but his well known patriotism saved him from imprisonment, and he reentered the army as a private. On the 9th Thermidor he resumed his former rank, served as adjutant-general under Bonaparte in 1796, and afterward under Masséna, distinguished himself at Bassano, Arcole, and La Favorite, was sent to Paris to present the standards taken from the enemy to the directorial government, and was appointed briga dier-general. In 1800 he accompanied the first consul to Italy at the head of a brigade of cavalry, and participated in the battle of Marengo, where by a well timed charge he decided the victory; he was rewarded by promotion to the rank of general of division. In 1805 he fought brilliantly at Austerlitz, where he was severely wounded. He served in Spain from 1807 to 1812, in Germany in 1813, and in France in 1814, and finally distinguished himself in the engagements that preceded the battle of Waterloo. On the return of the Bourbons he withdrew from the service. He succeeded his father as a peer, and like him inclined to liberal opinions. He wrote two pamphlets in answer to some incorrect statements of the duke of Rovigo about the battle of Marengo, and left Mémoires, upon which his son has constructed a history of the campaign of 1800.

KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK, a Swedish poet, born in Floby, West Gothland, Dec. 1, 1751, died April 20, 1795. He studied at the university of Abo, and in 1774 went to Stockholm, where he established a journal, the Stockholms Posten, in which he combated the French taste then prevailing in Sweden, and introduced to his countrymen the literature of England and Germany. In 1786 Gustavus III. appointed him a member of the newly established Swedish academy, and also made him his private secretary and librarian. His poems, embracing 4 operas which have all the merit of regular historical dramas, were published in Stockholm in 1796, under the title of Samlade Skriftes, or "Collected Writings.'

KELLY, ALFRED, a public-spirited citizen of Ohio, born in Middletown, Conn., Nov. 7, 1787, died in Columbus, O., Dec. 2, 1859. He received his education in New York, and was prepared for the bar under the tuition of Judge Jonas Platt. In 1810 he removed to Cleveland, O., then a small hamlet, and practised his profession there for several years. He was one of the first advocates of the internal improvement of the state by canals; and when that policy was adopted, he was appointed one of the commissioners to carry it into effect, and was intrusted with the superintendence of one of its most important lines, that connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio river. In 1840 he was appointed one of the canal fund commissioners, having charge of the funds necessary to prosecute the various enterprises in which the state was then engaged, and to pay the interest on the public debt. Between the years 1836 and 1843 the finances of the state had become greatly deranged, and fears were entertained that its obli

gations could not be met. By Mr. Kelly's exertions, with little aid from others, and on his personal responsibility, a large sum of money was obtained which was applied in discharge of the public debt, and he was ever afterward esteemed as the saviour of the honor of the state. He was chosen by several railroad companies to direct and superintend the construction of their roads, and was repeatedly a member of the general assembly of Ohio, in which he originated many important measures.

KELP, the commercial name for the crude soda ash, obtained from the incineration of certain sea plants. (See ALGE, BARILLA, Fucus, IODINE, and SODA.) It is also the common name of a sea plant of the genus salicornia.

KEMBLE, the name of a family distinguished in the annals of the British stage. I. ROGER, the founder of the family, born in Hereford, March 1, 1721, died in 1802, was during a great portion of his life an actor and the manager of provincial companies. He had 12 children, of whom the eldest was the celebrated Mrs. Siddons. (See SIDDONS, SARAH.) II. JOHN PHILIP, eldest son of the preceding, born in Prescot, Lancashire, Feb. 1, 1757, died in Lausanne, Switzerland, Feb. 26, 1823. He was educated at a Roman Catholic seminary in Staffordshire and at the English college at Douay in France, and made his first appearance upon the stage, for which he showed a remarkable inclination, in the tragedy of "Theodosius," Jan. 8, 1776. In 1783 he first acted at Drury Lane, of which theatre he became manager in 1790. From this time until his retirement he stood at the head of his profession. In 1803 he became a part owner of Covent Garden theatre, which he managed prosperously until its destruction by fire in 1808. The opening of the new theatre in the succeeding year under his management was the signal for a series of disgraceful tumults, known as the O. P. ("old price") riots, excited by the increased prices required for admission. For upward of 60 nights Kemble and the members of his family were obliged to endure every species of insult; but a compromise was finally effected, and the theatre was liberally and successfully managed until Kemble's retirement from the stage, June 23, 1817, an occasion commemorated by the poet Campbell in one of his most finished odes. The latter part of his life was passed in Lausanne, whither he had retired for the benefit of his health. In the personation of the dramatic heroes Cato, Coriolanus, King John, Wolsey, Macbeth, and Lear, he had no rival among contemporaneous actors; and in characters of a reflective cast generally he is probably still unequalled on the English stage. As a manager he is distinguished for many splendid revivals of Shakespeare's plays. In private life he was highly esteemed. III. GEORGE STEPHEN, brother of the preceding, born in Kington, Herefordshire, May 3, 1758, died near Durham, June 5, 1822. He was intended for the medical profession, but, following his inclination, went upon the stage, and

made his début in London in Sept. 1783. For many years subsequently he was the manager of a provincial company. He was a good actor, but in the latter part of his life became so corpulent as to be almost incapacitated for any other part than Falstaff, which he frequently acted. IV. ELIZABETH (Mrs. Whitlock), 5th child of Roger Kemble, born in Warrington, Lancashire, April 2, 1761, died Feb. 27, 1836. She first appeared at Drury Lane theatre in Feb. 1783, as Portia. In 1785 she was married to Charles Edward Whitlock, a provincial manager and actor, and 7 years later accompanied her husband to the United States, where they performed for many years in the principal cities. Mrs. Whitlock became the most popular actress of the day in America, and in Philadelphia frequently performed before President Washington and other distinguished persons. She returned to England in 1807 with a competency, and thenceforth retired from the stage. In personal appearance and voice she is said to have strongly resembled her sister Mrs. Siddons. V. CHARLES, the 11th child of Roger Kemble, born in Brecon, South Wales, Nov. 27, 1775, died in London, Nov. 12, 1854. He was educated at the English college in Douay, and upon returning to England in 1792 received a situation in the general post office. He soon abandoned this for the stage, and, after several trials in the provinces, made his first appearance at Drury Lane in April, 1794, playing for the occasion Malcolm to John Kemble's Macbeth and Mrs. Siddons's Lady Macbeth. For several years he took only secondary parts, and by comparatively slow degrees indicated that he possessed the dramatic genius of the family. In 1800 he first appeared as a writer for the stage in an adaptation of Mercier's Déserteur, entitled the "Point of Honor," and subsequently he furnished many similar pieces from the German and French for the London theatres. He began meanwhile to acquire considerable repute in his profession, and was accounted one of the best genteel comedians of his time, excelling in such parts as Benedick, Petruchio, Archer, Ranger, Charles Surface, &c.; and also in that numerous class of serious characters represented by Faulconbridge, Edgar, Cassio, Mark Antony, &c., for all of which his handsome person eminently qualified him. In 1832 he made a successful tour in the United States with his daughter, Miss Fanny Kemble, and in 1840 closed his career as an actor. Shortly afterward he was appointed examiner of plays in England. VI. FRANCES ANNE (Mrs. Butler), daughter of the preceding, born in London in 1811. Her mother, long known on the English stage as Mrs. Charles Kemble, was originally a danseuse at the opera house, London, as Miss De Camp. She manifested no special predilection for the stage, but was induced, in consequence of the embarrassed circumstances of her family, to make her début at Covent Garden, then under the management of her father, in Oct. 1829. On this occasion she played Juliet, her father taking the part of Romeo and her VOL. X.-9

mother that of the nurse, with complete success, notwithstanding that 6 weeks previous she had no thought of embarking in a dramatic career. For the 3 succeeding years she performed leading parts in tragedy and comedy with great applause, distinguishing herself particularly in Juliet, Portia, Bianca in Milman's "Fazio," Juliet in the "Hunchback" (the latter being originally personated by her), Belvidera, Isabella, Lady Teazle, and Louise de Savoy, in her own play of "Francis the First," written when she was 17 years old, and received with great approbation. In 1832 she accompanied her father to the United States, and met with an enthusiastic reception in the chief cities. In 1834 she was married to Mr. Pierce Butler of Philadelphia, and at the same time retired definitively from the stage. Incompatibility of tastes and temperament having rendered the union an unhappy one, a separation took place at the end of a few years, and Mrs. Butler subsequently fixed her residence in Lenox, Berkshire co., Mass. Previous to this she had published her first work in prose, "A Journal of a Residence in America" (2 vols. 8vo., London, 1835; 2 vols. 12mo., Philadelphia), chiefly devoted to a description of her tour through the United States. It was followed in 1837 by a drama entitled "The Star of Seville," which was acted with success; and in 1844 she published a collection of her poems, a portion of which only had previously appeared. In 1846 she visited Europe, extending her travels as far as Italy, where her sister, Mrs. Sartoris, resided, and in 1847 published an account of her tour under the title of "A Year of Consolation." Shortly afterward steps were taken to procure a divorce from her husband, which was granted by the legislature of Pennsylvania in 1849, since which time she has resumed the name of Kemble. In the winter of 1848-'9 she commenced in Boston a series of Shakespearian readings which drew crowded audiences; and during the next two years she repeated the course in some of the principal American cities. In 1851 she returned to England, reappeared for a brief period on the stage, and after giving readings in London and other parts of the United Kingdom, made another long continental tour. In 1856 she returned to the United States, and continued at intervals to give readings in Boston and elsewhere, till Feb. 1860, when she gave her last reading in Boston, and took her farewell of the public. Her present residence is in Lenox, Mass. VII. ADELAIDE (Mrs. Sartoris), younger sister of the preceding, born in London about 1820, made a brilliant début at Covent Garden as an opera singer; but upon being married to Mr. Edward Sartoris, a gentleman of fortune, she retired from the stage.

KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL, eldest son of Charles Kemble, an English scholar and historian, born in London in 1807, died in Dublin, March 26, 1857. He was educated by Dr. Richardson, author of the "English Dictionary," and afterward at Bury St. Edmund's grammar

school, and Trinity college, Cambridge. In 1820 he visited Germany, and at this time commenced his study of the Anglo-Saxon and kindred Teutonic dialects. He became acquainted with Thiersch, the brothers Grimm, and other leading philologists and antiquaries of Germany. In 1830 he visited Spain in order to cooperate with the Spanish liberals against the government of King Ferdinand. Returning to England, he began to explore everywhere, in the British museum, and in cathedral and collegiate libraries, for manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon period, which he deciphered with remarkable skill. His first public effort was his lectures at Cambridge on the Anglo-Saxon literature and language (1834-5). About this time he published "The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, the Traveller's Song, and the Battle of Finnesburgh, with a Glossary and Historical Preface," to the second edition of which he added a translation of Beowulf with a glossary and notes. From 1835 to 1844 he edited the "British and Foreign Review," and contributed thereto many valuable anonymous articles, as he did also to the Archæologia, the "Cambridge Philological Museum," the "Foreign Quarterly," and latterly to "Fraser's Magazine." The article on "Jäkel's Comparative Philology" in the "Foreign Quarterly" is the best known of his contributions to periodical literature. In 1839 he commenced the publication of his collection of Anglo-Saxon charters, the Codex Diplomaticus Evi Saxonici. For some years he superintended the publication of several of the archæological works of the Elfric and Camden societies. In 1849 appeared his "Saxons in England," a work which caused Jacob Grimm to say that Kemble was the first of his disciples. From July, 1849, to May, 1855, Kemble resided in the north of Germany, where he prosecuted his studies, and, as he wrote German with as much facility as his native language, contributed many essays to the "Transactions" of the archæological society of Hanover. In 1854 he was employed by the antiquarian society of Hanover to excavate the sepulchral barrows of pagan times on the heath of Lüneburg. The Celtic and Anglo-Saxon department of the Hanoverian museum attests by its opulence in urns, armor, and ornaments the success of the excavator. In 1857 appeared his last work, "State Papers and Correspondence illustrative of the Social and Political State of Europe from the Revolution (1688) to the Accession of the House of Hanover." At the time of his death he was engaged by the managers of the Manchester exhibition to form a department of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon art. His unexpected demise caused the abandonment of this design. KEMÉNY, ZSIGMOND, baron, a Hungarian author and publicist, born in Transylvania in 1816. He studied at Zalathna and Nagy-Enyed, was early attracted by politics, and in 1840 became editor of the Erdélyi hiradó ("Transylvanian Intelligencer"), an opposition journal of Klausenburg. At the same time he was active as one of the leaders of the liberal party in the diet

of his native country. In 1842 he retired to his country estate, and engaged in various literary works, among others Gyulai Pál (“Paul Gyulai"), a romance in 5 vols. (Pesth, 1846). In 1848, having removed to Pesth, he became one of the editors of the Pesti hirlap, and was also elected member of the diet of reunited Hungary and Transylvania. After the declaration of independence in April, 1849, he was appointed councillor in the ministry of home affairs by Szemere, and, together with his friend and colleague Anthony Csengery, intrusted with the editorship of the Respublica, the organ of that prime minister. After the suppression of the revolution he was arrested, but discharged, and his subsequent publications were marked by a considerable change in his political opinions. He has since continued his activity as a political writer and novelist, but chiefly as editor of the Pesti napló. The best of his post-revolutionary productions are the lives of the two Wesselényis and of Széchényi in Csengery's "Book of Hungarian Statesmen and Orators" (Pesth, 1850).

KEMP, JAMES, D.D., an American clergyman, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in Maryland, born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1764, died Oct. 28, 1827. He was graduated at Marischal college, Aberdeen, in 1786, and came to the United States in 1787. For a time he devoted himself to teaching, but ere long resolved to enter the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church, although a Presbyterian by education. He was ordained by Bishop White, Dec. 26, 1789. The next year he became rector of Great Choptank parish, Md., where he remained for more than 20 years. In 1802 he received from Columbia college the degree of D.D. Two years later he was elected, though strong opposition was made, as suffragan bishop with Bishop Claggett of Maryland, it being understood that he was to succeed the latter in case he was the survivor. His consecration took place at New Brunswick, N. J., Sept. 1, 1814. The jurisdiction of Bishop Kemp was exercised especially over the parishes on the eastern shore. In 1816, however, on Bishop Claggett's death, the whole diocese came under his charge, and by his prudence and moderation he disarmed opposition and commended himself to both clergy and laity. In 1816 he accepted the provostship of the university of Maryland, and held it until the time of his death. Having had occasion to visit Philadelphia in Oct. 1827, to assist in a consecration, Bishop Kemp on his return home met with a severe internal injury by the overturning of the stage coach near New Castle, Del., and died after three days of intense suffering.

KEMPELEN, WOLFGANG VON, baron, a Hungarian mechanician and inventor, born in Presburg, Jan. 23, 1754, died in Vienna, March 26, 1806. He entered at first upon an administrative career, and became councillor of the court. He was an excellent chess player, and was frequently invited to play with Maria Theresa, who was a passionate lover of the game. Having a great mechanical genius, he in 1769 astonished Europe

with his automaton chess player. Taken to Paris in 1784, and afterward exhibited by Mr. Maelzel in England and the United States, the chess player caused an extraordinary excitement, and the problem was not explained for many years. (See AUTOMATON.) Kempelen also invented an automatic speaking human figure, which pronounced very distinctly several words, a curiosity frequently successfully imitated, and of which the maker published an explanation in his Le mécanisme de la parole, suivi de la description d'une machine parlante, et enrichi de 27 planches (Vienna, 1791). He wrote several German poems, Perseus und Andromeda, a drama, and Der unbekannte Wohlthäter, a comedy. He was also councillor of finance of the emperor of Austria, director of the salt mines of Hungary, and referendary of the Hungarian chancery at Vienna. Full details of the mystery of the automaton chess player, with its later history, are given in an article by Prof. G. Allen of Phila delphia, in "The Book of the First American Chess Congress" (New York, 1859).

KEMPER, an E. co. of Miss., bordering on Ala., and drained by Tugerloo or Suckernochee creek; area, 750 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 12,517, of whom 5,378 were slaves. The soil is mostly fertile. The productions in 1850 were 504,685 bushels of Indian corn, 40,495 of oats, 175,960 of sweet potatoes, 4,444 of peas and beans, and 5,115 bales of cotton. There were 14 churches, and 297 pupils attending public schools. The Mobile and Ohio railroad passes through the county. Capital, De Kalb.

KEMPER, REUBEN, an American soldier, born in Fauquier co., Va., died in Natchez, Miss., in 1826. He was the son of a Baptist preacher, who emigrated with his family to Ohio in 1800. Reuben subsequently removed with two of his brothers to the territory of Mississippi, where they engaged in land surveying. They were the leaders in the movement to rid West Florida of its Spanish rule, and got up an expedition to Baton Rouge in 1808 from the adjacent counties of Mississippi, which failed. The Spanish authorities caused the Kempers to be kidnapped, but they were rescued by the commander of the American fort at Point Coupee. The Kempers pursued with great ferocity all who were engaged in this wrong upon them, inflicting severe personal chastisement and mutilation upon the parties. After these occurrences Reuben Kemper, the most powerful and marked of the brothers, devoted himself to the task of driving the Spaniards from the American continent. He was engaged in an attempt to capture Mobile, which failed; and on the fitting out of the formidable expedition of Gutierrez and Toledo, in 1812, against the Spanish authority in Mexico, he was assigned the rank of major, and afterward chosen colonel of the force, 500 or 600 in number, which cooperated with the Mexican insurgents. The expedition advanced into Texas, fought several bloody battles, in which Kemper and his Americans performed extraordinary feats of valor,

Dissensions fol

and won brilliant victories. lowed among the victors, between the Mexicans and Americans, and the Spaniards, taking advantage of them, put the republicans to rout. The Americans, disgusted with their allies, then returned home. Reuben Kemper was subsequently engaged under Gen. Jackson in the defence of New Orleans, was detached for important and perilous duty, and added greatly to his reputation as a soldier by his activity and efficiency. At the conclusion of the war he settled in Mississippi, and engaged in planting. KEMPIS, THOMAS à, a German monk of St. Agnes, the reputed author of the "Imitation of Christ," born in Kempen about 1379, died near Zwolle, July 26,1471. He was educated among the brethren of the common life at Deventer, who passed a contemplative existence in transcribing manuscripts and in religious exercises. In 1399 he entered the monastery of Mount St. Agnes, near Zwolle, of which his brother was prior, took the monastic vows in 1406, was ordained priest 6 years afterward, and in 1425 was elected sub-prior. He excelled as a copyist, and delighted to transcribe with the utmost care the Scriptures, the church fathers, and works of as cetic piety. The fame of his eloquence and fervor also was widely extended. He owes his present renown to the treatise De Imitatione Christi, which has been translated perhaps into every language in Christendom, but of which the authorship is doubtful. It has been ascribed to À Kempis, Gerson, chancellor of the university of Paris, and Gersen, an Italian ecclesiastic; and the question has been debated somewhat with reference to national honor and the interests of ecclesiastical orders. The external evidences in favor of A Kempis are the facts that he is mentioned as the author by 3 writers nearly his contemporaries, that copies exist written in his own hand, and that in one ancient copy he is stated to be the author. There is said also to be a striking likeness in style and refined piety between this and the devotional works of which he is certainly the author. The manuscripts which bear the name of Gerson are less ancient, and his fame as a mystical writer may have caused the work to be attributed to him by persons who had not heard of the retired monk of St. Agnes. There is the least evidence in favor of Gersen. A German translation of the complete works of A Kempis, by Silbert, was published at Vienna (4 vols., 1884). The best biography is that of Mooren, Nachrichten über Thomas à Kempis (Crefeld, 1855). Compare Silbert, Gersen, Gerson und Kempis (Vienna, 1828), and Manou, Recherches sur le véritable auteur de l'Imitation (3d ed., Paris and Tournay, 1858). See also GERSON.

KEN, THOMAS, an English bishop, born in Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, in July, 1637, died in Longleat, Wiltshire, March 19, 1711. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford, took orders, visited Rome in 1674 in company with his nephew, Izaak Walton, jr., and after his return in 1679 was nominated chaplain to Mary, prin

cess of Orange, whom he attended to Holland. He was chaplain to Lord Dartmouth during the expedition against Tangier, and in 1684 became chaplain to Charles II., who subsequently raised him to the bishopric of Bath and Wells. Ken attended the king in his last illness. He administered the affairs of his diocese in peace, till he refused to read in his church the declaration of indulgence issued by the government of James II., when, together with the other 6 recusants, he was committed to the tower. When, however, after the revolution, Ken was required to swear allegiance to the new sovereign, rather than do so he suffered himself to be deprived of his bishopric, and retired into obscurity and comparative poverty for the remainder of his life. His latter days were passed at Longleat, and were chiefly devoted to study and composition. He was the author of many devotional writings, the most popular of which are his morning and evening hymns. A collective edition of his works, in 4 vols. 8vo., was published in London in 1721.-See "Life of Bishop Thomas Ken," by George L. Duyckinck (New York, 1859).

KENDAL, or KIRKBY-KENDAL, a market town and parliamentary borough of Westmoreland, England, 50 m. S. from Carlisle, situated in a pleasant valley on the E. bank of the Ken; pop. in 1851, 11,829. Queen Catharine Parr was born here. Kendal is an important manufacturing town, and one of the oldest in the kingdom, the woollen manufacture having been established there by Flemish weavers, on the invitation of Edward III., in the 14th century. Its green cloth seems to have been celebrated in the time of Shakespeare. On an eminence E. of the town is the ruined castle of the ancient barons of Kendal.

KENDALL, a N. E. co. of Ill., drained by Fox river and the sources of the Au Sable; area, 324 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 10,145. It has an undulating surface diversified by woodland and prairie. The soil is uniformly fertile. The productions in 1850 were 410,986 bushels of Indian corn, 213,660 of wheat, 139,098 of oats, 14,700 tons of hay, 180,270 lbs. of butter, and 15,738 lbs. of wool. There were 3 saw mills, 1 grist mill, 10 churches, and 3,556 pupils attending public schools. The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy railroad passes through the county. Capital, Oswego.

KENDALL, AMOs, an American lawyer and statesman, born in Dunstable, Mass., Aug. 16, 1789. Until the age of 16 he worked with his father, a farmer in moderate circumstances, and enjoyed few opportunities for instruction. In 1807, after a little more than a year's preparation, he entered Dartmouth college, where in 1811 he was graduated the first in his class, notwithstanding he had been obliged to absent himself from college a large portion of each term, in order to procure the means of support by teaching school. Having studied law with W. B. Richardson of Groton, Mass., subsequently chief justice of New Hampshire, he was admitted to the bar, and in the spring of 1814

emigrated to Lexington, Ky. Finding his professional labors not immediately remunerative, he again resorted to teaching, and for several months was a tutor in the family of Henry Clay. Subsequently he established himself in Georgetown, where he received an appointment as postmaster, and in the intervals of his practice edited a local newspaper. So well did he discharge the latter duty that in 1816 he was attached to the staff of the state journal at Frankfort, called the "Argus of Western America." In this responsible position he showed himself an able political writer, and in general advocated the leading measures of the democratic party. He was also one of the earliest friends of common schools in Kentucky, and succeeded in procuring the passing of an act to district the state, and to set apart one half the profits of the bank of the commonwealth to constitute a school fund. He was a firm supporter of the election of Gen. Jackson, who, after his accession to office in 1829, appointed him 4th auditor of the treasury department at Washington. In 1835 he was promoted to be postmastergeneral, and in one year succeeded in reorganizing the financial system of the department, and in freeing it from the debt with which it had been embarrassed. In 1836 he procured from congress a reorganization of the department on a plan suggested by himself, which has undergone no essential alteration since. He was retained in office by Mr. Van Buren, but retired from the cabinet in June, 1840, in order to further the interests of the democratic party in the presidential election of that year. He has never since entered public life, although a foreign mission was offered to him by President Polk, but has devoted himself chiefly to his profession. For many years he was embarrassed by a suit instituted against him by certain mail contractors, which was ultimately decided in his favor in the supreme court. Since 1845 he has assumed the entire management of Professor Morse's interest in the American electromagnetic telegraph. He is the author of "Life of Andrew Jackson, Private, Military, and Civil," begun in 1844, but not yet completed.

KENDALL, GEORGE WILKINS, an American journalist and author, born in Amherst, now Mt. Vernon, N. H., about 1810. Having devoted several years to the acquisition of the art of printing, he travelled extensively through the southern and western states, working at his trade as a journeyman. He also worked a year or two in New York, whence in 1835 he went to New Orleans. Not long afterward he established there, in partnership with Mr. F. A. Lumsden, the "Picayune," the first cheap daily newspaper issued in New Orleans, which under his direction became a leading southern journal. With a view of recruiting his health and of gratifying a spirit of adventure, he joined the Santa Fé expedition which in 1841 set out from Austin, Texas, and of which he published an account, embracing his own captivity and sufferings in Mexico, entitled "Narrative of the