English scholars and with notes, was published by Bohn (London, 1858). His Opera Poetica, consisting of elegies, odes, epigrams, and other poems, were published by his brothers, the poets Nicolaas Gaudius and Andreas Marius (Paris, 1541).

JOHANNISBERG, a small village of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, on the E. bank of the Rhine, 12 m. W. from Mentz; pop. 834. The vineyards in its vicinity are celebrated for producing the finest of the Rhenish wines, which derives its name from this hamlet. Near it is the chateau of Johannisberg, which in 1816 was given by the emperor of Austria to Prince Metternich. In 1848 it was declared national property, but afterward restored to the Metternich family, who, however, since 1851, have been bound to pay taxes to the duke of Nassau. The wine raised on the domain which belongs to the chateau is superior to that of the village of Johannisberg.

JOHANNOT, CHARLES HENRI ALFRED, a French artist, born in Offenbach, Hesse-Darmstadt, March 21, 1800, died in Paris, Dec. 7, 1837. He was taken to Paris when a child, and, having shown considerable talent as an engraver, in 1831 he attempted painting, and achieved a flattering success by his "Shipwreck of Don Juan" and "Cinq Mars." He attracted the notice of Louis Philippe, who gave him several commissions, and was rising into eminence as a painter of history when his death occurred. As a designer of vignettes he is well known by his illustrations for the French editions of Byron, Scott, and Cooper.-TONY, brother of the preceding, and an artist, born in Offenbach, Nov. 9, 1803, died in Paris, Aug. 4, 1852. He was a less successful painter than his brother, but in making designs for vignettes he displayed much facility and liveliness of invention. Among his most familiar illustrations are those for "Werther," Molière's works, "Gil Blas," the "Vicar of Wakefield," Sterne's "Sentimental Journey," ," "Jerome Paturot," and George Sand's romances.

JOHN, king of England, 3d sovereign of the house of Plantagenet, and 4th son of Henry II. and Eleanor of Aquitaine, born in Oxford, Dec. 24, 1166, died Oct. 19, 1216. The surname of Lackland (sans-terre), by which he is often mentioned, was popularly given him because of the small possessions that devolved upon him, while the elder sons were all liberally provided for; and it was "the usual appellation of younger sons, whose fathers died during their minority, and who could not possess estates until they were of age to do the feudal services required for them." When he was 7 years old his father bestowed property upon him in England and Normandy. A marriage between him and Alice, eldest daughter of the count of Savoy, was negotiated, but the lady's early death prevented its completion. Henry II. made John lord of Ireland by authority from Urban III., and he went with a large army to that country in March, 1185, accompanied

by his lord deputy, De Lacy, and Gerald Barry (Giraldus Cambrensis), the historian. His behavior was so imprudent, that he became the object of almost universal abhorrence, and his father was compelled to recall him to England at the close of the year. John was Henry's favorite son, but he joined in the repeated rebellions of his other sons; and Henry's death was occasioned by his becoming informed that John's name stood at the head of the list of those barons who had joined Philip Augustus of France against him, though at that very time he was exerting himself to benefit the fortunes of the rebellious prince. Richard I., successor of Henry, bestowed large possessions upon John, then known as earl of Mortrain, but that did not prevent him from behaving as unfraternally as he had behaved unfilially. Richard departed on his famous crusade, intending that, in case he should die childless, his successor should be Arthur, duke of Brittany, son of his brother Geoffrey, John's senior. When Richard on his return became a prisoner in Germany, John sought to render his imprisonment perpetual, and to seize the crown, raising forces, and doing homage to Philip Augustus for such portions of Normandy as he had not surrendered to him. He besieged places in England that were held by Richard's friends, asserted that his brother was dead, and demanded his own recognition as king. He did not succeed, and Richard returned to England in 1194, seized John's castle of Nottingham, and summoned him to take his trial for treason, he being then in France, whither Richard led an army. At the intercession of their mother, the king pardoned his brother, who remained faithful during the rest of Richard's life. Richard bequeathed to John all his dominions, and most of his treasure, and required that homage should be done him. John experienced little difficulty in obtaining possession of England and Normandy, and was crowned at Rouen, April 25, 1199, and at Westminster, May 27. His accession dates from April 6, but he was not regarded as king of England until he had been crowned. According to the rule of descent, the crown belonged to Arthur, duke of Brittany, and the mother of that prince, Constance, persuaded Philip Augustus to espouse his quarrel. Philip seized Anjou, Touraine, and Maine for Arthur, and he was advancing into Normandy, when John arrived there. After some negotiation, war was renewed; but the general of Arthur's forces, finding that the French king was acting for himself alone, effected a reconciliation between John and Arthur, which was of brief duration. The uncle sought to make away with his nephew, who fled back to Philip, accompanied by his mother. In 1200 a peace was made between John and Philip, the latter acknowledging John as Richard's heir, and forcing Arthur to do him homage for Brittany. John paid a large sum of money to Philip, the collection of which caused much trouble in England. The first demand for the privileges

of Magna Charta was made by the barons in May, 1201, and refused, whereupon they declined accompanying him to Paris, which he visited in order to be present at the marriage of his niece with the dauphin, and the king seized their castles. John, who had been compelled to put away his first wife, Avisa, because they were related within the forbidden degrees, married Isabella, daughter of the count of Angoulème, Aug. 24, 1200. This lady had been betrothed to Hugh de Lusignan, son of the count of La Marche, who challenged John to combat. John offered to fight by his champion, an offer which Lusignan treated with contempt, declaring that the king's champions were bravoes. Arthur's claims having been renewed, and insurrections in his favor occurring in Anjou and Maine, Lusignan espoused his cause, and civil war broke out in Poitou and Normandy. Arthur and Lusignan besieged Eleanor of Aquitaine in the castle of Mirebeau, in Poitou, and John hastened to his mother's assistance. On Aug. 1, 1202, he defeated the besiegers in a pitched battle, killing or capturing them all. Arthur, who was but 16 years old, was among the captives. He was imprisoned, and is supposed to have been put to death by his uncle, a belief quite in keeping with John's actions, and in accordance with the spirit of the age. John was accused of the inurder of Arthur by Philip Augustus, and was summoned to defend himself before the peers of France. Refusing to attend, the court pronounced judgment, that "whereas John, duke of Normandy, in violation of his oath to Philip his lord, had murdered the son of his elder brother, a homager of the crown of France, and had perpetrated the crime within the seignory of France, he was found guilty of felony and treason, and was therefore adjudged to forfeit all the lands which he held by homage." This decree of forfeiture was vigorously put in force by Philip, whose proceedings were aided by the discontent that prevailed in John's French possessions. In 1203 nearly all those possessions except Guienne were taken by Philip, and John fled to England. He had said, on hearing of Philip's captures of towns: "Let him take them, I will one day recover them; the English sterlings will restore all things." This would have been no idle boast had he been a popular monarch in England; but there he was even more detested than he was in France. The name of Lackland was now revived for him. He had received no aid from the English barons, whom he proceeded to fine frequently and heavily; and the archbishop of York cursed the collectors of the fines, and left England. Those quarrels now began which ended in the granting of the great charter. John became involved in a contest with the church concerning the election of Cardinal Langton to the see of Canterbury, and Pope Innocent III. laid England under an interdict. The king seized the possessions of the church, and banished those who had occupied them. A bull of excommunication was issued in 1209, and John

sought to prevent its promulgation in England, without which it could have no force. His fear was, that Philip of France would attempt the conquest of England, under papal authority, and he maintained relations with some of that prince's neighbors. According to Matthew Paris, he even sought an alliance with a Mohammedan ruler in Spain, who had been very successful in his wars with the Christians. John is reported to have offered the English crown to the Moor, and to turn Mussulman himself. Strange as this story may appear, it is by no means improbable. John was on his mother's side of a race which did not share in the common horror of Mohammedanism; and throughout his whole life his conduct was marked by actions so eccentric, that the plea of insanity has been put forward in his defence, as in the case of the Roman Cæsars. In the mean time, John compelled William, king of Scotland, to acknowledge his supremacy, and effected conquests in Wales, dictating terms of peace to Prince Llewellyn. He also led a great army to Ireland, where he curbed the Norman colonists, divided the English possessions into counties, and established there the laws of England. He was guilty of acts of cruelty that shocked the sentiment of even that ferocious age. Of the captives whom he took in 1202 most of the principal men were starved to death in prison. On an insurrection occurring in Wales, he caused 28 hostages, all young nobles, to be executed. The family of De Braiose having refused to obey some of those ordinances by which he sought to degrade the nobility, and the wife and mother having declared she would not surrender her children to a king who had murdered his own nephew, he caused the father and mother, and their 5 children, to be confined in a room in the old castle of Windsor, until they died of hunger. In 1213 the pope solemnly deposed John, and absolved his vassals from their allegiance. The French king prepared to enforce the sentence, and John assembled a numerous army to defend his kingdom; but as he could not rely upon its fidelity, he listened to the arguments of the nuncio, Pandulph, and resigned his kingdom to the pope, whose vassal he became. This act, so degrading to modern ideas, was not viewed so harshly then, and had many precedents; and the barons themselves acknowledged its validity. Pandulph proceeded to France, where he commanded Philip to put an end to his project of invasion, as England had become the patrimony of St. Peter. That monarch endeavored to turn his preparations to account by planning the conquest of Flanders, but he had ultimately to fight for his own dominions at Bovines. John invaded France, but accomplished nothing, though his fleet had previously defeated that of Philip. Continuing his course of misgovernment, a confederacy was formed against him by the nobility, at the head of which stood Archbishop Langton and the earl of Pembroke, and Robert Fitz-Walter commanded their forces. The king

was compelled to submit to the barons, who forced him to make the grant known as Magna Charta (see MAGNA CHARTA), June 15, 1215. His submission was but momentary; as soon as he could raise a foreign force, and aided by the pope, who regarded the barons as rebels against himself, he resumed the war with success. The barons applied to France for aid, offering to make the dauphin Louis king of England. Louis entered England at the head of an army. John was about to fight a battle for his crown, when he lost his baggage, treasure, &c., in "the Wash." This affected his mind, and as he was ill at the time of the loss, his sickness so increased that he soon after died. His death was attributed to poison, and also to dysentery, brought on by partaking freely of peaches and new cider. Modern England dates from the reign of John, whose cowardice and imbecility led to the loss of the greater part of the French possessions of his family, and so caused the Norman portion of the inhabitants of the island to regard the English as their countrymen. From the conquest to the beginning of the 13th century England had been ruled by French monarchs, men eminent in council and in the field, but the full success of whose plans would have reduced her to the condition of a province. From the moment she "fell under the dominion of a trifler and a coward," as Macaulay remarks, "her prospects brightened. John was driven from Normandy. The Norman nobles were compelled to make their election between the island and the continent. Shut up by the sea with the people whom they had hitherto oppressed and despised, they gradually came to regard England as their country, and the English as their countrymen. The two races, so long hostile, soon found that they had common interests and common enemies. Both were alike aggrieved by the tyranny of a bad king. Both were alike indignant at the favor shown by the court to the natives of Poitou and Aquitaine. The great-grandsons of those who had fought under William and the great-grandsons of those who had fought under Harold began to draw near to each other in friendship; and the first pledge of their reconciliation was the great charter, won by their united exertions, and framed for their common benefit."

JOHN II., surnamed LE BON (the Good, or rather the Gallant), king of France, the 2d of the Valois family, born about 1319, died in London in 1364. Succeeding his father Philip VI. in 1350, he indulged in such extravagant expenditures to celebrate his accession to the throne that he soon found the royal treasury exhausted, and had to summon the states-general for a grant of money. His first measures were marked by despotism and cruelty. By his orders, the great constable Raoul, count of Eu and Guines, whom he suspected of treacherous dealings with the English, was arrested and beheaded without any form of trial, while his office and property were given to Charles of Lacerda, a Spanish prince. The latter having been mur

dered at Laigle, Normandy, by Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, a friend of Raoul, King John came unexpectedly to Rouen, where Charles was entertained by the dauphin, made him a prisoner with his own hand, and caused 4 of his followers to be decapitated on the spot. Philip, brother of Charles of Navarre, and the count of Harcourt, uncle of one of the victims, appealed to Edward III. of England for vengeance. The English invaded France at once. King John met one of their armies, under the Black Prince, at Maupertuis, near Poitiers, and, elated by his superiority in numbers, attacked him imprudently, was defeated, Sept. 19, 1356, and carried prisoner first to Bordeaux, and then to London. During his captivity, violent dissensions broke out in France, and the dauphin, who had assumed the regency, was for a while unable to contend against the rising power of the third estate. At the end of 3 years, John tried to regain his freedom by a humiliating treaty with Edward III., which was rejected by the states-general of France. The disas trous peace of Bretigny (1360), however, provided for the liberation of the French king by the sacrifice to the English of some of the best French provinces and the payment of a ransom of 3,000,000 crowns. On his return home, John, coming by inheritance into possession of the duchy of Burgundy, bestowed it on his 4th son, Philip the Bold, as a reward for his gallantry at the battle of Poitiers. Another son, the duke of Anjou, whom he had given as a hostage for the fulfilment of the treaty of Bretigny, having forfeited his word by running away from England, John thought himself in honor bound to return to captivity, saying: "If good faith were banished from earth, it ought to be still found in the hearts of kings." He consequently returned to London, and there died.

JOHN II. CASIMIR, king of Poland, born March 21, 1609, died in Nevers, France, Dec. 16, 1672. He was a younger son of Sigismund III., of the honse of Vasa, by an Austrian princess, who was baffled in her schemes to procure him the throne by his loyal adherence to his elder half brother Ladislas, who after the death of Sigismund was elected king (1632). John Casimir travelled through various countries of western Europe, entered the order of Jesuits in Rome, was made cardinal by Innocent X., but after his return to Poland again became a layman, and, having succeeded his brother in 1648, married his widow Maria Luisa Gonzaga. His reign commenced amid the confusion and disasters caused by the great revolt of the Cossacks under Chmielnicki, who had advanced into the very heart of Poland. The power of the king had been stripped of almost all its prerogatives by the growing influence of the nobles. Russia and Sweden, which had long been active enemies of Poland, availed themselves of its distracted condition, and renewed their attacks. George Rákóczy of Transylvania, too, invaded the Polish territory, while diet after diet was dissolved by abuses of the liberum veto. Charles

Gastarns of Sweden triumphantly marched through the country, and occupied Cracow, John Casimir having fled to Silesia. Before Czestochowa, however, the Swedes met with an expected check, and a confederation of the nobles against all enemies of the country having been formed, Czarniecki won a series of victories over the Swedes, Transylvanians, Cossacks, and Russians. The wars with the Swedes and Russians were terminated by treaties involving considerable cessions of provinces on the Baltic and the Dnieper on the part of Poland, which also lost its sway over the Cossacks, who put themselves under the protection of the czar. During these long disturbances John Casimir, though feeble and of a peaceful disposition, frequently proved his patriotism and bravery. The intrigues of his wife in favor of the prince of Condé as successor to the throne having brought about a rebellion under George Lubomirski and a bloody though short civil war, the king finally resolved upon abdication, and resigned his crown at the diet of Warsaw, Sept. 16, 1668. In the following year he retired to France, where he was hospitably treated by Louis XIV. His wife had died without issue before his abdication. His body was removed to the cathedral of Cracow in 1676, his heart only being interred in St. Germain des Prés, of which Louis XIV. had made him abbot. John Casimir's reign was one of the most disastrous in the history of Poland, whose dismemberment by the houses of Moscow, Brandenburg, and Hapsburg, which was executed 100 years after his death, be predicted in a memorable speech to the diet of 1661.

JOHN III. SOBIESKI, king of Poland, born in the circle of Zloczow, then belonging to the palatinate of Belz, in 1629, or according to some in 1624, died June 17, 1696. His father, Jacob Sobieski, castellan of Cracow, who had fought with distinction under Zolkiewski and Chodkiewicz in the “war of Chocim," on which he wrote a commentary in Latin, carefully attended to the education of his two sons, of whom Marcus was the elder, and to complete it sent them to Paris. Here John entered the ranks of the musketeers of the young Louis XIV. under Condé, but on receiving the news of the death of King Ladislas IV. and the disasters caused by the bloody rising of the Cossacks (1648), both brothers hastened to their country and offered their services to the brother and successor of Ladislas, John Casimir. Both fought bravely, John especially distinguishing himself in the battle of Beresteczko (1651), but Marcus fell soon after. The invasion of Charles Gustavus of Sweden and the simultaneous dangers which threatened Poland from every quarter gave Sobieski ample opportunity to display his heroic valor, and next to Czarniecki he was foremost in saving the country from ruin. His services were well rewarded, and shortly before the abdication of John Casimir he received the chief command of the army. The new king, Michael Korybut, having concluded an ignomin

ious treaty with the sultan, Sobieski caused its rejection by the senate, hastened to Podolia, and routed the Turks at Chocim (1673). The news of the king's death arrived a few days later, and the commander and his followers hastened to Warsaw to attend to the election of a successor. This resulted, after stormy debates, in the choice of Sobieski, who immediately resumed the war, and rescued the fortress of Trembowla, which had been saved by the heroism of the wife of the commander. Another campaign was terminated less successfully by a treaty with the Turks at Zurawno, where Sobieski was nearly compelled to surrender with his comparatively small army. The rising of the Hungarians under Tököli, and the invasion of the Mussulmans under the grand vizier Kara Mustapha, having brought Austria to the brink of ruin, Sobieski was persuaded by his wife and the ambassadors of the emperor and pope to hasten to the rescue of Vienna, which was besieged by an army of 300,000 men (1683). The Poles, numbering about one tenth as many, were joined by a somewhat larger body of German troops. Scarcely had they arrived before Vienna when Sobieski gave the signal for attack. The Turks were driven within their intrenchments, and attacked there on the next day. The charge was terrible, and after a short struggle the Turks were completely routed. Sobieski made a triumphal entry into Vienna, and was hailed by all Europe as the saviour of Christendom. The emperor Leopold alone, who had fled from his capital, was too proud to receive cordially the hero who was 66 only an elected monarch." Sobieski pursued his success, following the enemy into Hungary, which was soon restored to the emperor. Returning to Poland, where the intrigues of his wife had created for him a large number of enemies, he made a disadvantageous peace with the czar, in order to be able to turn all his forces against the Turks. The conquest of Wallachia was the aim of this undertaking, in which he failed after various attempts. The last years of his life were embittered by civil as well as domestic troubles. Admired as a warrior and a man of rare accomplishments, he was little esteemed by the Polish nation as a monarch, and after his death his 3 sons, Jacob, Constantine, and Alexander, were passed over at the election, which gave the crown of Poland to Augustus of Saxony. The Lettres du roi de Pologne, Jean Sobieski, à la reine Marie Casimire, pendant la campagne de Vienne, were published in Paris in 1826.

JOHN (JOHANN NEPOMUCK MARIA JOSEPH), king of Saxony, son of the duke Maximilian and the princess of Parma, born Dec. 12, 1801. He distinguished himself at an early age by his knowledge of Italian literature, and prepared a metrical translation of the first 10 cantos of Dante's Inferno. Subsequently he published a version of the whole Divina Commedia, with critical and historical annotations (3 vols., Leipsic, 1839-'49). He presided for many years

over the financial affairs of Saxony, and took an active part in the preparation of the constitution of 1831. In the upper chamber, where as a prince of the blood royal he occupied the first place, he evinced much ability. He is particularly conspicuous for his devotion to the interests of the church of Rome. He succeeded his brother Frederic Augustus on the throne of Saxony, Aug. 9, 1854. His wife is a daughter of the late Maximilian of Bavaria. His eldest daughter was married to the duke of Genoa, a brother of the king of Sardinia, who died in 1855. His eldest son, Frederic Augustus Albert (born 1828), married in 1853 a daughter of Prince Gustavus Vasa.

JOHN, archduke of Austria and vicar of Germany, born in Florence, Jan. 20, 1782, died in Gratz, May 10, 1859. His father, Leopold II., grand duke of Tuscany, succeeded in 1790 his brother Joseph II. as emperor of Austria. His mother, a virtuous, pious princess, was a daughter of Charles III. of Spain; and his elder brother was Francis I., emperor of Austria. Without having had any opportunity of acquiring practical military knowledge, he was appointed in 1800 to take the command in chief of the Austrian army, and was defeated by the French under Moreau at Hohenlinden and near Saltzburg. After the peace of Luneville (Feb. 9, 1801) he became director-in-chief of the department of fortification and engineering, and of the chief military academies of the empire. He frequently visited the Tyrol, where he became very popular. He took the place of his brother, the archduke Charles, as president of the council of war and as minister of war, from 1803 to Sept. 1805, when he was invested with the command of the army in the Tyrol, but was not able to preserve that country for Austria. In 1809 he planned through Hormayr the rising of the Tyrolese, and commanded the army which was to operate in the Tyrol and Italy. While Chasteler, acting under his orders, succeeded in conquering the former country, the archduke achieved several victories in Italy, especially on April 16, near Sacile, over the viceroy Eugene. On hearing of the critical condition of Vienna, he effected his retreat; but while on his way to rescue the capital he was defeated on the Piave (May 8), and, having retreated as far as Hungary, met with a still more disastrous defeat at Raab (June 14, 1809). On July 5 he was summoned to the assistance of the archduke Charles at Wagram, but was not able to effect a junction with his army. He relinquished his command after the peace of Vienna, Oct. 14, 1809, and with the exception of the siege of Hüningen took no part in the campaigns of 1813-'15. He was not permitted to go to the Tyrol, his popularity there rendering him an object of suspicion to the court. He resided many years chiefly in Gratz, which city he had already benefited in 1811 by the foundation of the Johanneum gymnasium, and which is indebted to him for many other public institutions. In 1827, while travelling in Styria, he became acquainted with

Anna Plochel, whose father was postmaster at Aussee. He contracted a morganatic marriage with her, after which she was raised to the rank of baroness of Brandhof and countess of Meran. He lived for many years in retirement, devoted to scientific and industrial pursuits, but his popular personal qualities created for him a reputation beyond the mountains of the Tyrol and Styria; and in 1848, on the adoption of a provisional government by the Frankfort parliament, he was chosen vicar of the empire (Reichsverweser). Shortly before, after the downfall of Metternich and the subsequent flight of his nephew, the emperor Ferdinand, to Innspruck, he had been appointed by the latter to take the reins of government at Vienna. The archduke preferred, however, to devote himself to the managemeut of affairs at Frankfort, but although showing much disposition to accept the responsibilities of a constitutional ruler, he was chiefly engaged in preventing a preponderance of Prussia at the expense of Austria. After the adoption of the resolution of March 28, 1849, which nominated the king of Prussia emperor of Germany, he was with difficulty prevented from abdicating; after the withdrawal of the Gagern administration (May 10, 1849), he appointed Grävell, Jochmus, Detmold, and Merck as his ministers, who were all, with the exception of Grävell, who soon retired, Austrian partisans, while the archduke himself virtually ceased to occupy any other position but that of a guardian of the interests of the Austrian dynasty. His term of office expired Dec. 20, 1849, after which he returned to Styria, leaving the reputation of a prince whose attachment to the house of Hapsburg was stronger than his sympathies with the welfare of the German people. Ile had one son, Francis, count of Meran.

JOHN, KNIGHTS OF SAINT. See SAINT JOHN, KNIGHTS OF.

JOHN OF GAUNT (or GHENT), duke of Lancaster, 4th son of Edward III., born in Ghent in 1340, died in 1399. He married Constance, one of the daughters of Pedro the Cruel of Castile, and immediately assumed the arms and title of king of Castile. He distinguished himself for valor in the wars of the Black Prince in France, and succeeded to the management of his affairs. In England he defended Wycliffe, and was often suspected of aiming at the crown. He resigned his pretensions to the throne of Castile, when in 1386 his daughter Catharine married the heir apparent of that kingdom. His eldest son in 1399 became the first English king of the house of Lancaster, as Henry IV. John of Gaunt's third wife was Catharine Swynford, governess of his children, by whom he had 3 sons and one daughter before their marriage. These were legitimated, and one of them, John de Beaufort, earl of Somerset, was an ancestor of the Tudors. JOHN OF LEYDEN. See ANABAPTIST. JOHN OF SALISBURY, called also JOHANNES PARVUS (John the Little), an English scholastic philosopher, born in the old town of Salisbury (Old Sarum) about 1120, died in Chartres,