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given to our generation to found any thing." Though he acted with no political party, his eloquence, if not his statesmanship, gave him distinction, and many who doubted the aptitude of the poet for material questions admired in his discourses the language of poetry applied to affairs, and his imposing treatment of the most positive interests of government from the point of view of the noblest sentiments. But from his political isolation, he occupied the public for several years less as a deputy than by his new writings. In 1836 appeared Jocelyn, a poem of love and duty, announced as a journal found in a village curacy, and as an episode or fragment of a vast poem of humanity which was to embrace all ages of nature and forms of civilization. It is one of his finest productions, combining dramatic movement with lyric fervor, and pictures of the conflicts of society, the storms of passion, the temp tations and catastrophes of life, with glances at the eternal problems of philosophy. A great silence," says Jules Janin, "was made around that book." It was only after a little hesitation that the most cultivated readers and critics received it as a model of the only epopee possible to our time. Two years later followed La chute d'un ange, a poem of the antediluvian era, in which the author revels in the mysteries of primitive humanity and in the strangest fancies of the Orient. Its negligences and extravagances justified the coldness with which it was received. Similar defects appeared in his Recueillements poétiques (1839). Having formed the habit of improvising all his verses, their beauties were only occasional and hardly more than happy accidents. In the preface to this . collection he declared it to be his duty and purpose from that time to make poetry the vassal of politics in his career. As an orator he made remarkable progress in the chamber. His speeches on the eastern question, on the abolition of the death penalty, on the protection of literary property, and on various projects of social improvement, delighted the deputies without_commanding their votes, and were eagerly read through the country. At once conservative and progressive, he stood between the ministry and the opposition, assailing the inflexibility of the one and the violence of the other. He defended the administration of Molé (1837-'9) against the powerful coalition of Thiers, Berryer, Guizot, and Garnier-Pagès, and was at the same time the head of what was called the "social party." This small but subsequently powerful clique, avoiding purely political questions, and mingling St. Simonian with evangelical ideas, sought the universal progress of the nation by "legislating Christianity." After the formation of a new ministry (May 12, 1839), he opposed Villemain, Thiers, and Guizot in the important discussion on the eastern question, his intimate acquaintance with the subject and his pictorial delineations of its romantic aspects giving additional force to his arguments. Regarding the fall of the Ottoman empire as imminent, he

proposed a vast European colonization of Asia, an organization of the Orient into provinces under the protection of the great powers of Europe, and recommended a congress of these powers to settle the conditions in advance. He separated again from the cabinet, and foreshadowed his ultimate adherence to the liberal side, by contending in 1842 that the regency should be conferred on the duchess of Orleans by a vote of the chamber, thus asserting the principle of the national sovereignty. Declaring that the July monarchy had no great and directing idea, he soon broke definitively with what he termed the "party of limitations," and opposed the ministry of Guizot not only in the chamber, but finally also by addresses at the reform banquets. He already anticipated the subversion of the throne, to which he powerfully contributed by his Histoire des Girondins (8 vols., Paris, 1847), a magnificent historical picture gallery, in which the heroes of the first revolution appear in the most attractive colors. After the abdication of the king and the escape of the royal family, in the last assembly of the chamber (Feb. 24, 1848), where the duchess of Orleans appeared with her eldest son, the count of Paris, whom it was attempted to declare king by acclamation, and where an armed and tumultuous crowd overlooked the proceedings, the eloquence of Lamartine decided the establishment of a provisional government, which he was among the first to propose. The irruption of new bands of insurgents increased the confusion, amid which he vainly attempted to read the list of names for the government which he had chosen from the various parties. The list was completed at the Hôtel de Ville, whither he had repaired followed by an immense throng, and was announced by him to the populace. On the following morning (Feb. 25) the insurgent and famishing crowds, which had just sacked the Tuileries, appeared before the Hôtel de Ville, threatening destruction if they were not immediately supplied with bread and work. Cries of Le drapeau rouge (the red flag), the symbol of terror, were already heard, when Lamartine advanced alone into the midst of the infuriated mob, and gained his greatest triumph of eloquence. To his intrepid stand on this occasion, while the most violent of those about him were trying to level their muskets at him, it is mainly to be attributed that the republic did not pass immediately into a new reign of terror. He took the department of foreign affairs in the government, and one of his first acts was to address a pacific circular to the ministers of foreign states, in which the design of forcible revolutionary propagandism was disavowed. His unrivalled fame and eloquence and his rare courage gave him also a predominance in the general direction of affairs. He opposed the radicalism of his colleague LedruRollin, and his popularity was proved by his election to the national assembly (April 23) from 11 departments, without having expressed a wish to be a candidate. He was received with

acclamations in the street, the audience rose to greet him at the opera, and constant applause interrupted him when he made his report to the assembly of his administration. The first place in the executive commission, which was to succeed the provisional government till the formation and acceptance of a constitution, seemed destined for him, when he fatally compromised his popularity by a coalition with Ledru-Rollin, urging even that the latter should be appointed on the committee, since he deemed him less formidable in the government than in opposition. The result was, that instead of being the first he was the fourth on the list. His voice failed of its accustomed effect when he was sent for to address the insurgents of May 15. After striving to prevent the insurrection of June, and after fighting in person against the insurgents, he perceived that the time demanded not reason but the sword, favored the dictatorship of Gen. Cavaignac, and resigned his own executive of fice. In the debate on the constitution he supported the plan which was adopted of vesting the power of legislation in one chamber, the president of which should be the chief magistrate of the republic. Though ably supported for the presidency by Pelletan and La Guéronnière in the Pays newspaper, he received but 19,900 votes, and he was returned to the assembly in 1849 only by one obscure department. He did not recover his leading position in that body, and he retired from public life after the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851. For several years his private affairs had demanded much of his attention. From the time of his oriental tour, the income of his writings and diminished fortune, and the illusive wealth of large territorial grants by the sultan, had been unequal to the expenditures incident to his elegant mode of life. He condemned himself therefore to indefatigable literary labors in the production of numerous works, often of ephemeral importance. His principal later publications are: Trois mois au pouvoir (1848); Histoire de la révolution de 1848 (2 vols., 1849); Confidences and Raphael (1849), memoirs of his youth; Toussaint L'Ouverture (1850), a drama; Geneviève (1851); Le tailleur de pierre de Saint Point (1851); Histoire de la restauration (6 vols., 1851-3); Visions (1852), a poetic fragment; Nouveau voyage en Orient (1853); Histoire des constituants (4 vols., 1854); Histoire de la Turquie (6 vols., 1854); Histoire de la Russie (2 vols., 1855); and the periodicals Le conseiller du peuple (184952), Le civilisateur (1852-'6), and the Cours familier de littérature (1856 et seq.). His friends opened a subscription in 1858 in his favor, but with unsatisfactory results. The municipality of Paris presented him in 1860 with a country seat near the Bois de Boulogne. Among the best editions of his collected works are the Œuvres choisies et épurées (14 vols., 1849–50).

LAMB, CHARLES, one of the most peculiar and delightful of English authors, born in London, Feb. 10, 1775, died in Edmonton, Dec. 27, 1834. His father, originally from Lincolnshire,

was servant and friend to one of the benchers of the Inner Temple. While performing his humble duties with assiduity, he was not without literary ambition, and published a volume of occasional verses which evince his humor and taste. His character is happily drawn under the name of Lovel in the essay of Elia on "The Old Benchers of the Inner Temple":"He was a man of an incorrigible and losing honesty; had a face as gay as Garrick's, whom he was said greatly to resemble; moulded heads in clay or plaster of Paris to admiration, by the dint of natural genius merely; had the merriest quips and conceits; was altogether as brimful of rogueries and inventions as you could desire; and just such a free, hearty, honest companion as Mr. Izaak Walton would have chosen to go a fishing with." In the Inner Temple Charles passed the first 7 years of his life, and was then sent to the school of Christ's hospital, where he remained till his 15th year. Of delicate frame, and constitutionally timid, though his sweetness of disposition made him a favorite, he was wont to steal along among his boisterous companions "with all the self-concentration of a young monk." Samuel Taylor Coleridge was his schoolfellow, and one of his earliest and most esteemed friends. But for a slight impediment in his speech, causing a hesitancy which became one of the charms of his conversation, and which unfitted him for the clerical profession, he might have passed from school to the university; and the reluctance with which he accepted a different fortune appears from the fondness with which in after life he regarded the two ancient seats of learning in England, and the delight with which he often passed his vacations in their neighborhood. He was employed in the South sea house from 1789 to 1792, when he obtained an appointment in the accountant's office of the East India company, which he held with a gradually increasing salary until his retirement with a pension in 1825. To meetings with Coleridge on his visits to London from Cambridge, when they used to sup together at an inn, and sit in conversation nearly through the night, he attributed the first quickening of his intellect to literary activity, saying in a letter to him: "You first kindled in me, if not the power, yet the love of poetry, and beauty, and kindliness." A calamity which gave an impress to his life occurred in the latter part of 1796. There was a tendency to insanity in his family. He himself at the age of 20 was confined 6 weeks in a madhouse. "Many a vagary," he says, "my imagination played with me, enough to make a volume, if all were told." He was not again affected, but the tendency was more strongly marked in his sister Mary. On Sept. 22 she killed her mother in a paroxysm of madness, and Charles was at hand only in time to snatch the knife from her grasp. From this time her life was an intermittent insanity. She always had premonition of the recurrence of her disorder, and would herself indicate the moment when her brother should take her to the asy

lum, where she would remain until her restoration. He devoted himself only to her, and admitted no connection which could interfere with his single care to sustain and comfort her. His first compositions were in verse, written slowly and at long intervals. His earliest printed poems are contained in a volume published conjointly with Coleridge and Charles Lloyd in 1797, and republished only in conjunction with Lloyd in 1798. In that year he produced also his prose tale of "Rosamund Gray;" was associated with Coleridge and Southey in preparing a volume of fugitive poetry under the title of the "Annual Anthology," which was ridiculed by Canning in the "Anti-Jacobin;" and was engaged in writing the tragedy of "John Woodvil," which was rejected by the managers, and soon after its publication in 1801 received a bantering notice from the "Edinburgh Review" as a specimen of the rudest condition of the drama, the work of " a man of the age of Thespis." He made one other dramatic attempt, "Mr. H.," a pleasant farce, which, although unfitted by its trivial plot for the stage, was produced at Drury Lane theatre in 1806 with Mr. Elliston in the principal character. It was damned on the first night, and Lamb, who sat with his sister in the front of the pit, gave way to the common feeling, hissed and hooted as loudly as any one, and henceforth made a jest of the wreck of his dramatic hopes. He had already begun his studies of the old English authors, whom he always preferred to later writers with one or two exceptions, and published in 1808 his "Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who lived about the Time of Shakespeare," with appreciative and suggestive notes, which was more favorably received than his preceding works. To the "Reflector," a quarterly magazine established by Leigh Hunt in 1810, he contributed some of his finest pieces, as the essay "On Garrick and Acting," which contains his character of Lear, the "Essays on Hogarth," and the "Farewell to Tobacco." His celebrity as an author and the circle of his literary friends had greatly increased when the establishment of the "London Magazine" in 1820 occasioned the compositions by which he acquired his most brilliant reputation, the "Essays of Elia," first collected in 1823, to which the "Last Essays of Elia" were added in 1833. In 1825 occurred one of the principal events of his uneventful life, his retirement from his clerkship. His salary had then become £700 per year, and he was allowed a life annuity of £450. Great consideration had uniformly been shown him by his superiors. So highly did he value the independence thus obtained by drudgery, that he advised one of his friends rather to seek five consolatory minutes between the desk and the bed, or even to throw himself "from the steep Tarpeian rock, slapdash, headlong upon iron spikes," than to rely solely upon literary labor for support. His exultation on his release appears in his letters: "I came home forever on Tuesday in last week.

The incomprehensibleness of my condition over whelmed me. It was like passing from life into eternity." The interesting circle of friends of which he formed the centre, and his social qualities, are quite as important in his biography as his writings. Coleridge, Lloyd, Southey, Godwin, Manning, Wordsworth, George Dyer, Hazlitt, Talfourd, Bernard Barton, Leigh Hunt, Cary, Procter, De Quincey, and Hood were among those who shared his intimacy. Many of these were wont to meet at the Wednesday evening parties of Charles and Mary Lamb in his chambers in Inner Temple lane, which would occupy a large space in a literary history of his epoch, and which his biographer elaborately compares with the evenings of Holland house. Lamb presided over the motley group, stammering out puns, witticisms, and fine remarks, while his countenance is described as presenting a sort of quivering sweetness, "deep thought striving with humor, the lines of suffering wreathed into cordial mirth;" and his whole appearance resembled his own characterization of another person, "a compound of the Jew, the gentleman, and the angel." Though many of his curious sayings have been recorded, it is affirmed that they give no idea of the singular traits, the verbal felicities, and happy thoughts of his conversation. His single frailty was the eagerness with which from an early period of life he would quaff exciting liquors, snatching a fearful pleasure "between the acts of his distressful drama." He made a final abandonment of tobacco, though he had learned to smoke the strongest preparations of the weed, affirming to Dr. Parr that he had toiled after this power as some men toil after virtue. His large intellectual tolerance, cherishing among his intimate associates men of every variety of philosophical, religious, and political opinions, has rarely been equalled. He delighted especially in individual peculiarities and oddities, and in all striking displays of human nature. During the last 6 years of his life he resided with his sister successively at Islington, Enfield, and Edmonton, often visiting his old associates in London, heavily afflicted by the deaths of Coleridge and Hazlitt, and with little disposition to write any thing but verses and essays that were given to his friends. While taking his daily morning walk he accidentally fell, slightly wounding his face, and erysipelas ensued, which terminated fatally. In his last moments, when nearly insensible to things around him, his mind seemed intent on hospitable purposes, and he proposed in broken sentences some meeting of his friends. Beneath all his inconsistencies, his fantastic ideas, subtle perceptions, absurd fancies, and mingling of jest with seriousness, the most constant and prominent feature of his character was amiability. With a giant sorrow ever impending over him, he seems to have been at every moment genial, loving, appreciative, whimsical, thoughtful, and sad. The "Essays of Elia," his best literary bequest, hold a peculiar place in English literature, which contains few things so exquisite.

The style is a model of quaint and graceful elaboration, showing both his original genius and his familiarity with the fine sayings of the Elizabethan age; and they abound as well in profound thoughts as the rarest fancies and felicities of expression. His works were edited, with a biography consisting largely of his letters, which are among the most delightful in the language, by Thomas Noon Talfourd (1 vol. 8vo., London, 1840; 4 vols., 1850; with addition of the "Final Memorials," 1 vol., 1852; 4 vols., 1855). The "Specimens of English Dramatic Poets," and other writings of his, are not included. The "Essays of Elia" have been published separately (Boston, 1860).-Mary Anne, sister of the preceding, an English authoress, born in London in 1765, died in St. John's Wood, May, 20, 1847. She resided constantly with her brother until his death, except when the occasionally recurring fits of her insanity obliged her removal to the asylum until she recovered. She wrote a few slight poems, and in conjunction with him the "Tales from Shakespeare" (1807), and a collection of tales entitled "Mrs. Leicester's School" (1808). The stories by her are, as Charles delighted to insist, the best of the collection. When well, she was remarkable for the sweetness and placidity of her disposition, and was said by Hazlitt to be the only thoroughly reasonable woman he had ever met. On Charles Lamb's death the East India company granted to her the pension to which a widow was entitled, and her brother had beside made her comfort secure by his own savings.

LAMBALLE, MARIE THÉRÈSE LOUISE DE SAVOIE-CARIGNAN, princess of, born in Turin, Sept. 8, 1748, murdered at the prison of La Force in Paris, Sept. 8, 1792. She was early remarked for her intelligence, sweetness of temper, and personal beauty. In 1767 she was married to the prince of Lamballe, son of the duke of Bourbon-Penthièvre. This union was not happy, and the princess was about to seek a separation when her husband died, May 7, 1768. On the death of Marie Leszczynska and Mme. de Pompadour, a marriage was proposed between her and Louis XV.; but the project was defeated by Choiseul and his adherents. When Marie Antoinette came to France, she conceived a strong attachment for the princess, and on her accession to the throne appointed her superintendent of the royal household. The princess in return proved a devoted friend. She saw without jealousy the growing favor of the duchess of Polignac, and silently kept aloof; but when the latter, on the breaking out of the revolution, deserted her mistress, she returned to her post. She was at the queen's side on the dreadful days of June 20 and Aug. 10, 1792, and accompanied her to the legislative assembly and afterward to the Temple. On Aug. 19 she was separated from her mistress and confined in the prison of La Force, where, despite the most energetic measures to save her, she fell a victim to the September massacre. When she appeared before the tribunal which passed sentence upon

the prisoners, she answered with firmness and dignity. She refused to take the oath against the king, the queen, and monarchy; and scarcely had the verdict, "Out with her," been uttered, when she was struck down with a billet by a drummer boy and despatched with the sword. A butcher boy cut off her head; her body was stripped naked and exposed to the crowd; her heart was torn out and placed with her head on a pike, and these bloody trophies were carried first to the Palais Royal, where the duke of Orleans, her brother-in-law, was forced to salute them, and then to the Temple, where they were paraded under the windows of the queen. The Mémoires relatifs à la famille royale de France (2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1826), gathered from her conversations and memoranda, were published by Mrs. C. Hyde, the marchioness Solari; but their authenticity has been questioned.

LAMBERT, DANIEL, an English giant, born in Leicester, March 13, 1770, died in Stamford, June 21, 1809. Neither his parents, brother, nor sisters were of unusual size, but an uncle and an aunt were remarkable for corpulency. In his youth he excelled in strength, was fond of field sports and other athletic exercises, but gave no indications that he should attain excessive bulk till his 19th year. He soon after succeeded his father as keeper of the prison in Leicester, and his rapid increase in size from that time he attributed to his confinement and sedentary life. In 1793, when he weighed 448 lbs., he walked from Woolwich to London with less fatigue than several other men in his party. He was noted as a swimmer, and could float with two men of ordinary size on his back. When his office was abolished in 1805, an annuity of £50 was settled on him in acknowledgment of the universal satisfaction he had given. Being incommoded by the curiosity of numerous visitors from the adjacent country, he decided in 1806 to exhibit himself in London. His apartments in Piccadilly became almost a place of fashionable resort, and his visitors were received with politeness, and treated him in the most respectful manner. Among the foreigners who went to witness the spectacle was the Polish dwarf Count Borowlaski. He remained 5 months in the metropolis, and afterward exhibited himself in the principal towns of England. He was 5 feet 11 inches in height, and at his death he weighed 739 lbs. He measured 9 feet 4 inches round the body, and 3 feet 1 inch round the leg. He never drank any beverage but water, slept regularly less than 8 hours per day, was healthy, active, and vivacious through life, and took part in all the sports of the field till within a few years of his death.

LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH, a German philosopher and mathematician, born in Mülhausen, Aug. 29, 1728, died in Berlin, Sept. 25, 1777. He belonged to a poor Huguenot family driven from France by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and was chiefly self-educated. His first occupation was that of a copying clerk. At the age of 17 he became secretary to the

editor of a newspaper at Basel, and while acting in this capacity had an opportunity of making himself acquainted with the works of Wolf, Locke, and Malebranche. In 1748 he removed to Coire, in Switzerland, and became private tutor in the family of Count Peter de Salis, then president of the confederation. In 1756-'8 he visited Holland, France, and Italy with his pupils. While in Holland he published his first book, Sur les propriétés remarquables de la route de la lumière, &c., which at once gave him a high rank as a mathematician. In 1759 he resigned his tutorship, and removed to Augsburg, but, having been appointed to determine the boundaries between the country of the Grisons and the Milanese, he returned to Coire in 1761, and sojourned there till 1763. In 1764 he went to Berlin, and was made a member of the royal academy of sciences; in 1770 he was appointed superior councillor of the board of works; and in 1774 was intrusted with the superintendence of the "Astronomical Almanac." He was regarded as the most analytical writer on scientific subjects of his day. Among his most important works are: Insigniores Orbita Cometarum Proprietates; Novum Organum, a metaphysical treatise in the Aristotelian style; and Beiträge zum Gebrauche der Mathematik und deren Anwendung, a series of mathematical essays.

LAMBERT, JOHN, an English parliamentary general, born in Kirkby-Malhamdale, in the west riding of Yorkshire, Sept. 7, 1619, died in the island of Guernsey in 1692. He was educated for the bar, but at the outbreak of the civil war entered the parliamentary army as a captain under Fairfax, and participated in the principal engagements in England and Scotland until the final overthrow of the royalists at the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651, at which time he held the rank of major-general. He was instrumental in procuring the recognition of Cromwell as protector, and took his seat in the first parliament called by him. But upon the assumption by Cromwell in 1657 of sovereign power, and his inauguration with the solemnities applicable to monarchs, he refused to take the required oath of allegiance and retired in displeasure from public life. After the death of Cromwell he associated himself with the general council of officers of the army, and aided in deposing Richard Cromwell, even venturing, on the credit of his military reputation, to aspire to the position of protector. As a leader of the fifth monarchy men and extreme republicans, he was prominent in procuring the return in May, 1659, of the remnant of the long parliament called the "rump ;" and upon the rising of the royalists in Chester in August of the same year he promptly marched thither and defeated them. This success however excited the jealousy of parliament, and on a flimsy pretext Lambert with other officers was cashiered; whereupon the former with a body of soldiers dispersed the members, Oct. 13, and a committee of safety appointed by the army, of which Lambert was the controlling spirit, began to exercise the functions

of government. His position at this time was of so much importance that it was considered not unlikely, in the event of his own schemes of sovereignty proving impracticable, he might make terms with Charles II.; and some of the adherents of the latter went so far as to recommend him to secure the services of Lambert by marrying his daughter. Meanwhile Monk commenced his march from Scotland for the purpose of restoring parliament. Lambert at the head of 7,000 men started to oppose him; but his troops deserted in great numbers, and in Jan. 1660, he was seized by order of parliament, which had reassembled during his absence, and committed to the tower. Monk's design to restore the monarchy being now manifest, the hopes of the republicans began again to centre in Lambert, who, escaping from the tower in April, put himself at the head of a body of troops in Warwickshire. His men again deserted him, and he was recaptured by Col. Ingoldsby and conveyed to the tower. Having been excepted from the bill of indemnity after the restoration, he was tried in 1662 in the court of king's bench with Sir Harry Vane, and convicted. Unlike Vane, he was reprieved at the bar and banished to Guernsey, where he devoted the rest of his life to botany and flower painting. He is said to have died a Roman Catholic.

LAMBESSA, or LAMBÈSE, a French penal colony in the Algerine province of Constantine, founded in 1848. The number of criminal prisoners amounted in 1856 to nearly 300. Of political offenders there were about 300 who had taken part in the insurrection of June, 1848, and almost 2,000 were transported in 1852. A French commander resides in the place, and is supported by a body of officers and soldiers. Lambessa contains a church, a hospital, a post office, and various other public buildings, the principal of which is the prison, built at a cost of $350,000. The prisoners are permitted to work at their former trades; half of the proceeds of their labor is given to them at once, and the remainder when they are set free. The neighboring country is well adapted for agriculture and fruit growing, but is not yet much cultivated.-Lambessa occupies the site of the ancient Lambese or Lambasa, which was one of the most important cities in the interior of Numidia, belonging to the Massylii. Under the Romans an entire legion was stationed here, and among its interesting ruins are the remains of an amphitheatre, a temple of Esculapius, a triumphal arch, and other buildings, enclosed by a wall, in which 40 gates have been traced, 15 of them still in a good state of preservation. The population could not have been much less than 50,000. A synod was held there in A. D. 240, attended by 100 prelates. The site of this ancient city was discovered in 1844 by the French commandant Delamarre.

LAMBETH, a parish and suburb of London, 14 m. S. W. from St. Paul's cathedral, on the S. side of the Thames, here crossed by the Waterloo, Westminster, and Vauxhall bridges; pop.