same, as to the necessity and utility of an ancient fortification at every point, in which passes from so many parts of a country, forming the scene of military operations, converged. The chapel of Jenkin has precisely this plea; strengthened by the consideration, that the avenues from it conduct not into the districts of a level county, where one route might easily be exchanged for another by way of progress or extrication; but into masses of mountain, where the want of a due chain of connexion, as often as the roads were forced to traverse the intervening hollows, would entomb the adventurers in obstruction, famine, and death.

If further certainty, however, for these conclusions be required, it is immediately at hand in the environs. Two long and considerable traverses, in advance of each other, are seen descending from the heights near Pym Chair to the points of two cloughs, which emerge out of the boundary valley at the foot. From these, again, formidable breast-works direct themselves diagonally across the lowermost tracts of the brow; flanking this vast range of acclivity towards the base, whilst the longitudinal lines defended it in front. And conclusive of the locality of an encampment in the interior of these outworks, upon the exact site of the chapel of Jenkin, the part of a quadrangular area is distinctly apparent, surrounded by ruinous banks, on the northerly side of the edifice, and separated from it by the line of the Street. The other half of the quadrangle must have been supplied from the space of the chapel-yard. Whilst, consequently, the course of the road

formed the grand inlet to the station, it was placed in return at the total mercy of the occupiers, distributed on its two borders. The second transverse way must have been disposed likewise in some such manner, for the facility of its command.

SPONDS, which has been detailed in page 8, with subsequent emendations in page 143, is not without its portion of

ancient curiosities.

In page 230 a grand and singular encampment, contiguous to the Bow-stones, was exhibited at large with a series of military lines, conducted from its northerly extremity to the districts of Lyme park. The southerly point claims also the demonstrations of a chain, extending into the contiguous and undivided tracts of Sponds.

This chain runs, at first, parallel with the ancient highway, leading into this direction from the Bow-stones, for two or three hundred paces, and is just to be distinguished as the base of the boundary wall of Lyme Park.

At the angle of this wall, and parallel with a conversion which it here makes towards Pott moor, the course of the high-way just mentioned admits of a similar deviation to the right. The course of the agger here divides. Crossing the line of the diverted way, and proceeding in a direction rather to the right, the first course of it immediately becomes perceptible in the form of a double mound, with an interval of about twenty yards. After some progress across the common, it is intercepted by a large circumference of earth; but so exceedingly defaced, as to leave only a probability, without

some further authentic voucher, of its having been a sepulchral barrow. From this object the line of embankment is carried, across a declivity of brow and flexure of hollow, aided by a natural fissure in the ground at the bottom, to the vicinity of the cottage house called the Brink. Here, in a contrary direction, a fragment of mound and fosse short in extent, but very considerable in dimensions, presents itself to the view, seeming to have been the part of a barrier, with which some probable encampment at this place may have been surrounded. The slope in front is three paces and a half in extent: the breadth over the top one and a half, and the descent at the back is the same. Returning to the angle of the Park wall, from which the last course of agger was conveyed, a second series, consisting likewise of a double fosse interposed, is perfectly demonstrable. It runs for a considerable space, across the level summit of Sponds, with unequal proximity to the course of the high-way. At length approaching to the verge of the hill, it forsakes the way altogether, and strikes down the brow, at the distance of one hundred yards, towards the site of the house called Beard's, situated near the fourth mile-stone upon the turnpike road, conducting from Horridge end to Macclesfield. The course of this line may amount to the sum of two miles.

These relics characterize what may be called the main region of Sponds. The detached or insulated eminence contains also its appropriate vestiges.

The range of ground to this place from the site of the grand encampment, at Bow-stones, passes through a succession

of inclosures. In the first are the traces of a fosse, in the second those of a mound. These seem to expire at the brink of a creek of hollow, which climbs up the base of the hill amongst a variety of inequalities, consisting of faint embankments and excavations in the ground.

From the extremity of this creek a very shallow convexity penetrates, across the summit, between the insulated peak and the main land of Sponds. Its range, however, is shortly arrested by the hasty declivity of an enormous valley, continuing and completing the separation of the two parts of Sponds. Here they both expire in the transverse boundary valley, which runs circuitously from Taxal Edge to the posterior foot of Beesta and the Mill Hill.

The south-eastern side of the insulated projection of Sponds here presents the area of an oval encampment, impending partly over the last mentioned valley, and partly running down to the margin of a brook at its bottom. It is surrounded with a small and much decayed agger without fosse, and may contain two statute acres in compass. Its intention can have. been only temporary, directed against a point which will presently be shewn.

But the least equivocal of all its contents, on the supreme peak of this division of the district, is placed the structure of a barrow covered with long grown herbage. It measures fifty paces around the base, with an ascent of five paces sloping upwards to the top; where again it is seven paces in diameter, and diminishes to twenty paces in circumference. Near the

southerly side of the summit is a circular excavation, at the bottom of which loose stones appear; being three yards long, two wide, and knee deep.

The tracts of road, which intersect this district, are the principal one already described, which passes over its entire breadth from the Bow-stones to the foot of the declivity at Beard's. Out of this three other deviations are formed. The first proceeds, past the house of the Brink recently named, into the topographical district which will come next under review. The second is the line already mentioned which, running parallel with the conversion of the boundary wall of Lyme park towards Pott moor, crosses the last road, branching towards the Brink, and expires on the confines of the district at Harrop wood. The remaining digression commences a little below the encampment at Bow-stones; and running down the hill with a narrow, ancient path-way into the glade of Lyme Handley, there forms itself into two arms: the one crossing the hollow, over a shallow in the brook, to the division of Taxal Edge; and the other proceeding in a contrary direction yet to be adduced.

BURYSTEAD, which occurs first in page 33, and is afterwards more particularly and correctly defined in page 158, yields to none of the topographical districts, whether already detailed or yet reserved, in the productions of antiquity. In illustration of its merits a plate is annexed, to which the following particulars may serve for a description.