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the 12th letter of the Phoenician en tothed Semitic graphic systems, named lamed (mal mad, ox goad), is also the 12th (Maußda) of the ancient Greek (now the 11th, the digamma being dropped), Cufic, Armenian, Georgian, Russian (liudi; but the 15th Cyrillic and 14th Glagolitic), and most modern European systems; the 14th Rune, the 2d in the Ethiopian and Amharic syllabary, and in the Irish Bobeloth; the 23d in Arabic, 27th in Persian and Turkish; the 11th in Latin. It is one of the 4 liquids of grammarians (1, m, n, r), and of the 4 akshara yavarga (ya, ra, la, va) or semi-vowels in the Devanagari. Its hieroglyph was laboi, lioness. The sound is produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper incisor teeth, while the breath issues at its sides and the larynx vibrates; and it is hence called a linguidental. As a liquid sound it is the symbol of flowing, soft, mild things (liquor, lenis, mollis, lae, &c.); as a semi-vowel it is producible and the symbol of linear objects (longus, linea, linum, ligare, latus, lentus, &c.), also akin to vowels; by its genesis it is kindred with d, t, 8 (lingua, ancient Latin dingua, whence tongue, German Zunge; λeyw, loquor, dico, signum, sic, doceo, Eng. token, &c.). Priscian attributes to the Latin L 3 sounds, one full, one middle, and one slender. There are, indeed, 4 sounds in the European languages alone, viz.: a, the plain sound, as in let; b, the French mouillé, which is variously written, as in French ail, œil, fille, grenouille, Milhau, gentilhomme, &c.; Spanish llamar (Lat. clamare), lleno (plenus), &c.; Portuguese lhano (planus), mulher (mulier), &c.; Magyar hely, place, folyó, river, &c.; Italian meglio, &c.; c, the Polish, Ruthenic, and Lusato-Vendic barred & pronounced by pushing and swelling the tongue to the palate, as in Pol. ptosa, Ruth. petechaty, Gr. medλos, black-gray; d, the Welsh, pronounced with a hissing, as in lan or thân, temple, Lloyd, &c., almost as if written fl, as in flannel (Lat. lana, wool).— Some nations and persons cannot pronounce, as for instance the Japanese, who user in its stead, as in Sagarien for Saghalien or Amoor. The Chinese, on the contrary, unable to utter r, always substitute 1, as in Kilisit for Christ. There was no L in Zend. It is often mute in English before consonants, as in could, calm, half, psalm, &c., and when final in some French words, as in baril, outil, sourcil, in fils, &c. In Latin it was anciently not doubled, as in macelum, polucere; it is often introduced into Latin words for the sake of assimilation, as in alligare, pellucere, intelligere (from ad, per, inter), &c.; it frequently indicates diminution, as in libellus, agellus, paullum (from liber, ager, parum), &c., and distinguishes many words of

L

from of common things which in aris, from those of common things which end in aris, arius; thus: auguralis, regalis, ritualis, &c.; but militaris, culinaris, aquarius, vestiarium, &c.-The letters with which it interchanges are r, n, m, d, i, u. Examples: sol, Eng. sun, summer, Lat. ser-enus; Portug. nobre, prazer, igreja, &c., for noble, placer, ecclesia; Span. engrudo (gluten), &c.; Fr. apôtre, épître, orme, from apostolus, epistola, ulmus, &c.; frapper, to flap; Eng. pilgrim, from peregrinus; Span. peligro, from periculum; Eng. colonel, pronounced kurnel; Hebrew sharsh'rah, Arab. silsil, chain, &c.; Gr. λeipiov, Lat. lilium, Nvμφη, lympha, βεντιςτοs and βελτιστος; Lat. lutra, Span. nutria, otter; Provençal, namela, Lat. lamella; Fr. niveau, Lat. libella; Wallach. funingine, Lat. fuligine; Heb. natan, Syr. natal, to give; Heb. tzelem, Arab. sanam, image, &c.; Heb. gulgolet, Arab. djumdjumat, skull, &c.; Gr. Odvoσeus, Ulysses; Lat. olere and odor; Fr., Span., &c., amidon, from apvλov; Chald. ezal and ezad, to go away, &c.; Ital. fiore, chiamare, bianco, &c., for flore, clamare, blanco; Gr. adxos, puλdov, Lat. alius, folium, &c.; Fr. cou, mou, coucher, beau, chaux, il raut, il faudra, chevaux, &c., for col, mol, colchier (collocare), bel, calx, valet, falloir, cheval; Dutch, oud, goud, &c., Eng. old, gold; Eng. stout, Germ. stolz.-L is sometimes dropped, as in Ital. arbinto for laberinto, usignolo for lusignuolo and rossignuolo, Span. ruiseñor (Lat. lusciniola); Portug. o, a, article, for lo, la; candéa, cor, saude, taes, voar, &c., for candela, color, salute, tales, volere; azuro, Span. azul, from Persian lazur, blue, &c. It is sometimes also transposed: Span. prestalde, ornaldos, espalda, &c., for prestadle, ornadlos, spatula; and milagro, palabra, Portug. pulvigo, esmola, &c., from miraculum, parabola, publico, eleemosyna; Ital. padule, Wallach. plumene, &c., for palude, pulmone. As a numeral sign, L denotes 30 in the Semitic (except Ethiopian, where it marks 2), Greek, Russian, Armenian, Cyrillic, and Georgian; 50 in Latin and Glagolitic (in the former as being a half of the ancient Dor C, centum). A dash above it raises these values to as many thousands. In rubrication it marks 11. In abbreviations it stands for Lucius, Lælius, Lares, libens, libertus, locus, latus, &c. LLS. stands for sestertium numus. On French coins it stands for Bayonne.

LAALAND, an island in the Baltic belonging to Denmark, lying between lat. 54° 39′ and 54° 57′ N., and long. 10° 56' and 11° 50′ E.; greatest length 60 m., breadth 20 m. The district of Laaland comprises the island of that name, Falster, and several small islands; area, 647 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 84,096. The surface

is low, level, and mostly marshy. The water is bad, and the climate unhealthy, but the soil is fertile. There is a lake called Mariaboe near the centre of the island, which is almost 5 m. in length. Capital, Mariaboe.

LABADIE, JEAN DE, a French mystic, born in Bourg-en-Guienne, Feb. 13, 1610, died in Altona, Holstein, Feb. 13, 1674. He was educated at the Jesuits' college of Bordeaux, and was for some time a member of that society; but in 1650 he became a Protestant, settled at Montauban, was elected pastor of the church, and remained there 8 years, during which he founded a mystical sect, resembling the quietists of his old communion, and called after himself Labadists. Having been at length banished from Montauban for sedition, he retired first to Orange, and subsequently to Geneva, whence in 1666 he was invited to Middleburg, Holland. Here his followers increased in number, and included many persons of rank and education, among whom were Anna Maria von Schurmann and the princess palatine Elizabeth. The heterodoxy and contumacy of Labadie, however, led to his deposition by the synod of Naarden, and to his banishment from the province. With drawing to a small village near Amsterdam, he formed a church there, and established a press for the publication of his theological and controversial works, whence he was ultimately compelled to remove to Altona. The sect of which he was the founder does not now exist.

LABARRE, CHEVALIER DE.. See BARRE. LABARUM, the military ensign of the Roman emperors in the later times. It consisted of a long pike, traversed by a staff, which gave it the form of a cross, from which hung a bandrol of purple, adorned with gold and precious stones, and bearing on its summit a crown emblazoned with the monogram of Christ, which was added by Constantine. The labarum, called by Eusebius the saving standard of the empire, was intrusted to a chosen guard of 50 soldiers, who were believed to be invincible while engaged in the execution of their office. On the medals of Constantine and other Christian emperors it is represented as borne by Victory. LABAT, JEAN BAPTISTE, a French missionary and historian, born in Paris in 1663, died there, Jan. 6, 1738. He entered the order of the Dominicans in 1685, taught philosophy at Nancy, afterward devoted himself to preaching, and in 1693 solicited an appointment as missionary to the Antilles. After remaining two years at Martinique, he passed in 1696 to Guadeloupe, where he established a station of his order, and also distinguished himself as an engineer and agriculturist. On his return to Martinique he was appointed procureur général of the mission, and for his diplomatic and scientific services was held in great esteem by successive governors. He explored the archipelago of the Antilles, founded in 1703 the city of Basse-Terre, and in that year took an active part in the defence of the island against the English. He organized a company of 60 negroes, who, as he said, destroy

ed more of the enemy than all the French troops. By the decease of his associates, he gradually united in his own person nearly all the higher offices of his order in the Antilles, and in 1705 returned to Europe to obtain recruits. He was detained by his superiors at Rome till 1709, and at Civita Vecchia till 1716, after which he went to Paris, where he remained till his death. His principal works are Nouveau voyage aux iles de l'Amérique (6 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1722), Nouvelle relation de l'Afrique occidentale (5 vols., 1728), and Voyage en Espagne et en Italie (8 vols., 1730).

LABDANUM. See LADANUM.

LA BILLARDIERE, JACQUES JULIEN HOUTON DE, a French traveller and naturalist, born in Alençon, Oct. 23, 1755, died in Paris, Jan. 8, 1834. After studying botany at Montpellier, he was graduated M.D. in Paris in 1780. Six years later he was sent on a scientific mission to Syria and Palestine, made a thorough exploration of the mountains of Lebanon, and brought back a valuable collection of plants. The results of his journey were published in his Icones Plantarum Syria Rariorum Descriptionibus et Observationibus Illustrate (4to., Paris, 17911812), with elegant drawings by Redouté. When the expedition under Entrecasteaux was sent in search of La Pérouse in 1791, La Billardière sailed on board the Recherche, spent a few months at the Cape, where he collected a number of plants, visited many of the large islands and archipelagos in the Pacific ocean, barely escaped shipwreck on the coast of Australia, and was finally taken prisoner at Java by the Dutch in Oct. 1793. His botanical collections, consisting of no fewer than 4,000 plants, three fourths of which were of species previously unknown, were carried to England; but when, after a captivity of nearly two years, he returned to his native country, they were courteously returned to him through the intervention of Sir Joseph Banks. In 1800 he was elected a member of the academy of sciences, and thenceforth devoted his whole time to arranging his botanical treasures and to publishing the results of his observations.

LABLACHE, LUIGI, an Italian singer, born in Naples, Dec. 6, 1794, died there, Jan. 23, 1858. His father, a French merchant from Marseilles, dying in 1799, young Lablache was, at the recommendation of Joseph Bonaparte, placed in one of the conservatories of Naples, where he studied vocal and instrumental music. He was of an idle and unruly disposition during his first connection with this institution, and attempted no fewer than 5 times to make his escape, in order to procure an engagement in some theatre. Having been compelled by the interference of the police to finish his studies, he made his début in 1812 at the little theatre of San Carlino as a buffo singer. Within a few months he was married to the daughter of the actor Pinotti; and after fulfilling engagements as basso and buffo at minor theatres in Naples, Messina, and Palermo, he appeared in 1817 at

the Scala theatre in Milan in Rossini's Cenerentola, with such success that Mercadante wrote for him the opera of Elisa e Claudio, and for several seasons he filled the leading basso parts in that city. In 1824 he sang for the first time before the Viennese, who in their enthusiasm caused a medal to be struck in his honor, and thenceforth held him in equal estimation with their favorites, Madame Fodor and Rubini. After an absence of 12 years Lablache returned to Naples to assume the duties of royal chapelmaster and fill an engagement at the San Carlo theatre, and appeared in the works of Rossini and Bellini with great reputation. In 1830 he went to Paris and London, where, in the maturity of his powers, he made his début at the Italian opera in the character of Geronimo in Il matrimonio segreto. Thenceforth until within a short time of his death, with the exception of the year 1833, when he returned to Naples to sing in the Elisir d'amore, he appeared chiefly in Paris and London, devoting the winter to the former place and the spring to the latter. During the last 25 years of his life he held the position of the leading basso of his own and perhaps of any other time. His voice, a base of the purest quality, unsurpassed in resonance, in flexibility and compass, was not less remarkable than his artistic skill in the management of it, and his dramatic versatility. His range included every variety of dramatic music, from lofty declamation to the broadest buffo, in all of which he attained a high degree of excellence. Originally of an imposing and graceful presence, he became exceedingly corpulent in middle life, although this circumstance never detracted from the impressiveness of his performance in serious parts; and his name will be not less closely associated with the operas of Norma, Anna Bolena, Semiramide, or I Puritani, than with the comic extravagances of Leporello, Dr. Bartolo, Dr. Dulcamara, or Don Pasquale. In private life he was distinguished by social accomplishments and virtues, and enjoyed the esteem of many outside of his profession. He was at one time employed as singing master of the queen of England, of whom he was a special favorite. -His only daughter is the wife of Thalberg the pianist.

LABOR, in physiology. See BIRTII. LABORATORY, a place for chemical operations, either designed for manufacturing purposes, or for experimental research. In the latter case it should properly comprise several rooms, one or more devoted to furnace operations and furnished with the requisite apparatus for these, as also with various tools adapted for small work in metals. Another room should be appropriated to the more delicate chemical operations, and all should be well ventilated by flues constructed expressly for carrying off noxious vapors. An apartment especially protected from these should be devoted to the balance and other delicate instruments that are liable to injury. Water as pure as possible should be supplied in unlimited quantity; and illuminatVOL. X.-15

ing gas, for use by the various methods now conveniently employed as fuel for heating crucibles and other vessels, has become almost an essential element in modern laboratories. For details of the fitting up and furnishing of laboratories with apparatus and the use of the same, Faraday's "Chemical Manipulation" may be advantageously consulted; and no laboratory would be complete without this work always at hand for reference. See also "Chemical and Pharmaceutical Manipulations," by Campbell Morfit (Philadelphia, 1857).

LABORDE, JEAN BENJAMIN DE, a French author and composer, born in Paris, Sept 5, 1734, guillotined July 22, 1794. He belonged to a wealthy family, and was thoroughly instructed in all the accomplishments of the age, including music, for which he showed a great fondness. Introduced at court while a young man, he became a confidant and favorite of Louis XV., and dissipated in costly pleasures nearly the whole of his fortune. He did not neglect however to cultivate his taste for music, and during the life of his patron produced several successful operas. Upon the death of Louis, having been appointed one of the farmers-general of the kingdom, he married and led a more regular life, repairing by the profits of his office the losses incurred by his youthful follies. He also gave himself seriously to his musical studies, and in 1780 published his Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne in 4 vols., an unequal. work, but one containing speculations and information which are still regarded as of great value. He published also several other works on history, chronology, and geography. At the breaking out of the revolution he became obnoxious in consequence of the office he held, and retired to Rouen; but being discovered, he was arrested, brought back to Paris, tried, condemned, and executed.

LABORDE, JEAN JOSEPH, marquis de, a French financier, born in Jacca, Aragon, in 1724, guillotined in Paris, April 18, 1794. He amassed a large fortune in mercantile operations, and under the Choiseul ministry rendered important financial assistance to the French government, for which he was rewarded by the appointment of court banker and the title of marquis. When the French took part in the American war, he furnished the king with the money necessary for despatching the troops. He was a friend of Voltaire, whose affairs he managed gratuitously. Toward the end of 1793 he was arrested, and, after a few months' imprisonment, sentenced to death by the revolutionary tribunal, as having participated in the royalist plots which aimed at the subversion of the republic.-ALEXANDRE LOUIS JOSEPH, comte de, son of the preceding, a French writer, archæologist, and politician, born in Paris, Sept. 15, 1774, died in 1842. He was sent to Vienna at the beginning of the French revolution, entered the Austrian army, reached the rank of major, and returned to his native country after the treaty of Campo Formio, 1797. He then de

voted himself to travels and artistic pursuits. In 1800 he accompanied Lucien Bonaparte, ambassador to Spain, in the capacity of attaché, and during nearly two years explored the various provinces of the peninsula, in company with a number of artists, whose expenses he paid from his own purse. On his return to France, he undertook the publication of his great work, Voyage pittoresque et historique de 'Espagne (4 vols. large fol., 1807-'18), which cost him the best part of his fortune. In 1809 he was appointed master of requests in the council of state, and in 1814, as adjutant-major of the national guard, took part in the capitulation of Paris, and received honorary distinctions at the hands of Louis XVIII. In 1822 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, and kept his seat almost without interruption until 1840. He took an active part in the revolution of 1830, held for a while the office of prefect of the Seine, and left it to become aide-de-camp to Louis Philippe, with the rank of brigadier-general in the national guard. He was a member of the academy of inscriptions, and of the academy of moral and political sciences. Beside the Voyage de l'Espagne, he published: Itinéraire descriptif de l'Espagne (5 vols. 8vo., with an atlas, 1809); Les monuments de la France, classés chronologiquement, &c. (fol., 1816-26); Voyage pittoresque en Autriche, avec un précis de la guerre entre la France et l'Autriche, 1809 (3 vols. fol., 1821-3), &c.—LÉON EMMANUEL SIMON JOSEPH, comte de, son of the preceding, a French writer and archæologist, born in Paris, June 13, 1807. After completing his classical studies at the university of Göttingen, he travelled in the East, and on his return published, in conjunction with M. Linant, his Voyage de l'Arabie Pétrée (Paris, 1830-33), and Flore de l'Arabie Pétrée (4to., 1833). He meanwhile filled several diplomatic offices, but gave them up in 1836 to devote himself entirely to his literary and artistic pursuits. He undertook at once a large and splendid publication, Voyage en Orient, 36 parts of which, consisting of travels in Asia Minor and Syria, have appeared. At the same time he turned his attention to historical researches on printing and engraving, and published several works on this interesting subject. In 1842 his Commentaire géographique sur l'Exode et les Nombres secured his election to the academy of inscriptions. On his father's retirement from political life, he entered the chamber of deputies, where he showed little interest in political questions. In 1845-7 he published a series of letters on public libraries, the 4th of which, on the Mazarin palace, is full of historical interest. This led him to a larger illustrated publication, Les monuments de Paris, the first part of which was published in 4to. in 1846. Ile is also the author of the following unfinished works: Les ducs de Bourgogne, études sur les lettres, les arts et l'industrie durant le 15° siècle (3 vols. 8vo., 1849-'51); La renaissance des arts à la cour de France, études sur le 163 siècle (8vo., 1851-'5); and De l'union

des arts et de l'industrie (2 vols. 8vo., 1856). After being for several years keeper of one of the departments at the Louvre, he was appointed in 1857 director of the archives of the empire. LA BORDE, MAXIMILIAN, an American physician and scholar, born in Edgefield, S. C., in 1804. His father was a Frenchman from Bordeaux, and he himself is the sole survivor of the family. He entered the junior class of the South Carolina college, was graduated at the age of 16, studied law under George McDuffie, afterward abandoned the legal for the medical profession, and was graduated (1826) in the first class of the medical college of South Carolina, then recently established at Charleston. He practised his profession 13 years, during which period he sometimes represented the people of Edgefield district in the lower house of the state legislature, and edited the "Edgefield. Advertiser" newspaper in 1836. In 1838 he was elected secretary of the state. He was then made one of the board of trustees of the South Carolina college, and in 1842 accepted the chair of logic and belles-lettres in that institution. In 1845 he was transferred to the chair of metaphysics, and at his suggestion physiology was made a part of the college curriculum. He taught chiefly by lecture till 1855, when he prepared and published a text book on physiology, which is highly esteemed. He has been a frequent contributor to the "Southern Quarterly Review" on a variety of abstruse and important subjects; and has contributed also to Russell's and other southern magazines. In Aug. 1859, he published an elaborate "History of the South Carolina College, with Sketches of its Presidents and Professors," embodying a large mass of interesting biographical matter.

LABOUCHERE, HENRY, Baron Taunton, an English statesman, born in London, Aug. 15, 1798.

His father, Peter Cæsar Labouchere, whose ancestors left France at the period of the revocation of the edict of Nantes and became established in Holland, was a partner of the banking house of Hope and co. of Amsterdam, and settled in England, where he married a daughter of Sir Francis Baring. The son was graduated at Oxford, and in 1826 entered parliament as member for the borough of St. Michael's. About the same time, in company with Mr. Stanley, now earl of Derby, and Mr. Denison, now speaker of the house of commons, he visited America, in order to study the operation of republican institutions. The result was to confirm him in his liberal opinions, and he has long been recognized as one of the most prominent leaders of the British liberal party. He continued to sit for St. Michael's until 1830, when he was returned for Taunton, retaining this position by successive reelections until 1859, when he was raised to the peerage. In 1882 he was made one of the lords of the admiralty. He resigned in 1834, and in April, 1835, was appointed vice-president of the board of trade, master of the mint, and privy councillor. In March, 1839, he became under secre

tary for the colonies, and a few months later president of the board of trade, retaining office until the whig party went out of power in 1841. On the change of ministry in 1846 he was made chief secretary for Ireland. From 1847 until the dissolution of the cabinet in 1852 he was again president of the board of trade, and from 1855 to 1858 secretary of state for the colonies. Mr. Labouchere has been twice married: on April 10, 1840, to his cousin, a daughter of Sir Thomas Baring, who died in 1850; and on July 13, 1852, to Lady Mary Matilda Georgiana Howard, a daughter of the 6th earl of Carlisle.

LABOULAYE, ÉDOUARD RENÉ Lefébure, a French author, born in Paris, Jan. 18, 1811. He studied law, and published in 1839 a Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Europe depuis Constantin jusqu'à nos jours. He has also written on the political and civil condition of women from the time of the Romans to the present day, and on various kindred subjects. He is engaged upon a "History of the United States," of which the 1st volume appeared in 1855. He has translated the works of Dr. Channing into French, and has written an elaborate essay on slavery in the United States. Among his more recent works, are Souvenirs d'un voyageur (1857), and Études sur la propriété littéraire en France et en Angleterre (1858). He has been since 1849 professor of comparative legislation at the Collège de France.

LABOURDONNAIE, BERTRAND FRANÇOIS MAHÉ DE, a French naval officer, born in St. Malo, Feb. 11, 1699, died Sept. 9, 1753. He was governor of the isles of France and Bourbon, and conquered Madras, but was afterward detained for 3 years at the Bastile for having relinquished its possession to the English in consideration of 9,000,000 crowns. His life was written by his grandson, Bertrand François Mahé, a famous actor, who was born in 1795, and died in London in Feb. 1840.

LABRADOR, an extensive peninsula of British North America, on the Atlantic coast, comprising in its fullest sense all that territory which is bounded N. by Hudson's strait, E. by the Atlantic, S. E. by the strait of Belle Isle, separating it from Newfoundland, S. by the gulf of St. Lawrence and Canada, and W. by James's bay and Hudson's bay; being comprised between lat. 50° and 63° N., and long. 56° and 79° W.; area, 420,000 sq. m. The W. part of this territory belongs to the Hudson's bay company; the E., with an area of 170,000 sq. m., and a population of 5,000, is Labrador proper, under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland. The coasts are extremely rugged and forbidding. No considerable rivers empty off the Atlantic coast, but the North West or Meschickemau river flows S. E. into the strait of Belle Isle; the East Main or Stude, and Great and Little Whale rivers, run W. to Hudson's bay; and the Keenoganissee and Koksoak, after a N. and N. W. course, discharge into Hudson's strait. There are many lakes, formed chiefly by expansions of the rivers. The most important is Clear

Water lake, whose overflow is carried by a stream of the same name to Hudson's bay. The interior of the country is imperfectly known. Its general aspect is bleak and desolate. The highest mountains extend along the E. coast from lat. 54° to 59° N., their elevation nowhere exceeding 3,000 feet. Mount Thoresby near the coast is 2,730 feet high. The prevailing geological formation on the seaboard is granite, gneiss, or mica slate, above which in some places are beds of old red sandstone about 200 feet thick, and a stratum of secondary limestone. Toward the interior the secondary rocks disappear. Very little is known of the mineral resources of the country, but iron ore, limestone, granite, hornblende, lapis-ollaris, hematite, and the beautiful shining spar called Labradorite are found, the last being collected by the Esquimaux on the sea coast and the shores of the lakes. In the southern portion of the country a stunted growth of poplars, pines, birch, and willow is found, and grass clothes the valleys for a few weeks in summer. Little vegetation exists in the north excepting mosses and lichens. In some few favored spots the aspect is better. In lat. 58° 57' N., along the course and mouth of the river Kangerluksoak, the banks are well wooded, and various European plants flourish. In lat. 59° N., around Nullatarlok bay, the mountains are covered with timber. At L'Anse à Loup the soil is more suitable than elsewhere for cultivation. No description of grain will ripen, but potatoes, Dutch turnips, cabbages, and other hardy vegetables come to perfection. Much rain falls in summer near the sea. Sometimes on the coast the thermometer in July indicates 86°, but a short distance inland it is at all times more temperate. The winters are extremely cold, the temperature often falling 30° below the freezing point. From December to June the sea is frozen, while on land travelling becomes almost impossible. The mean temperature of the respective months at the missionary stations of Okkak (lat. 57° 30′) and Nain (lat. 56° 30') is in January 1.55°, February 2.73°, March 7.88°, April 29.48°, May 27.24°, June 42.59°, July 50.91°, August 51.99°, September 44.71°, October 32.56°, November 24.45°, December 27.84°. The prevailing winds on the E. coast vary between W. S. W. and N. W. There is less fog than on the island of Newfoundland, and the strait of Belle Isle is never frozen. The aurora borealis is frequent and of extreme brilliancy. The rivers abound with salmon, and the lakes with pike, barbel, eels, trout, &c.; the wilds with reindeer, black and white bears, wolves, foxes, hares, mountain cats, martens, and otters, with a few ermines, porcupines, and beaver; the birds are white grouse, ptarmigan, spruce game, gray plover, a great variety of water fowl, the white-tailed eagle, and several varieties of hawks. Mosquitoes are as abundant as in more southern climates. Dogs and reindeer are the only domesticated animals, both being made use of as beasts of draught.-The natives of Labrador, consisting chiefly of Esquimaux,

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