in 1891-'92. Exports of staves were 319,262 pieces, value $33.673. against 190,000 pieces, value $25,000, in 1892-'93. Cotton. The receipts of cotton amounted to 215,116 bales, against 182,884 last year, showing an increase of 32,232 bales. Fruit.-Probably the business which flourished most during the year was the fruit business. There were imported during the fruit season 104,810 pineapples, against 87,399 last season; 613,385 loose oranges, against 163,750; 62,718 boxes of oranges, against 48.725; 819 barrels of oranges, against 160; 27,500 lemons, against 2.278; 157,175 plantains, against 75,000; 1,530,344 bunches of bananas, against 365,610; and 5,018,150 cocoanuts, against 2,963,415. There are 15 iron steamships employed in bringing bananas to Mobile. Coal. The receipts of Alabama coal were 111,660 tons, against 86,293 tons last season. Of this amount, 23,539 tons were exported. Political. This year, like 1892, was one of unusual political excitement in the State. The old contest for supremacy between the Kolb faction of the Democratic party and the regular Democratic organization was prosecuted with increased zeal and bitterness. The followers of Mr. Kolb, who styled themselves Jeffersonian Democrats, met in convention at Birmingham on Feb. 8, and nominated a ticket for State of ficers headed by their leader, Reuben F. Kolb, for Governor, which included the following nominees: J. C. Fonville for Secretary of State, Thomas K. Jones for Treasurer, W. T. B. Lynch for Auditor, Warren S. Reese, Jr., for AttorneyGeneral, J. P. Oliver for Superintendent of Education, and S. M. Adams for Commissioner of Agriculture. This ticket was adopted by the State Convention of the Populist party, which met at Birmingham at the same time. The platform of the Jeffersonian Democrats contained the following declarations: We demand a free vote and an honest count. We demand the passage of a contest law for State officers. We demand the free coinage of gold and silver on the basis of 16 to 1. We demand the expansion of the circulating medium by corporate enterprises. We demand a tariff for revenue, and that the revenue necessary to meet the expenses of the Government be raised so far as possible by a tariff on importations, and that this tariff be so levied as to protect the laborer in the mines, the mills, the shops, and on the farms and their products, against the labor of foreign countries. We demand a national graduated tax on salaries or incomes in excess of reasonable expenditures for the comforts and necessities of life. We favor more liberal educational facilities for the masses, and a better and more efficient administration of the school laws. We demand that the convicts shall be removed from the mines. We demand that the present lien laws be so amended as to give miners the same benefits accorded to other laborers, and the enactment of such laws as will secure to them payments of wages in lawful money semimonthly. The platform of the Populists ratified the national platform of the party, demanded a free ballot and a fair count, opposed State banks, and embraced the following declarations: We denounce the Sayre election law as partisan, and open to the commission of frauds, for which no remedy is provided and no penalty affixed, and we pledge ourselves to repeal or amend it so as to secure fair and honest elections, as soon as we obtain control of the State government. We denounce the extravagant methods of the present de facto State administration by which taxes have been increased and large sums of money borrowed at high rates of interest to defray expenses of the current year. We would discourage the spirit of emigration among the colored people, and encourage them to be honest and industrious, by dealing fairly with them and according to them their rights under the law. We are in favor, however, of having the General Government set apart sufficient territory to constitute a State, given exclusively to the colored race, to which they may voluntarily go, and in which they alone shall be entitled to suffrage and citizenship. The State Convention of the regular Democratic party met at Montgomery on May 22. There had been an ante-convention contest for the gubernatorial nomination between William C. Oates and Hon. Joseph F. Johnston, which resulted in the success of the former at the primaries. When the convention met, Oates was nominated on the first ballot, receiving 272 votes to 232 for Johnston. The remainder of the ticket was completed as follows: For Secretary of State. James Kirkman Jackson; for Treasurer, J. Craig Smith; for Auditor, John Purifoy; for AttorneyGeneral, William C. Fitts; for Superintendent of Education, John O. Turner; for Commissioner of Agriculture, Hector D. Lane. A platform was adopted which is noteworthy for its approval of the national Administration. The convention took this action in spite of the well-known hostility of Senator Morgan to the Administration, and in spite of the fact that he had just entered upon a campaign for re-election by severely attacking the President. Other declarations of the platform were as follow: We pledge to the people of Alabama a continuance of the good government of our State affairs inaugurated by the election of George S. Houston in 1874. The election law enacted at the last session of our General Assembly is in accordance with the principles upon which are based the laws regulating elections in a large majority of the States of this Union, without regard to party, and intend to obtain at the ballot box a full and free expression of the popular will. We believe in giving it a fair trial, and should it fail to accomplish the end which it was intended to effect, we pledge ourselves to make such changes and alterations therein as may be necessary to effect that end. We pledge our party to the maintenance of a system of free public schools, and to increase the appropriations for that purpose whenever the financial condition of the State will permit. On May 31 the Republican State Convention met at Birmingham and adopted the Kolb ticket. All the other political factions in the State were therefore united in opposition to the regular Democracy. An exciting campaign followed, in which money from the North was sent into the State for the purpose of aiding in the overthrow of Democracy; but the result was again in favor of the existing régime. At the August election the entire regular ticket was elected, Oates receiving 110,830 votes for Governor and Kolb 83,309. Two amendments to the State Constitution were submitted to the people at this time, and both were defeated, neither receiving a majority of all the votes cast in the election. One of these was in the interest of public education, permitting school districts to levy and collect special taxes for support of schools. It received 47,732 affirmative and 46,274 negative votes. The other amendment related to the city of Birmingham. Members of the Legislature were chosen at the same time. After the election, as in 1892, Kolb and his followers claimed that the result had been secured by fraud; that he had actually received a majority of the votes cast, but that the regular Democrats, holding control of the election machinery, had falsified the returns. An address was at once issued by his campaign committee, indignantly protesting against these frauds, and calling upon all people who believed in fair elections to meet at their respective county seats on Aug. 23 and organize honest - election" leagues, whose duty it should be to see that such violations of law were punished and made odious. Meetings were held in many of the counties, resolutions were adopted, and in some cases leagues were formed. Another election was held on Nov. 6 in the several congressional districts of the State, at which 8 Democrats and 1 Populist were chosen, the latter being elected in the seventh district. ALEXANDER III, Emperor of Russia, born March 10, 1845; died at Livadia, in the Crimea, Nov, 1, 1894. He was the second son of the Emperor Alexander II, whose great achievement of giving freedom to the serfs in 1861 placed him historically beside President Lin coln and Dom Pedro II, of Brazil. All three acts of emancipation took place within a period of ten years. The Russian emancipator's eldest son, Nicholas, heir apparent to the throne, died in 1865, and on his deathbed requested his fiancée, Princess Dagmar, of Denmark, to marry his brother Alexander. This marriage took place Nov. 9, 1866, and is said to have been very happy. Five children were born of it, the eldest of whom, born May 18, 1868, has succeeded to the throne. (See NICHOLAS II.) At the time when he became heir to the throne Alexander III was noted for nothing but his immense physical strength. But he had received a military education, and could speak French, and he at once set about fitting himself for the duties that were to devolve upon him some day. He learned to speak English and German, and diligently read history, political economy, and works on civil government, and manifested a deep interest in religious questions and the history of the Greek Church. In the Russo-Turkish war of 1877 he took the field as a general of infantry, and in the Danube campaign commanded the two corps on the left of the army. He is said to have been a courageous soldier, going under fire with his troops, so that in one battle a bullet grazed his head. After the war he was made general-in-chief of the forces in the St. Petersburg district. The Nihilists had persistently plotted to murder Alexander II, and the sternest and most thorough measures of repression had been executed against them, while at the same time steps ALEXANDER III. were taken for a commission of the nobility and magistrates to work out a scheme that should grant the people representative government and redress some of their grievances. But the conspirators were embittered by the punishment given to many of their number, and determined to compass the death of the Emperor at all hazards. Their final plot was a scheme by which half a dozen of their number were provided with thick glass bombs filled with dynamite, and stationed at intervals along the route by which the imperial carriage was to return from a review of the Marine Corps. A woman was to give the signal by raising her handkerchief to her face, and if one bomb failed the next was to be thrown. The first struck the ground behind the carriage and wounded two of the guards, and when the Emperor alighted to look after the injured men the second bomb was thrown at his feet. Its explosion mangled him frightfully and killed the Nihilist who threw it. The Emperor was taken to his palace, and died within two hours. Alexander III then became Emperor, March 13, 1881, but his coronation was postponed more than a year. (See "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1881, page 795 et seq.) On ascending the throne, Alexander III set aside the plans for liberalizing the Government that had been originated by Melikoff and adopted by Alexander II, and resolved upon a stern policy of repression. The result was what might have been expected. The Nihilists became more desperate than before, more determined than ever to keep up the conflict by what they considered the only means in their power. They issued two proclamations-one addressed to the new Emperor, the other to the people of Europe. In the first they told the Emperor that they would cease from terrorism only on two conditions: that he pardon all political offenders, and that he call a national assembly, to be elected by popular vote of all classes, for revision and reform of the laws. In the proclamation to the people they said: "As the Russian revolutionary party chose for its aim the elevation of the Russian workman and peasant to a higher plane of intelligence and the improvement of their material condition, it did not concern itself with the political oppression and arbitrary injustice that prevailed in our country, and took no part in political questions. For this its recompense was cruel persecution by the Russian Government. Not isolated individuals, but hundreds and thousands were martyred in prisons, in.exile, in the mines; thousands of families were broken up and plunged in immeasurable sorrow. At the same time the Russian Government enlarged the number and powers of the bureaucracy to an incredible degree, and gave the fullest scope to the rule of rogues. In all countries individuals are overtaken by ruin, but nowhere from such slight causes as in Russia. Scorning the pitiful existence of slaves, the Russian socialrevolutionary party determined either to perish or to crush the despotism, centuries old, that stifled the life of the Russian people. The catastrophe that fell upon Alexander II is only a single episode in the conflict." ANGLICAN CHURCHES. Statistics of the Church of England.-The Church Yearbook for 1894 contains returns from all but 687 parishes of the Church of England against 1,263 parishes which failed to report for the edition of 1893. No returns are given from the diocese of Truro. This represents an approximation to completeness of 5 per cent. In the parishes represented-95 per cent. of the whole numbersitting accommodation is provided in churches for 6,250,000 persons, and in mission rooms and other buildings used for religious services for 750,000 more. The number of communicants is given at somewhat less than 1,750,000. Existing churches are used so freely and fully as to provide an aggregate of 51,805 communions every month, or 621,660 every year. And although a gross communicants' roll of less than 1,750,000 may seem to be very inadequate, it is, on the other hand, very encouraging to find that communicants' classes are attended by nearly 200,000 persons, adult Bible classes by more than 400,000, of whom nearly half are men, and Sunday schools by nearly 2,250,000 children; while the church workers, including district visitors, Sundayschool teachers, lay readers, nurses, choirs, ringers, etc., aggregate about 600,000 persons, or more than 1 in every 50 of the whole population. The summary of the balance sheet of voluntary contributions and of clerical incomes derived from endowments gives: Voluntary contributions for the year 1892-'93.. £5,401,982 3,285,990 Excess of free donations over endowments, etc. £2,115,992 Nearly 7,000 students have been trained in the theological colleges that have been established during the past half century. Between 1840 and 1892 £46,000,000 were spent in the building and restoration of churches. While in 1870, when the first Education act was passed, the Church had already provided 6,382 elementary schools, besides training colleges sufficient for the training of 1,850 teachers, and was teaching 844,000 pupils, it is now carrying on 11,935 schools, accommodating nearly 2,750,000 children, with an average attendance of 1,750,000. To support these schools and erect buildings for them £36,000,000 have been spent. The secret police was reorganized, the guards of the palaces were strengthened, the Emperor became practically a prisoner in his own home; even high officers could not reach him except through a line of Cossacks, and constant search was made, in both public and private houses, on the assumption that somebody was plotting his immediate assassination. And this assumption was not far from the truth. Two dynamite mines were discovered under a bridge in St. The following statistical summaries of the Petersburg; an attempt was made to kill Gen. Church of England have been compiled from Tcherevin, who had charge of the arrangements 12,875 answers received from forms sent out by for the protection of the Emperor; and it was the "Guardian" newspaper to every beneficed found that all sorts of people were implicated in clergyman in the United Kingdom. Only 687 the revolutionary movement, including at least clergymen failed to respond to the inquiry. Toone naval officer and a second cousin of the Em- tal accommodation provided in parish churches, peror. More than three thousand arrests were chapels of ease, mission rooms, and other buildmade in a year. ings, about 6,500,000 sittings; net income of the beneficed clergy, £3,285,901: total amount of voluntary contributions, £5,401,982; number of communicants, estimated at 1.607,930. Of the sittings, those in parish churches are described as being 1,361,800 appropriated and 3,925.944 free; those in chapels of ease as 60,161 appropriated and 408.982 free. The membership of the Sunday schools includes 544,389 infants, 775,832 boys, and 885,323 girls, 55,467 men, and 132,544 women teachers. The various guilds contain 85.959 young men and 242.742 young women. The list of other church workers includes 1,586 The ministry resigned when it became certain that Alexander would permit no reform, and Ignatieff succeeded Melikoff. The events of his reign and the policy of his administration may be learned from the articles on RUSSIA in the successive volumes of the "Annual Cyclopædia." Alexander III was nearly six feet high, broadshouldered, rather stout, and very muscular, with auburn hair and light-gray eyes. He had a well-equipped study in the Antichkov palace, and was fond of reading history and the newspapers. The cause of his death was chronic nephritis. licensed and 2,274 unlicensed lay readers, 151 paid and 107 unpaid deaconesses, 72 paid and 416 unpaid sisters, 806 paid and 165 unpaid mission women, and 1,127 paid and 123 unpaid nurses. The tithe-rent charge as commuted is given at £2,339,643, and its present value as £1,777,524. The average income of the parochial clergy is a little more than £240. The stipends of assistant clergy are returned as £275,468. Of the voluntary contributions, £636,708 were for day and Sunday schools and £235,905 for foreign missions. An advance, in some instances considerable, on the returns of the previous year is shown in every department. Missionary Societies.-The total income of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts for 1893 amounted to £113,079, an increase of £1,100 over the previous year. The society maintained 718 ordained missionaries, including 10 bishops and 2,300 lay teachers, and had 2,600 students in its colleges in different parts of the world, with about 38,000 children in its schools in Asia and Africa. The works of two brotherhoods or missionary communities, one of Cambridge men at Delhi, and the other of graduates of Trinity College, Dublin, at Hazaribagh, in Chota Nagpur, are cited as striking instances of the way in which the society has secured for its missionary work the services of highly educated men. Considerable space is given in the report to the mission in Mashonaland, which was planted by the society before the British South Africa Company was formed. In the new diocese of Lebombo the bishop was the only clergyman of the Church of England. The diocese of Quebec had made a voluntary offer to surrender its grant at the close of the present century. As these grants are surrendered the claims from the lands increase in much more rapid proportion. The work of the society is carried on in 54 dioceses, and the clergy whom it maintains minister in 51 different languages. The annual meeting of the Church Missionary Society was held in London, May 1. Sir John Kennaway, M. P., presided. The expenditure of the society, including a deficit of £3,713 brought forward, had been £265,836, or £12,610 more than the receipts. The expenditure was increasing at the rate of £12,000 a year. During the past twelve months 45 men and 48 women had been accepted for foreign service. The statistical reports showed that there were in all the missions 324 stations, 844 European missionaries (347 ordained, 74 lay, 255 wives, and 168 woman missionaries), 312 native and Eurasian clergy, 4,876 native lay teachers, 45,561 native communicants, 200,484 native Christian adherents, and 2,025 schools, with 81,648 pupils. The number of baptisms during the year had been 11,718. The annual report recorded distinct signs of progress. Twenty-three native evangelists had been ordained during the year, some of whom were chiefs of their race, as in Uganda, and one was a Tukuhd Indian-the first native clergyman ever ordained within the limits of the arctic circle. Six of the society's missionaries had been made missionary bishops. The general effects of mission work were visible in every field to all who were willing to see. The most conspicuous transformation was that wrought in Uganda, although the world, seeing only what it called "religious rivalries," utterly failed to comprehend what had taken place. Several converts from Mohammedanism were mentioned. The most welcome news of the year was that of the improvement in the lives of the native Christians in India, China, Japan, and Africa. Contributions were made during the anniversary meetings sufficient to pay the debt of the society and to furnish it £4,000 or £5,000 with which to begin the new year. The Cambridge mission to Delhi and the south Punjab in its sixteenth annual report speaks of the obstacles to missionary work in the stronghold of Mohammedan and Hindu feeling in which it labors as being very great, and can therefore return but few conversions. It sustains St. Stephen's College, an institution affiliated to the Punjab University, with about 600 students from six to twenty years of age, about 50 of whom are Christians, while all are receiving Christian instruction; a Christian boys' boarding house, containing about 40 boys, who attend the high school; an industrial boarding school; bazaar preaching; and itinerant work. A new station was contemplated at Rotak. The Church Pastoral Aid Society in 1893 made grants to 652 incumbents in England and Wales, who had under their charge an aggregate population of 5,360,891, the average population of each aided parish being 8,222. The average amount of incomes of the aided incumbents was £501, and 156 of them were without parsonage houses. The total annual value of the grants made was £54,353. These grants had called forth considerable local effort. The sum of £37,496 had been raised in the various dioceses to supplement the society's aid, and a further sum of £9,055 had been contributed by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The Additional Curates' Society reported a decrease of nearly £13,000 in its income for 1893 as compared with that for 1892, the receipts from all sources having been £74,720, as against £87,476 in 1892. Having regard to the diminution in incomes, the society announced that it was necessary to reduce the grant list by 15 per cent. of the total liability for 1893. The Convocations.-At the meeting of the Convocation of Canterbury, Nov. 2, 1893, a report was presented in the lower house criticising certain provisions of the Local Government (England and Wales) bill as not sufficiently guarding against secular interference with ecclesiastical matters, and resolutions were adopted suggesting amendments intended to remedy the defects pointed out. In the House of Laymen, also, amendments were suggested with a view to securing to the Church in rural parishes "her rightful control over Church schools, parish rooms, and other buildings vested in Church officers as trustees." The Convocation of Canterbury met for the first time in 1894, Jan. 30. In the upper house the Parish Councils bill was discussed. A petition was presented calling attention to the increase of suicides, and protesting against the leniency with which such cases were treated by coroners' inquests returning verdicts of temporary insanity. In the lower house a number of amendments were suggested to the Parish Coun cils bill. Resolutions concerning the liquor traffic were adopted to the effect that the house trusted that some legislative measure might speedily be passed which should largely diminish the number of places in which intoxicating liquors are sold; that it would welcome a further limitation of the hours in which public houses may be open on Sunday; and that it was of the opinion that there was need of some legislative measure for the compulsory registration and stringent control of clubs where intoxicating liquors are sold. A motion was agreed to conteinplating such alterations in the service of prayer on the accession of the sovereign as shall make it generally acceptable to the people and the clergy," by bringing it into consonance with the circumstances of the empire, the needs of the age, and the feelings of the Church and nation." The report of the Committee on the Incumbents' Resignation Acts, 1871 and 1877, was discussed, and a resolution was adopted respecting it. The opinion of the house was expressed that the recommendation of the committee appointed by the archbishops with reference to the education question should be considered by the two convocations before being made the basis of any attempted legislation. The House of Laymen expressed the opinion that the permanent augmentation of poor benefices is the best remedy for the impoverishment of the clergy; recommended that a diocesan association, similar to those already existing in several dioceses, should be formed in every diocese in England and Wales; the objects for which such associations shall invite subscriptions to include an endowed fund to increase permanently the income of small benefices and a sustentation fund to assist impoverished benefices by annual grants. Several suggestions were made with reference to the Parish Councils bill. A report was made by the Committee on Christian Training in Public Elementary Schools concerning the operation of what is called the Birmingham system, and the committee was further instructed to consider and report the best method of securing to the baptized children of the Church of England who attend those schools "such definite instruction in the principles of the Church of England as will at least satisfy the requirements of the rubric in its Book of Common Prayer." The Houses of Convocation met again April 24. In the upper house a report was adopted on the use of hyinnals in the churches, showing which books stood most in favor, and revealing an "overwhelming preponderance" of one particular compilation. It also expressed the opinion of the committee that a Convocation hymnal, starting with the absorption of the best features of the three chief hymnals, would probably obtain and keep the confidence of the English Church. A report recommending an amended scale of ecclesiastical fees was adopted. Concurring with the resolutions on the subject of temperance passed by the lower house in January preceding, the house further invited the attention of the parochial clergy "to the opportunity afforded by acts of Parliament, and especially by the Local Government act of 1894, for the provision of such permanent counteracting agencies to the social attractions of the public houses as free libraries, reading rooms, recreation grounds, al lotments, parish halls, and the like." Relative to the movement for the disestablishment of the Church in Wales, the house conveyed to the bishops, clergy, and laity of the same "its assurance of the warmest sympathy with them," and the pledge of the house to do its utmost to resist the attack now made upon the Church." The lower house, on the report of the Committee on the Relations of Church and State, declared that "to sever the union between Church and state at present existing in six dioceses of the province of Canterbury, and to deprive in whole or in part those dioceses of their ancient endowments would be an act fraught with disastrous consequences to the English nation, and would be a grave injustice to those dioceses and to the whole Church of England." While generally approving the Church Patronage bill, the house decided to present a petition to Parliament for the provision of means, under proper safeguards, of getting rid of incumbents "whose continuance in their cures is, through their own fault or negligence, injurious to the spiritual welfare of the parish." On the presentation of the report on hymnals, the house resolved "that it is inexpedient in existing circumstances to interfere with the clergy and congregations in the use of hymns." The House of Laymen, concerning the Welsh Disestablishment bill, "expressed its desire to affirm" that disestablishment would be a misfortune to the country, and should be opposed by loyal Churchmen as wrong in principle and injurious in practice; that piecemeal disestablishment and disendowment such as is now proposed is open to the strongest objections, and ought to be resisted by the whole strength of the Church of England; and that the house protested against any attempt to transfer the parochial and other endowments of the Church from their sacred uses to secular purposes. The Convocation of York met March 29. The archbishop delivered an opening address dealing with the subject of lay ministration. He pointed out that they had no hesitation about permitting a layman to minister in schoolrooms, and to conduct services and even deliver sermons there, and he advanced the proposal whether they might not be allowed to minister in the parish church. He asked the houses to consider how far it was safe or right that persons approved by the bishop should be allowed to make use of the church under exceptional circumstances and under certain restrictions. A resolution was passed in the upper house to the effect that it was expedient to authorize duly qualified laymen to preach in consecrated buildings, but as the legality of such a course had been doubted it was desirable to seek the opinion of the ecclesiastical lawyers on the question. The lower house resolved that the question was beset by so many legal difficulties that it would be advisable to defer it for further consideration. It further resolved that it recognized with great thankfulness lay ministrations under proper authority in unconsecrated buildings. The House of Laymen resolved that, while fully recognizing the importance of extending the powers existing enabling laymen to conduct services, it felt that as yet it hardly possessed sufficient information to enable it to recommend that the authorization should be extended to services in consecrated buildings. The upper |