The opinion that will e definitively held in France of English integrity, and sequently the future harmony of the two countries, ll depend to a great extent on the decision England akes, but the present policy of the Government, a hey of delay and false pretences, it seems to many ople here, prejudices the majority of Frenchmen ast England more than a brutal annexation. Paris, March, 1893. L. MARILLIER. [Translated by Miss M. Jones].

ITALY.

The question put to the Government by the deputy, Har Th. Barth, in the German Parliament, to ascertain intentions concerning the conclusion of treaties by Arbitration, has elicited commendation in Italy as where. It is true that Count Caprivi has paid a e or less incomplete homage to the great principle

of International Arbitration, for although he declares himself ready to have recourse to it in particular cases, he makes the most explicit and categorical exception with regard to the question which above all others menances the peace of Europe. The Imperial Chancellor whilst affirming amidst loud applause that Germany would shed the last drop of her blood to defend, even against an eventual verdict of an International Arbitration, the incorporation into the Empire of Alsace-Lorraine, has unwittingly traced a terrible picture of the sad consequences to which the theories and prejudices at present prevailing may lead. Better, then, a general extermination, even the total ruin of Germany, to defend a so-called point of national honour and interest, rather than bow down before a decision by Arbitration. Count Caprivi has, however, simply inveighed against an impossible hypothesis, for even supposing possible an act of wise forethought on the part of Europe, and more especially of the two Powers most directly interested, as a result of which the burning question of Alsace-Lorraine were submitted to a tribunal of Arbitration, this latter could never adopt a decision imposing upon Germany the unconditional restitution of the Reichsland to France. It could only propose some measure calculated to conciliate the interests of both parties, protecting not only the rights of each, but also their individual susceptibilities. This has been alluded to by several illustrious champions of the cause, amongst others by Mr. Hodgson Pratt, both in CONCORD and at different meetings. In the meanwhile, until the inexorable course of time shall have matured the great ideal of the United States of Europe, so as to render impossible all wars between nations, members of one and the same human family, as civil war is actually impossible between people of the same country, the expedient of neutralisation might be effectively adopted. Of the sitting of the Reichstag, and the discussion provoked by the valiant Director of Die Nation, there remains, at least, the testimony of the respect paid everywhere to the principle of Arbitration. If this beneficent principle, in which the hopes of all nations are concentrated, has gained a victory in the Parliament of an essentially military empire, we may feel sure of a much greater one in that of Liberal England. The announcement in CONCORD that in a few days Mr. W. R. Cremer will bring forward his motion concerning an Anglo-American treaty has given rise to great expectations and confidence as there can be no doubt of the immense influence the example of England will have on the attitude of other Parliaments, beginning with the Parliament of Italy.

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Whilst at Turin, Milan, and Palermo, the several Associations for Arbitration and Peace vie with each other in striving to promote the humanitarian cause to which they have devoted themselves, and at Palermo the Ladies' Committee, presided over by the Baroness de Bosco Grande, displays the most exemplary zeal and activity. I consider it my duty to mention a most favourable manifestation provoked by the Association of Florence, and, individually, by Signor Georgio Contimiglia Pisani. The effects of the lecture given by this gentleman a few month since at the birthplace of Dante Alighieri, on The grievous results of war," and on a propo-al tending to prevent the outbreak of war," are still felt. This proposal, it will be remembered, was to create an agitation for promoting a special international treaty by which it should be established that "in the case of a conflict between two or more Powers, no hostile movement should take place before a year had elapsed since the formal declaration of war." The intention of such a proposal must be clear to all, as time for reflection, in the majority of cases, would avert war, relative disarmament might then be possible and many evils avoided. This lecture is published in the form of a pamphlet (Tipo Bondiciana, Florence) and largely distributed, brought, and is still bringing, many adhesions to the cause, together with

much encouragement to the author, from many distinguished persons. I will, however, merely state that King Umberto has notified to Signor Contimiglia Pisani, through a Minister of the Royal Household, his acceptance and approval of his pamphlet, and the Minister of Public Instruction acknowledging the pamphlet and thanking the author, urges him to persevere in his noble work for the attainment of universal peace. Signor Contimiglia Pisani has also received the most encouraging letters from the President of the Unione Lombarda; the President of the Chamber of Deputies, G. Zanardelli ; the Senators Zini, Ottolenghi, and other distinguished Members of Parliament. Amongst the many letters of adhesion which have come within my knowledge, I. must be allowed to mention that of Cav. Cesare Becatini, of Pisa, who, whilst applauding the just and opportune proposal, adds: "This may be the first and most effective step towards the final abolishment of that fatal remains of barbarism, called war, which has descended to us through all these centuries only through the ignorance in which people have lived, and in which they have been purposely kept." Not wishing to take up any more space in CONCORD I must now leave my readers to realise for themselves the extent of the expression of favour towards our ideal which has greeted the above-mentioned pamphlet from one end of Italy to the other. Rome, March, 1893. VITTORE PRESTINI.

THE MARQUIS OF DUFFERIN AND AVA AT THE BRITISH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN PARIS.

IN the usual column will be found a resolution adopted by the Executive Committee of the Association, with reference to Lord Dufferin's admirable remarks addressed to the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris. A reply marked "private," has been received from his lordship, which precludes us from publishing it, but we may go so far as to say that it contains a very cordial expression of thanks to the Committee for their resolution.

PEACE DEMONSTRATION AT FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN.

A LARGE meeting of the Frankfort Democratic Society has been held in Frankfort. Herr Dornbusch, of Nuremberg, spoke for an hour and a half against militarism, amidst great applause. He said that the recent proposals of the military authorities had persuaded all men truly interested in the national welfare that something must be done to manifest the will of the German people clearly. A petition to the German Parliament has therefore been prepared, stating that it was not sufficient to reject the proposed expenditure, but that it had become urgent to make a determined stand against militarism, the great evil of our day. The triumphs of 1870 had given militarism its great power. Those words of Moltke, "We must defend our conquests for fifty years, with arms in our hands," had fallen like a curse on the land. Matters had becoine so serious that the nation now said, "So far, but no further!" We want things to change for the better in the interests of peace through all Europe, and this change can only take place by efforts on the part of

Germany in favour of peace.

The other countries

would willingly follow. We hear on all sides official declarations that the Princes are imbued with peace feelings. Neither do the peoples of Europe want war. Every year the demands for soldiers increase. In 1872, the German army on a peace footing contained 401,000 men, and to-day, 487,000. In case of war, all men up to fortyfive years of age would have to serve. The annual expense of the army had risen from 262 to 423 millions of marks; and the pensions from 47 to 63 millions. The total sum spent on the army and navy in the last twenty years was 11 milliards and a half, not counting the 5 milliards received from France. The taxes were now 731 millions, of which 640 millions were raised on the things most necessary to existence. The debt of the Empire was 1,697 millions.

The different States of Germany had a total debt of 2,229 millions in 1872; and last year they reached 10,355 millions, which required 360 millions for interest. Every German baby at its birth was loaded with a debt of two hundred marks. The moral and intellectual burdens of militarism were still heavier than the financial ones. Germans who wore the uniform were first-class citizens, but those who did not belong to the army were only second-class citizens. At meetings of the princes, uniforms, parades, and manœuvres were everything. At all festivals the youngest lieutenant had precedence over the greyhaired man of science. There had even been an attempt to make judges of men who were no longer good enough for the post of major or captain. It had also been proposed to use corporals and sergeants as schoolmasters; and it was a pity that Germans did not rise as one man against such proposals. The families to which the young soldiers belonged had to send them at least twenty marks a year from home; for 500,000 men, during two years of life in barracks, which amounted to twenty millions. If we estimated the possible earnings of each young soldier, if he were at home, at 500 marks a year, that would make a further loss of 250 millions annually. We ought especially to resist the so-called military spirit, the spirit of blind obedience which submits to everything. It was incredible that there should be people who could say that since the Germans were able to spend 118 millions for beer they might spend the trifle of seventy millions more for increased military demands. Formerly only three millions of soldiers were ready for war; but now there were fifteen to eighteen millions, or including the last reserves, twenty-eight millions of men.

The next war would mean the breaking up of all social order. Whether a social democratic State would be formed on its ruins, was still a question. We could only protect ourselves against this war by refusing the proposed increase of military expenditure, and by reforming the entire system. The right of deciding on peace or war should be given to the Parliament. The general obligation to serve should be carried out honestly. There should be no more "one-year" volunteers; the military jurisdiction should be altered; there must be no more confinement in dark cells; the right of complaint must be amended; the arbitrary power of the officers limited; and duels forbidden. . Again, children must not be trained to become soldiers, although physical exercises should be attended to. Unfortunately our children were taught militarism too early in games, by presents, and in lessons, by books glorify. ing war. Later on, they never thought what sacrifices wars involved; 40,000 Germans were killed in France; 90,000 returned as cripples or sick; and to-day we have to support 5,000 widows, and 1,000 orphans, through that war. The French have lost from 1790 to 1890, 47,00,000 men by war! The nations should say with all their might: "We want that to cease; we declare war to militarism! Woe to him who resists us! The people's will is the first law!"

The orator resumed his seat amidst continued applause, and was honoured with three enthusiastic cheers. [We need hardly say, that such a speech in a great German city, one essentially representing the middle classes, is a great and striking event.]

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

LEAGUE.

OUR friends, the members of this League, of which Mr. W. R. Cremer, M.P., is the indefatigable secretary, held their twenty-second anniversary on Wednesday, the 8th inst., at the Holborn Town Hall. We take the following report of the proceedings from a daily paper :

"Mr. Thomas Burt, M. P., presided, supported by Lord Kinnaird, Mr. W. R. Cremer, M.P., and other gentlemen. Letters regretting inability to be present were received from the following M.P.'s: Messrs. Stuart, Fenwick, Howell, and H. J. Wilson. There was a large attendance. Mr. Cremer having read messages of congratulation to the league from Norway and Austria, said they had every reason to congratulate themselves upon the success which had attended their principles since they last assembled in that hall. He regretted that he had not had the opportunity of bringing forward his resolution on the previous evening in favour of a treaty of arbitration with the United States, but he did not regard that failure as an unmixed evil, for if public opinion grew in the future as it had done during the past twelve months no Government would dare to oppose such a resolution. The Chairman, who was heartily received, said that as time went on it did not lessen the necessity for an agitation such as that in which they were engaged. It was through the initiative of the league that the United States had been induced to take the step it had done of passing through both Houses a resolution in favour of arbitration. That was by far the most important step which had ever been taken by any country in this direction. In conclusion Mr. Burt said this was to a very large extent a workmen's question. It was a wider one than many Labour questions, but it was essentially one in which working men should take an interest. Lord Kinnaird and others addressed the meeting, and a capital musical programme, concluding with a dance, was also carried out."

ITEMS.

THE REIGN OF MOLOCH.-Captain Molard, of the Military School of St. Cyr, has published a pamphlet on the armies of Europe, and their relative growths since 1869. France had then militia and regular soldiers to the number of 1,350,000 men; Germany, 1,300,000; Russia, 1,100,000; Austria, 750,000; Italy, 570,000; Switzerland, 150,000; and Belgium, 95,000. This year the French army has risen to 2,500,000, the German to 2,417,000, the Russian to 2,451,000, the Austrian to 1,050,000, the Italian to 1,514,000, the Swiss to 212,000, and the Belgian to 128,000, When the new military laws come into full effect the French army will comprise 4,350,000 men; the German, 5,000,000; the Russian, 4,000,000; the Austrian, 1,900,000; the Italian, 2,236,000; the Swiss, 489,000; and the Belgian, 258,000. In 1870 Europe could at the utmost bring 7,000,000 of soldiers into active service. She now disposes of 12,500,000, and will soon have 22,000,000.

OUR MILITARY AND NAVAL EXPENDITURE.-The Army Estimates for the coming year amount to

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FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN.-We rejoice to record continued progress in this great and wealthy city. The Peace Society there has for some time past been exhibiting remarkable activity; which is a sign of the times. The Committee have not hesitated to issue, and circulate widely, an address to their fellow-citizens, signed by the Committee and all the members. The result of this proceeding, which would have been thought impossible five years ago, has been to bring in a considerable number of new adherents. We observe that the friends who welcomed us to Frankfort on three successive visits, are members of the Committee. Their steadfastness has had its reward.

THE BRUSSELS ACT VIOLATED BY SCOUNDRELS.The Imperial Diet has been the scene of an interpellation on the alleged violation by German firms of the Brussels General Act, by the introduction of war materials into Dahomey, during General Dodds's recent campaign. Baron von Marschall, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, stated in his reply that the Government had issued strict orders before the outbreak of hostilities that neither weapons nor ammunition were to be imported into Dahomey from the Togo district, and that no secret traffic in these articles from Togo did take place. Foreign firms, however, and amongst them a German one, had smuggled percussion rifles into Dahomey, in consequence of which two German subjects had been arrested, but subsequently were released. Baron von Marschall concluded with the assurance, that the Government would take every precaution to obviate the recurrence of such incidents, and that the one in question had been settled in the most friendly spirit with the French Government.-Times.

THE GOOD CAUSE IN GERMANY.-An important journal, the Frankfurter Zeitung, publishes a report of a speech by a German M.P.-Herr Muser, of Offenbourg. In addressing a Democratic Society, he declared that the influence of Bismarck on the moral and intellectual education of the people of Germany had been disastrous. Men had learned from him to believe in "the right of the stronger" both in home and in foreign affairs; to submit humbly to militarism; and to disguise under the word "patriotism" an exaggerated sentiment of national pride, which tended to degenerate into dangerous race-hatred. "If, in spite of repeated manifestations in favour of peace, armaments increase and constitute a menace of war, the people must learn

to attack the root of the evil, and make war on militarism itself. Nations must be trained for peace, for war produces an eternity of conflicts, instead of settling them."

BAVARIA. In this Kingdom, generally supposed to be less progressive than the Northern Sates, comes the welcome news that "the People's Party" have issued a manifesto, entitled "War against Militarism,” in which it is shown that, for the last twenty years, everything in Germany has been sacrificed to the demands of the army, without any real addition to the defensive power of the nation, because the means of defence are always declared to be inadequate. Since the year 1872, the expenditure for military purposes has amounted to 460 millions sterling; and now there is a demand for an increase of 100,000 men under the colours, which will cost annually £3,200,000, without including, at least, ten millions for construction of barracks, &c. "This excessive outlay, incurred at a time when industry is suffering, imposes burdens which the people are more and more unable to bear." The manifesto concludes with a declaration that "the true safety of a nation is to be found in its prosperity, and not in the number of its regiments."

DIE WAFFEN NIEDER (VIENNA).--We regret that we are unable, this month, to give some account of the valuable articles which appeared in the February number of this valuable review. It deserves far more notice than we have, as yet, given to the German and Austrian organ of the movement. The following is a list of the principal contents of the last number: The Marquis B. Pandolfis' Essay on "Federation"; a War Sketch in Chili, by E. Günther; "Peace and AntiSemitic Persecution," by E. Kowalek; "The Peace Society in the Vienna Academy," by Baron von Suttner.

ROUMANIA. We ought, ere this, to have mentioned the great and growing interest felt in this little Kingdom on behalf of European pacification. The Universal Petition has received numerous signatures from all classes; and it is intended shortly to bring forward in the Chamber a motion in favour of Arbitration Treaties with all countries. Confidence is felt in the success of this proposal. It will be recollected how remarkably numerous was the attendance of Roumanian Deputies at the Inter-Parliamentary Conference at Berne.-Secolo.

"THE ONE POSSIBLE ARBITRATOR"!-We take the following from La Croix, a Paris journal. "Neither Protestants nor Socialists suggest who shall be the arbitrator "-who shall ward off the peril which menaces Europe. "Shall it be a Sovereign? But where shall a disinterested Sovereign be found? Are we to seek a commission of diplomats? No such suggestion is made because they know that no such judges would be independent, or possess the necessary prestige or moral influence. But for sectarianism it is the Sovereign Pontiff who would be proposed; and it is he alone who would accept such a burden, for the sake of rendering a service to the world. The Pope will be the Arbitrator-or no one. The Catholics of the whole world, especially those of Germany, desire arbitration ardently, as the only means of obtaining a real and enduring peace. All the greatest interests of the world, moral and material, demand this settlement. It will come."

"THE MESSIAH'S KINGDOM."-The March number of this, the monthly organ of "The Christian Union for International Concord" contains, as usual, many excellent articles; and we are much honoured by the fact

that its editor so frequently quotes from CONCORD, and always acknowledges the source from which they are taken. We regret that the great pressure on our space, this month, prevents us from returning the compliment.

"THE FUTURE OF EGYPT."-All who are interested in this difficult and dangerous question should read a pamphlet (translated into English) which bears the above title. Copies can be had at our office, gratis. The pamphlet is ably written by our friend M. Albert Tachard, formerly plenipotentiary of France during the war of 1870 and 71; and a representative of Haute Alsace in the Corps Legislative of France in the time of Napoleon III. We extract the following passages from an article which appeared in the Echo ("International Unity"):-"M. Albert Tachard has an intimate acquaintance with many European statesmen, and with more than one of the crowned heads. He is a man of high intelligence, wide knowledge, exceptional independence, a hearty friend of England, and an earnest lover of peace. In the interest of our cause he wanders up and down Europe, noting all the possible causes of conflict, and suggesting how they should be dealt with At the very beginning he says:-'No question of international politics has for many years come before the European Powers which is so intricate as that now presented by Egypt'; and, as regards England, he affirms that our continued occupation involves us in all the 'England conflicts of the European Continent

must be on her guard against committing a mistake at this crisis, for her whole political future may depend on her present decision.'"

CHOLERA AND WAR.-An International Congress is about to be held at Dresden to consider what measures should be taken to check the spread of cholera. In view of this conference the Peace Bureau at Berne has addressed a letter to its members. It expresses satisfaction at the growing tendency on the part of leading men of all nations to unite in common efforts for the protection of human society against the dangers which menace it. The address proceeds to express the importance of such common efforts against common dangers as affording a new bond of union among nations. Such conferences as that about to be held at Dresden are eminently a work of peace; and the forthcoming meeting is closely connected with the question of peace and war. For it must be observed war is the most powerful of all agencies in promoting such epidemics as cholera. The address is signed by Dr. Gobat, National Councillor; Elie Ducommun, Hon. Secretary; and Dr. Marcusen, Professor at the University, on behalf of the Bureau.

THE TESTIMONY OF M. PASTEUR.-At the celebration of his birthday at the Sorbonne, when the President and Ministers of the Republic, Ambassadors and Savants were assembled, M. Pasteur addressing himself specially to the foreigners present, expressed his conviction that knowledge and peace would triumph over ignorance and war. "The Peoples would unite, not to destroy but to construct." H. P.

THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

IN connection with the great Exhibition at Chicago there will be held about one hundred Congresses for the discussion of subjects of great general interest Among these will be education, religion, temperance law reform, and, of course, international arbitration and peace. These Congresses will be organised by "the World's Congress Auxiliary," consisting of

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rong committee of competent men and women whose mes are a guarantee the work will be well done. he president of this Auxiliary" is the Hon. C. onney. As we have before stall, a strong comittee, of which Dr. Benjamin Truebod is the chairan, has been constituted of the representatives of all American Peace Societies. This committee has ready taken active steps to render the Fifth Universal eace Congress successful. Dr. Trueblood, secretary of e American Peace Society, Boston (which was ganised so long ago as the year 1829), and Mrs. Belva ockwood, of the Universal Peace Union, Philadelphia, ve kindly promised to keep us posted up in all matters lating to the Peace Congresses, and we have to thank em for the information given in this paragraph and our notice. Space has been assigned in the Exposi on Building for the exhibition of publications of ace Societies.

We presume that the programme of the Fifth niversal Peace Congress will be arranged by Dr. rueblood and M. Elie Ducommun, hon. secretary of e Inteanational Peace Bureau at Berne. The latter inviting all the European societies to send them their ews and suggestions.

It is to be clearly understood that the Hon. C. caney will not necessarily be president of the Peace ngress: but as president of the "Congress Auxiliary" e will send invitations to all the Peace Societies to Send the special Peace and Arbitration Congress, yanised in connection with the Exhibition. This last ill have its own programme arranged by the American mmittee, and International Tribunals " will have a tominent place.

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-LORD DUFFERIN AND THE BRITISH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN PARIS. - Resolved: "That this Committee, recalling the striking protest by the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava at the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris last year against the folly of settling international disputes by war, and his declaration that the chief function of ambassadors should be the maintenance and preservation of peace, have pleasure in Loting and recording the following passage in his address to the same Chamber on the 13th inst. I can safely say this on behalf of the British nation, and on behalf of whatever Administration may be in power in England, that they will never view with disfavour, or indeed with anything but sympathy and benevolence, whatever friendly understanding and combinations may take place amongst the nations of Europe which have the maintenance of

peace and the general harmony of the world for their aim and object.''

Feb. 28.-THE BRUSSELS ACT AND THE IMPORTATION OF ARMS INTO AFRICA. Resolved: "That in view of the additional evidence now before the world of the constant importation of arms into Africa in defiance of the provisions of the Brussels General Act, a letter be written to the Earl of Rosebery referring to the letter from the Anti-Slavery Bureau at Brussels, in which it was stated that a publication would be issued early in the year, and asking whether such publication has been received at the Foreign Office, and if so what means, if any, are being taken to make it public."

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The Editor acknowledges, with thanks, the receipt of the following:-Herald of Peace, Arbitrator, Les Etats-Unis d'Europe, Revue Libérale, Le Devoir, Bulletin des Sommaires, Revue de l'Orient, Die Nation, Die Waffer Nieder, Peacemaker, American Advocate of Peace, 1l Secolo, La Libertà e la Pace (Palermo` Financial Reformer, Le Courrier Diplomatique Corrispondenza Verde, Friedenker (Milwaukee),

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