attempted to carry it by assault. Four times they captured the redoubts, but being dislodged by the bayonet, they retired after 7 hours' fighting, leaving 8,000 dead. On Nov. 29 the place surrendered from famine. Vassif, 8 other pashas, Gen. Williams, and the garrison were made prisoners, the Hungarians having been permitted to retire. At the close of the war the Russians gave up the place in accordance with the treaty of Paris.

KASAN, or KAZAN, an E. government of European Russia, bounded N. and N. E. by Viatka, E. by Orenburg, S. and S. W. by Simbirsk, and W. by Nijni Novgorod; area, 24,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 1,482,085. The surface is generally flat, but in parts undulating and hilly, the S. portion being traversed by branches of the Ural mountains. The principal rivers are the Volga and its affluent the Kama. The forests are very extensive, covering nearly half the surface. The chief trees are the pine, fir, and oak, and the woods abound in bears, wolves, and feathered game. The soil is fertile, and yields large crops of grain, hemp, flax, &c., but is not generally well cultivated. The fisheries are productive, and there are numerous distilleries, tanneries, weaving and spinning establishments, &c. The Russians form nearly one half of the population; the Tartars number about 300,000; the rest of the inhabitants are composed of Tchuvasses of Finnish origin, Tcheremisses, &c. Kasan, with the adjacent governments of Pensa, Simbirsk, Viatka, and Perm, formerly constituted part of the so called Golden Horde, or the Kiptchak khanate, the country having successively been occupied by Finns, Bulgarians, and Tartars. The khanate was for centuries the terror of Russia, and resisted that power until the middle of the 16th century, when it was conquered by Czar Ivan the Terrible, and annexed as a kingdom to Russia. Under Peter the Great it was divided into 5 governments, of which Kasan is one.-KASAN, the capital of the preceding government and of a circle of the same name, situated on the Kasanka about 5 m. above its confluence with the Volga, lat. 55° 47′ 26′′ N., long. 49° 21′ 9′′ E.; pop. about 60,000. It consists of the fortified town (Kreml) and the town proper. It contains over 50 churches, 12 mosques, and several convents, and is renowned for its numerous educational and literary institutions, particularly since the foundation of a university there in 1813. It possesses many important manufactories of cloth, woollen, leather, soap, and iron, and an extensive trade, being the great einporium of the commerce between Russia and Siberia. Near Kasan is the convent of Semiosernoi, with a miracle-working madonna, the patroness of Kasan, which is annually in July brought in procession to the city and exhibited in the Kreml. Kasan was destroyed by fire in 1815 and again in 1842, but it has risen from its ashes more prosperous and better built than ever.

KASCHAU (Hun. Kassa), a town of northern Hungary, formerly the capital of Upper

Hungary and of the county of Abauj, now of the united counties of Abauj and Torna, as well as of one of the 5 chief divisions into which Hungary has been divided under Francis Joseph; pop. about 16,000, consisting of Slovaks, Magyars, Germans, and Jews. It is situated on the Hernád, in a beautiful valley enclosed with sloping vineyards, the produce of which, however, is greatly inferior to that of the neighboring region of Hegyalja. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and of numerous administrative and judicial officers, is one of the best built towns of Hungary, its main street rivalling those of Pesth, has important schools and other institutions, and is the chief commercial link between Pesth and Debreczin on one side and Cracow and Lemberg on the other, with all of which places it will soon be connected by extensive railroad lines, which are now in course of construction. Its manufactures are unimportant. The cathedral of Kaschau, a large structure in old Gothic, is the finest building of the country in that style. Kaschau was surrounded with walls in the latter half of the 13th century, and subsequently played an important part in the wars of Hungary, especially during the period of the struggles of the Protestants against Austria. In the last war two battles were fought before the town, on Dec. 11, 1848, and Jan. 4, 1849, in both of which Count Schlick defeated the Hungarian troops, consisting mostly of undisciplined militia.

KASHGAR, or CASHGAR (Chin. Kih-shi-ko urk), a city of Chinese Tartary, formerly capital of an independent kingdom, 140 m. from Yarkand, situated on a river of its own name, in lat. 39° 25′ N., long. 76° 45′′ E.; pop. variously estimated from 20,000 to 40,000. The rebellion of 1826-'7 is said to have reduced the population, which was once over 70,000, and impaired the prosperity of the city, which, however, retains its ancient importance as an emporium for the commerce of central Asia, and as the centre of an extensive trade and of many thriving manufactories of carpets, silks, &c. It came into the possession of China by conquest nearly a century ago.

KÄSTNER, ABRAHAM GOTTHELF, a German mathematician and poet, born in Leipsic, Sept. 27, 1719, died in Göttingen, June 20, 1800. He was the son of a professor, embraced in his studies almost all branches of learning, and received an appointment at Leipsic, and eventually at Göttingen, where, in accordance with the reformatory spirit which animated that university in the latter part of the 18th century, he exerted a powerful influence in delivering mathematical and natural sciences from the bondage of antiquated text books. His Anfangsgründe der Mathematik (6th ed. 1800), and his various other writings, inaugurated a more enlightened era of scientific study in Germany. He took a conspicuous part in the formation of the celebrated union of Göttingen poets, and by his assistance the elder Boye succeeded in introducing, through the instrumentality of the

Musenalmanach, an entirely new generation of poets to the public. His general popularity was chiefly due to his Sinngedichte, which show that, although inferior to many contemporary poets in genius, he was the most witty of them all. His colleague, the eminent classical scholar Heyne, pronounced a eulogium on him in 1804, fully recognizing the great services rendered by Kästner to the cause of science and literature. A portion of his epigrammatic poems were included in his "Miscellaneous Writings" (2 vols., 1783). A new edition of the whole of them appeared in 1800, and a new collection of his poetical and prose writings was published in Berlin in 1841.

KASTNER, Karl Wilhelm GOTTLOB, a German naturalist, born in Pomerania, Oct. 31, 1783, died in Erlangen, Bavaria, July 15, 1857. He was professor successively in the universities of Heidelberg, Halle, Bonn, and from 1821 till his death in Erlangen, and contributed much to a diffusion of knowledge of the natural sciences both as a teacher and an author. Chemistry is particularly indebted to him for many valuable works, while he endeavored to place that branch of study upon a more scientific basis; among the principal of them is Grundzüge der Physik und Chemie (Bonn, 1820).

KATAHDIN, or KTAADN, the highest mountain in Maine, situated in the central part of the state, about 100 m. N. from Bangor, and 6 m. N. E. from the Penobscot river. It is in a region difficult of access except by the birch canoe of the Indian, the river being the only thoroughfare through this rough territory, and its course being interrupted by frequent shoals and falls. The mountain is composed entirely of granite, which stands in abrupt walls, and is exposed in naked floors covering acres of surface. Down its sides bare spots caused by slides of rock extend from near the summit almost to the base, and present a striking feature in its appearance. The height of the mountain is supposed to exceed 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Upon its summit are found only lichens and a few dwarfish plants; and half way down, the birch and other forest trees are but of diminutive size. It is remarkable that over the granite rocks, even to the summit, are found bowlders of trap and of other rocks not belonging to the mountain, and among them pieces of sandstone containing fossil shells, such as are met with in place many miles further N. From the suminit in clear weather the view extends over a country singularly rough and wild, composed of scattered mountains which rise in the conical form of granitic peaks, and among which are interspersed hundreds of lakes, many of large size, and streams without number. Most of these are navigable by the birch canoe, and are made by temporary dams to drift down the pine logs which are cut by the lumbermen in the winter, and hauled down upon the ice in readiness to be floated as this breaks up in the spring. KATER, HENRY, an English mathematician, born in Bristol, April 16, 1777, died in London,

April 26, 1835. In his youth he spent some time in a lawyer's office, but upon the death of his father in 1794 he procured a commission in a regiment stationed in India, and was for 7 years employed upon the trigonometrical survey of that country. In 1808, while holding the rank of lieutenant, he became a student in the Sandhurst military college; and subsequent to 1814, when he retired on half pay, he occupied himself chiefly with scientific studies. Among his most important discoveries were the determination of the precise length of the seconds pendulum, the investigation of the diminution of terrestrial gravity from the pole to the equator, and his employment of the pendulum for the purpose of finding the minute variations of the force of gravity in different parts of a country, whose substrata consist of materials having different degrees of density. In the "Philosophical Transactions" of 1825-'8 appeared descriptions of his "floating collimator," an instrument of great importance to trigonometers, employed to determine the position of the line of collimation in the telescope attached to an astronomical circle. He also made some ingenious experiments on the relative merits of the Cassegravi and Gregory telescopes, on which, as on many kindred subjects, he furnished interesting papers to the "Philosophical Transactions." He is the author of the greater portion of the "Treatise on Mechanics," by Lardner and Kater, in Dr. Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclopædia," and published "An Account of the Construction and Verification of certain Standards of Linear Measure for the Russian Government" (4to., London, 1832). He was a man of much mechanical as well as intellectual capacity.

KATONA, ISTVÁN, a Hungarian historian, born in Pápa, county of Veszprém, Dec. 13, 1732, died Aug. 17, 1811. At the age of 18 he entered the order of Jesuits, after the suppression of which he became professor of sacred eloquence in the college of Tyrnau, subsequently canon of Kalocsa, and eventually abbot of Monostor-on-the-Bodrog. He wrote numerous works on the history of his country, almost all in Latin, the principal of which are: Historia Critica Primorum Hungariæ Ducum; Historia Critica Regum Hungaria Stirpis Arpadiana; Historia Critica Regum Stirpis Austriacæ; and Epitome Chronologica Rerum Hungaricarum, Transylvanicarum et Illyricarum. The publication of the history of Hungary under the house of Austria, which is the most voluminous, was for some time interrupted by prohibition from the government of the emperor Francis, but it was finally brought down to the beginning of the present century.

KATRINE, LOCH, a lake of Perthshire, Scotland, 94 m. from Callander. It is of serpentine form, about 10 m. in length, and in some places nearly 2 in breadth, and is surrounded with lofty mountains and rocky ravines, displaying scenery of much grandeur and beauty. From its E. extremity flows a stream, which, after passing through the rugged defile of the Trosachs,

widens into the two minor lakes of Achray and Vennachar, and becomes the river Teith, a tributary of the Forth. This lake was formerly a favorite resort of robbers, or caterans, and at a little distance from its shore is a small island called Eilan Varnoch, whither the freebooters used to bring their plunder, and which is the famous "Ellen's isle" of Scott's "Lady of the Lake." From this lake the city of Glasgow is supplied with water. The works were begun by the corporation of Glasgow under authority of an act of parliament which received the royal sanction July 2, 1855, and were opened by the queen in person, Oct. 14, 1859. The quantity of water which may be drawn for the supply of the city is equal to 50,000,000 gallons daily. This has to be conveyed over a rugged and mountainous district for a distance of 34 m., in iron pipes, across numerous ravines, and through no fewer than 70 tunnels, the aggregate length of which is 13 m. Each tunnel is 8 feet in diameter, and the longest is 2,650 yards in length. There are several aqueduct bridges, consisting of iron troughs supported by abutments of rubblestone; and between Loch Katrine and the Umsdoch reservoir there are 3 wide and deep valleys across which the water is conveyed in siphon pipes 4 feet in diameter and of a mile long. The cost of the works, including compensation for land, purchase of the property of former water companies, &c., was about £1,500,000.

KATYDID (platyphyllum concavum, Harris), an American grasshopper, named from the sound of its note. It is about an inch and a half long, the body being an inch, of a pale green color, with darker wings and wing covers; the thorax is roughened, and is shaped somewhat like a saddle; the wing covers are longer than the wings, and enclose the body in their concavity, meeting above and below like the valves of a pea pod. This "testy little dogmatist," rendered familiar by the verses of Holmes, is one of the loudest and most persevering of our native musicians; silent and concealed among the leaves during the day, at night it mounts to the highest branches of the trees, where the male commences his sonorous call to the noiseless females. The sound is produced by the friction of the taborets in the triangular overlapping portion of each wing cover against each other, and is strengthened by the escape of air from the sacs of the body, reverberating so loudly as to be heard a quarter of a mile in a still night. These insects are now comparatively rare in the Atlantic states, but in some parts of the West their incessant noise is almost insupportable to those unaccustomed to it. The perfect insect lays her eggs in September and October, depositing them in 2 contiguous rows along the surface of a twig previously prepared by her curved piercer; they resemble tiny bivalve shells, of a slate color, about of an inch long, and are 8 or 9 in each row; the young escape through a cleft in one end; the eggs are sometimes placed in nests in

the earth, where they remain until spring; they are eaten by beetles, ear-wigs, crickets, ants, &c. The young are said to be injurious to roots of grasses and grains; the adults eat the interior of flower buds and the germs of fruit. Though found on almost all trees, the balsam poplar is a special favorite. They are called grasshopper birds by the Indians, who are in the habit of roasting and grinding them into a flour, from which they make cakes, considered by them as delicacies. The katydid is interesting in captivity, and will live thus, if fed on fruit, for several weeks; like other grasshoppers, after the warm season they rapidly become old, the voice ceases, and all soon perish.

KATZBÁCH, a small river of Prussian Silesia, which joins the Oder on its left bank, 29 m. N. W. from Breslau, after a course of 35 m. It is noted for a victory of the Prussians and Russians under Blücher over the French commanded by Marshal Macdonald, Aug. 26, 1813. (See BLÜCHER.)

KAUFFMANN, MARIA ANGELICA, a Swiss painter, born in Chur, in the Grisons, Oct. 30, 1741, died in Rome, Nov. 5, 1807. In her childhood she envinced a remarkable taste for music and painting, which her father, himself a painter, carefully cultivated. At the age of 15 she was taken to Milan and put under the best masters in either art, and in 1763 accompanied her father to Rome. Her beauty, extraordinary accomplishments, enthusiasm for art, and fascinating manners every where excited an interest in her favor. Winckelmann, whose portrait she painted, in a letter written in 1764, speaks in the warmest terms of her many accomplishments, and of her intimate acquaintance with modern languages. While in Rome she painted many portraits of distinguished people. In 1765 she accompanied Lady Wentworth to England, whither her reputation had preceded her, and where she was received with every mark of attention. For 17 years she was the recipient of abundant emoluments, and was welcomed to the most distinguished society of the kingdom. Upon the establishment of the royal academy she was chosen one of the 36 original members. In 1781 she married Signor Antonio Zucchi, an artist, and the following year returned to Rome, where she passed the rest of her life. It is said that some years previous to this she had been betrayed into marriage with a criminal impostor who assumed the title of Count Horn, from whom she procured a divorce. Her artistic merits have been the subject of discussion, and it is generally conceded that her reputation rests chiefly on the charm of her manners and conversation. She painted female heads gracefully, but was deficient in drawing and color, and her composition was often below mediocrity. Many of her works were engraved by Bartolozzi. She retained her maiden name until her death.

KAUFMAN, a N. E. co. of Texas, bounded S. W. by Trinity river, and drained by the E. fork of that stream; area, 950 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 2,908, of whom 406 were slaves. The

surface is mostly undulating, and the S. E. part is well timbered, while the N. W. is occupied by prairies. The soil is generally good. The productions in 1850 were 30,685 bushels of Indian corn, 2,223 of oats, and 2,954 of sweet potatoes. There were 129 pupils attending public schools. Value of land in 1859, $466,789. Capital, Kaufman.

KAULBACH, WILHELM VON, a German artist, born at Arolsen, in Waldeck, Oct. 15, 1805. In his youth he showed little inclination for the study of art, until his enthusiasm was awakened by some engravings of Schwerdgeburth and by the performance of Schiller's tragedies. Thenceforth he manifested a taste for legendary romance, and tales of the mythical German heroes, such as are current among the peasantry, some of which undoubtedly suggested several of his finest compositions. At the age of 17 he was placed at the Düsseldorf academy, then under the direction of Cornelius, who in 1825 invited him to Munich to assist in the grand series of frescoes he had recently commenced for the king of Bavaria. There he executed the cartoons of Apollo and the Muses on the ceiling of the Odeon, and the allegorical representations of Bavarian rivers and other subjects in the arcades of the Hofgarten. In these he followed very successfully the symbolic, idealized manner of Cornelius, while he succeeded in preserving an individuality of his own. His Irrenhaus, or "Madhouse," was executed in 1828'9 from studies taken while he was employed some years previous in painting the chapel of the lunatic asylum at Düsseldorf. The head physician was so pleased with his work that he took him over every part of the establishment, and the impressions which the different aspects of lunacy made upon him were so vivid and terrible that it is said he could only find relief by transferring them to the canvas. This work was engraved by Merz and laid the foundation of his fame. During the next few years he was employed by King Louis in decorating the new palace at Munich, the queen's apartments especially being intrusted to him. For these he painted in encaustic and in fresco designs from the poems of Klopstock, Wieland, and Goethe, beside executing in fresco for the prince Birkenfeld a series of 16 designs illustrating the fable of Cupid and Psyche. About this time he began to give much attention to the works of Hogarth, a portion of whose spirit and manner he seems to have caught in his illustration of Schiller's Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre; while in his illustrations of "Faust," his group of Bedouins, and other works, he showed an increasing tendency to combine the symbolical with the real and a close study of individual character. In 1837 appeared his "Battle of the Huns," a grand and original work suggested by an old legend, in which the spirits of the Huns and Romans who perished under the walls of Rome are described as renewing the combat in the air. This was executed in sepia for Count Raczynski. It was followed the succeeding year by the "Capture

of Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus," the cartoons of which so pleased King Louis that he commissioned the artist to paint the picture in oil. It is a work of immense size-17 feet by 19 and affords a fine example of Kaulbach's imaginative powers, and of the manner of idealizing history at present so popular with German painters. The fulfilment of the prophecies is shown in the planting of the Roman eagle on the high altar of the temple, the lamenting women, and the priests who kill themselves in despair; while the triumph of Christianity is illustrated in the angels conducting the Christians in safety from the scene of terror, and the penalty of the unbelieving in the figure of the wandering Jew pursued by demons. This picture opened to Kaulbach, who had hitherto worked almost exclusively in fresco, a new department in art, and in 1838-'9 he spent several months in the cities of northern Italy studying the oil paintings of the old masters as a preparation for his future labors. In 1845 he received the commission to decorate the vestibule and staircase of the new museum at Berlin with a series of frescoes illustrating striking passages in history. The 1st represents the building of the tower of Babel; the 2d the nations of Greece listening to the songs of Homer; the 3d and 4th are repetitions of his "Battle of the Huns" and "Capture of Jerusalem;" the 5th represents the crusaders entering Jerusalem, and the 6th the conversion of Wittekind to Christianity through the agency of Charlemagne. In addition to these, many allegorical representations of nations, in all the stages of their development, and figures of sages and heroes, fill the surrounding compartments. Above the whole runs a broad band of frieze, which the artist has filled with innumerable figures of boys who enact in their childish sports the history of human life. The whole work has employed him, with his pupils Echler and Muhr, a large portion of each year since its commencement, and is not yet finished. Of late years he has passed his winters in Munich, and among other works has illustrated the history of art from the period of its revival to the present time in a series of frescoes for the new Pinakothek. A natural tendency in the artist to satire having manifested itself a little too openly, the work was denounced by the painter Julius Schnorr in a pamphlet as unworthy of the artist and a disgrace to the nation. In addition to the important works above mentioned, Kaulbach has found time to execute many other minor designs, and has recently devoted himself chiefly to portraits and oil painting. Among his lesser works may be mentioned his illustrations of Shakespeare and the Evangelists, and particularly of Goethe's Reineke Fuchs, the humor of which is not less remarkable than the drawing of the animal figures. Since 1855 he has executed two large pictures for the king of Bavaria, the "Battle of Salamis" and the "Marriage of Alexander and Roxana," and has recently finished in fresco on the walls of the Germanic museum, Nuremberg, a large composition rep

resenting the opening of the tomb of Charlemagne at Aix la Chapelle by Otho the Great, which he has presented to the institution. The greatest and most original of the pupils of Cornelius, he enjoys a celebrity in Germany not inferior to that of his master, and like him is now in the maturity of his fame and powers.

KAUNITZ, WENZEL ANTON, prince, count of Rietberg, an Austrian diplomatist and statesman, born in Vienna in 1711, died June 27, 1794. One of 19 children, he was destined for the church; but after the death of some of his elder brothers, he chose a worldly career, studying at Vienna, Leipsic, and Leyden. He became a chamberlain of the emperor Charles VI., travelled for some years in Germany, Italy, France, and England, and in 1735 was appointed aulic councillor of the empire. By marriage he became the proprietor of the county of Rietberg. His influence rose under the daughter and successor of Charles, Maria Theresa, when, after various and successful diplomatic missions to Rome, Turin, and Brussels, and a short administration of the Austrian Netherlands till their occupation by the French in 1746, he signed for Austria the treaty of Aix la Chapelle (1748). Shortly after he became minister of state, but soon left this position, being sent as ambassador to France, where, by his personal qualities and diplomatic skill, he secured the influence of Mme. de Pompadour for an alliance with Maria Theresa. This was effected in 1756, and the 7 years' war began, after the conclusion of which Kaunitz, who in 1753 had been appointed chancellor, was elevated to the rank of prince of the empire. He accompanied Joseph II. to the interview at Neustadt in Moravia with Frederic the Great, when the two monarchs concerted the scheme of the first partition of Poland, but against the opinion of the minister. Frederic, who had good reasons to be embittered against the able diplomatist, speaks disparagingly of him in his memoirs, though the latter was in his time regarded as the oracle of statesmen; and Joseph, whom he less successfully served in his schemes for the annexation of Bavaria, though supported by his liberal views in internal reforms, gradually withdrew his favor from the old statesman during his actual reign (1780-'90). Kaunitz gained new influence during the short reign of Leopold II., but after the accession of his son Francis (1792) he resigned his offices. A taciturn and scheming diplomatist, Kaunitz was ceremoniously grave with his equals, fond of the French language, literature, and fashions, and with a great deal of frivolity, vanity, and self-love united probity, affability toward inferiors, and fidelity to the interests of the state.

KAVANAGH, JULIA, a British authoress, born in Thurles, co. of Tipperary, Ireland, in 1824. At an early age she accompanied her parents to France, where she was educated. In 1844 she took up her residence in London, and about the same time began to write tales and sketches for the magazines. Encouraged by the success

which these met with, she published in 1847 het first book, a tale for children entitled "The Three Paths." It was followed by "Madeleine" (12mo., 1848), a story of peasant life in France, and in 1850 by a series of interesting historical sketches entitled "Woman in France in the 18th Century" (2 vols., 8vo.). In 1851 appeared her "Nathalie" (3 vols. 8vo.), in which the scene is also laid in France, and which has proved one of her most popular novels. Her remaining works are: "Women of Christianity exemplary for Piety" (8vo., 1852); "Daisy Burns" (3 vols. 8vo., 1853), "Grace Lee" (3 vols. 8vo., 1854), and "Rachel Gray" (3 vols. 8vo., 1855), which describe English society at the present day; "The Hobbies" (3 vols. 8vo., 1857); and “Adèle” (3 vols. 8vo., 1858). Miss Kavanagh resides chiefly in England, but makes occasional visits to France and other parts of the continent.

KAZINCZY, FERENCZ, a Hungarian author, born in the county of Bihar, Oct. 27, 1759, died in that of Zemplén, Aug. 22, 1831. He commenced his classical studies at the college of Patak at the age of 10, acquiring also a knowledge of various living languages, left that school in 1779, and subsequently studied law at Kaschau. On the recommendation of Count Török he was made inspector of schools, and was soon able to devote himself to literature, which he did with ardor. Like many others, he was inspired to work for the national regeneration of his people by the centralizing and Germanizing tendencies of Joseph II. (1780-'90), but no other was so fully convinced as he of the possibility or usefulness of restoring the then decayed Magyar tongue to its pristine purity, and of developing its resources to an unparalleled richness by means of new words, framed from existing roots and in accordance with the forms and spirit of the language. With Szabó and Bacsányi he edited the "Magyar Museum," and subsequently alone the "Orpheus," both literary magazines published at Kaschau. Having become implicated in the democratic conspiracy of the abbot Martinovics, he was suddenly arrested at the house of his mother in Lower Regmecz, on Dec. 14, 1794, carried to Buda, tried, and condemned to death; but while Martinovics and several of his associates were executed at Buda (1795), the sentence of Kazinczy and some others was commuted to imprisonment "till they had shown signs of sufficient penitence." He was kept in the dungeons of Buda, Brünn, Kufstein, and Munkács, and released in 1801. He married the daughter of his former protector, Count Török, and retired to a country residence in the neighborhood of S. A. Ujhely, which he named Széphalom (Fairhill), and where he spent the remainder of his life, continuing to labor for the literary progress of his country. A protracted lawsuit, however, distracted his latter years, and the savage outbreak of the Slovak peasantry in Zemplén during the prevalence of the cholera in 1831 embittered his last days. His works.