continued to explore, as more than any other calculated to conduct him to eloquence. This was his earliest ideal. And these studies led him to the modern languages, the French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German, Dutch, and even the Romaic and Provençal; all of which he acquired, more or less thoroughly, in the course of a few years. Nor in these studies did he neglect the classics. Greek and Latin, indeed, were arbitrarily enforced in his severe self-discipline, as paramount objects; and the modern languages, however diligently urged, were kept, as it were, tributary to the superior claims of the former. His studies in the classics, however, were pursued with reference to their literature, rather than in the desire to master mere philological niceties. His acquaintance with Greek literature, in which he exercised himself daily, was scarcely equalled in this country. He was very familiar with the Latin, but did not regard its literature with any peculiar admiration, except the orators. He spoke and wrote in French as freely as in English. From the writings of Dante down to the period of Alfieri he was familiar with Italian letters, and could appreciate the music and the arts of Italy as an exponent of its genius, equally rich and pure with its tongue. Roman jurisprudence was also a favorite study. In English literature, he read particularly the old masters; Milton's prose and verse were his especial favorites. Of German he afterward acquired a thorough knowledge. The physical obstacles to his becoming an orator were far from inconsiderable. He practised gesticulation, in correspondence with voice, in order to overcome whatever embarrassments of action and manner might arise from his imperfections of person, and with the further view to grace, propriety, and impressiveness. His habit was to declaim in solitude by the sea shore, in the forest, in hollow vaults, and great halls, in various attitudes, climbing hills while he spoke, and sometimes prostrate upon the earth. He acquired, through this training, the happiest mastery over his voice; it became true and flexible, and, under his perfect command, was capable of the most delicate variations. He was graduated at the South Carolina college in Dec. 1814, with its highest honors, and returned to Charleston. The law had been already decided upon as his profession, and for 3 years he devoted himself to a course of legal study. In 1818 he embarked from Charleston for France. Thence he proceeded to Edinburgh, and entered the classes of civil law, natural philosophy, mathematics, and chemistry, over which presided Irving, Playfair, Leslie, and Dr. Murray. But his chief study here was the civil law, giving 3 hours a day to the lectures and 8 or 10 to Heineccius, Cujas, and Terrasson. Finishing his winter course in Edinburgh, he proceeded to London, where he passed a portion of the summer; returned again to France, and occupied the autumn in seeing that country, Belgium, Holland, the Rhine, and the Alps. Disturbances in Germany, with probably some diminution of his

resources, defeated his plan of going to Göttingen, or seeing any part of Germany at this period. He returned to Charleston after an absence of two years. At home, a large portion of his time was now devoted to retrieving the plantation affairs of his widowed mother, which needed active and vigilant supervision. He thus became for two years a cotton planter on John's island, but not to the neglect of his legal studies. Meanwhile, he was elected to the lower house of the general assembly of South Carolina for its biennial term from 1820 to 1822. Here he proved equally his working talent and his eloquence. In 1822 he removed to Charleston, and engaged for the first time in the active duties of his profession. But the very reputation which he had already won as a man of letters was a barrier to his success as a practitioner. He got little practice, except that which was thrown into his hands by such men as Petigru, Mitchell, King, and others, the leaders of the Charleston bar, and he had the mortification of feeling that he made no progress in the one profession to which, over all, he had dedicated his life. In 1824 he was chosen from the city a representative in the legislature of the state, and thus continued until 1830, when he was elected the attorney-general. Here began a perilous period in the domestic history of the state, and one which threatened the confederacy. It was the opening of the great question of nullification. Mr. Legaré resisted the doctrine, and, though from his habits not prepared to lead, was yet an active, eloquent, and ready speaker on the side of the union party. Pending this conflict, and at a period when no one anticipated its result, the "Southern Review," a quarterly magazine, was established, ostensibly under the supervision of Stephen Elliott. Legaré was his coadjutor, and the writer upon whom he mostly relied. He wrote the initial article of the first number, on "Classical Literature," and continued to write in each successive number one, two, three, and sometimes more articles, on some of his favorite subjects. On certain occasions, when the usual contributors failed, he has been known to furnish one half of the contents of the "Review." It was suspended after the 8th volume, Legaré having been the editor after the death of Elliott. Meanwhile, Legaré maintained his position as attorney-general, with a degree of successful ability that somewhat surprised those who had thought lightly of his legal endowments and attainments. A case which carried him before the supreme court at Washington enabled him to exhibit some portion of his vast resources, and his argument was considered an extraordinary success. Mr. Livingston, secretary of state, and at that time one of the greatest of our civilians, bestowed upon him the most flattering compliments and attentions, and in 1832 tendered him the office of chargé d'affaires at Brussels. This appointment was accepted; and now, with every facility for acquisition, Legaré devoted himself to letters once more, perfecting his knowledge of German, Low

Dutch, Romaic, &c., and dedicating himself anew to ancient jurisprudence, the Roman and civil and international law. Nor was he neglectful of statesmanship. His correspondence and public despatches are sufficient proof not only of his perfect adequacy to his situation and his vigilance, but of his deeper insight into the principles which govern or should govern states and communities, than is commonly the case even with the diplomatic veteran. He was invited home by friends, who desired the reestablishment of the "Southern Review," and wished him to take charge of it; but he declined the invitation. The state of South Carolina would have placed him at the head of her college; so, too, would the state of Kentucky. He declined all such overtures. In the autumn of 1836 he made a tour among the seats of learning in northern Germany, and then returned home. In his published remains, the "Diary of Brussels," &c., will afford some idea equally of his travels, studies, and experiences. Almost immediately after his arrival at Charleston, he was elected to the lower house in congress, taking his seat in the extra session of 1836, called to deliberate on the financial embarrassments of the country. In the debates which followed he greatly increased his reputation by his brilliancy, his wide grasp of the subject, and the logical fitness and force of his arguments. But his course in relation to the sub-treasury project did not please his constituency, and he was thrown out at the next election. This defeat forced him back upon his profession, to which he now addressed himself with more determined purpose than ever. He was soon employed in some cases of singular magnitude, then pending in the courts of South Carolina. In the case of" Pell and Wife vs. the Executors of Ball," he achieved a great triumph, at once of argument and eloquence, which was everywhere acknowledged. The reputation of a great lawyer, however slowly acquired, in his native city, could no longer be denied him. In the presidential canvass of 1840 he again took part in politics in favor of Gen. Harrison. About this time, also, he began a series of brilliant papers in the "New York Review" on "Demosthenes,""The Athenian Democracy," "The Origin, History, and Influence of the Roman Law," &c. While thus engaged, he was appointed by President Tyler attorney-general of the United States. Mr. W. C. Preston, his eulogist, speaking of him during his term of office, remarks: "His practice as attorney-general was attended with the most conspicuous success. Many of the judges expressed their great admiration of his efforts during the first term, and the whole bench awarded to him the palm of exalted merit. His official opinions, delivered on questions arising in the administration of government, were formed with laborious deliberation, clearly and ably argued, and have been sustained without exception. On the very important question whether, upon the expiration of the compromise act, there was any law for the fur

ther collection of revenue, he differed from a great majority of the bar, and from most of the leading politicians in congress, of both partiesit is supposed, too, from a majority of the cabinet; but his opinion has been ascertained to be correct." His office gave him ample employment, and sufficiently tasked his vast legal resources, but always to the increase of his reputation. He gave important aid in the conduct of the Ashburton treaty, and the president confided to him the care of the state department when vacated by the withdrawal of Mr. Webster. While thus employed he lost his brother and one of his sisters; and these events greatly saddened a mind naturally grave and earnest, and peculiarly susceptible to serious impressions. He had, a year previous, suffered severely from an attack of visceral derangement. A second attack of the same malady proved fatal. Accompanying the president to Boston, in June, 1843, in order to take part in the Bunker hill celebration of that year, he was seized so severly on the 16th that he was unable to join in the ceremonies of the next day. He was removed to the residence of his friend Mr. Ticknor, where he died. His remains, temporarily deposited in a vault at the Mt. Auburn cemetery, were in 1859 brought home by his friends and admirers to Charleston, and interred at Magnolia cemetery, where a handsome monument has been raised to his memory by voluntary contributions. He was never married. A biography, with selections from his writings, including reviews, orations, public despatches, and the "Diary of Brussels," was published at Charleston in 1846, in 2 vols. 8vo.

LEGARE (BULLEN), MARY SWINTON, an American artist, sister of the preceding, born in Charleston, S. C., about 1800. Among her best works are a "Spanish Pointer," nearly of life size, and the "Dogs of St. Bernard." In 1849 she emigrated to Lee co., Iowa, and established at West Point an institution called "Legaré college" for the liberal education of women, to the support of which she for many years devoted her time and means.

LEGATE (Lat. legatus, from lego, to charge, to depute), in ancient Rome, the title of various officers of high rank. It designated the chief assistants of proconsuls or other governors of provinces, the military officers next in rank to the commander-in-chief, and under the empire the administrators of provinces the government of which was specially reserved to the emperors; these were called legati Cæsaris. The term is now used to designate a papal ambassador or deputy of the highest rank, those of lower rank, or legati missi, being generally called apostolic nuncios. Legates a latere are sent by the papal see on important missions to great foreign courts, or as governors of the chief pontifical provinces, which are hence called legations (It. legazioni), those not governed by cardinals being called delegations (delegazioni). Legates nati or ex officio hold their titulary dignity as incident and annexed to offices of high rank depending

upon papal appointment. Formerly this title exempted its possessors from the authority of the legates a latere, and was borne by the archbishops of Canterbury.

LEGENDRE, ADRIEN MARIE, a French mathematician, born at Toulouse in 1752, died in Paris, Jan. 10, 1833. He evinced an early taste for mathematics, and through the influence of D'Alembert was appointed in 1774 to a chair in the military school at Paris. In 1782 he gained prizes for two remarkable papers from the academies of science at Paris and Berlin. In 1783 he succeeded D'Alembert at the French academy, and in 1787 was appointed by the government, with Cassini and Mechain, to connect the observatories of Greenwich and Paris by a series of triangles. He presented in 1791 a report of their joint labors, with a description of a new instrument which he had invented and successfully used for measuring angles. In 1794 he published his Eléments de géométrie, upon which his popularity principally rests. It has been several times printed in English, the best translation being that of Sir David Brewster. The same year he published a Mémoire sur les transcendantes elliptiques. Upon the organization of the French institute in 1795, he was appointed one of its members. In 1798 appeared his Essai sur les nombres, reprinted with additions in 1830, under the title of Théorie des nombres (2 vols. 8vo.), and in 1805 a Nouvelle méthode pour déterminer l'orbite des comètes. These were followed by his Exercices de calcul intégral sur divers ordres de transcendantes et sur les quadratures (3 vols. 4to., 1807-'19), in which he attempted to collect all that is most remarkable in the theory of transcendentals and integrals. This subject was enlarged, completed, and reduced to a more digested system in his Traité des fonctions elliptiques et des intégrales Eulériennes, avec des tables pour en faciliter le calcul numérique (3 vols. 4to., Paris, 1827-'32). Legendre was appointed in 1808 councillor for life of the university, and in 1816 examiner of candidates for the polytechnic school.

LEGGETT, WILLIAM, an American author and journalist, born in New York in 1802, died May 29, 1839. He was educated at the college in Georgetown, D. C., and in 1819 accompanied his father to Illinois. In 1822 he entered the navy as midshipman, but resigned his warrant in 1826. He had in the previous year published a volume of poems, entitled "Leisure Hours at Sea, by a Midshipman of the U. S. Navy" (18mo., New York). In 1828 he became editor of the "Critic," a weekly literary journal, which was soon united with the "New York Mirror." He subsequently collected in a volume some of his contributions to these and other publications, under the title of "Tales by a Country Schoolmaster," followed by one entitled "Sketches at Sea." In the summer of 1829 he became one of the editors of the New York "Evening Post," to which journal he was attached until Dec. 1836. At the outset he stipulated with his principal, Mr. William C. Bryant,

that he should not be required to write on political subjects, as he had no taste for or fixed opinions upon them; but before a year had passed he appeared to have found his true vocation in discussing them. Having retired from the "Post," he commenced a weekly journal called the "Plaindealer," which attained a large circulation, but was discontinued in less than a year through the failure of its publisher; after which Mr. Leggett, his health being greatly enfeebled, ceased literary labor, and lived in retirement at New Rochelle. In May, 1839, he was appointed by President Van Buren diplomatic agent to Guatemala, but died suddenly while preparing for his departure. Soon after his death a collection of his "Political Writings," with a memoir, was published by his friend Theodore Sedgwick (2 vols. 12mo., New York, 1840). Mr. Leggett was remarkable among the journalists of his day as an unflinching advocate of freedom of opinion for his political opponents as well as for the men of his own party. Mr. Bryant, who has written a poem in his memory, describes him as a person fond of study, one delighting to trace principles to their remotest consequences, and greatly gifted with moral courage, having no fear of public opinion as regarded the expression of his own convictions.

LEGH, THOMAS, an English traveller and author, born at Lymepark in 1792, died in May, 1857. In 1812, with a view of exploring the monumental antiquities of Greece and Egypt, he visited the islands of the archipelago, and thence sailed for Egypt. He ascended the Nile with the determination of penetrating into Nubia, and with a single companion reached Ibrim in that country. Here the absence of objects of antiquarian interest, and the hostility of the Mamelukes, who had been incensed by the cruelties and oppressions of Mehemet Ali, brought the expedition to a termination, and after some romantic and hazardous adventures the travellers found their way back to Cairo. In 1816 appeared Mr. Legh's "Narrative of a Journey in Egypt and the Country beyond the Cataracts" (4to., London), a work containing within a comparatively small compass much information, new at the time of its publication, particularly with respect to the ancient Ethiopian monuments.

LEGHORN (It. Livorno), a maritime city of Tuscany, on the W. coast of Italy, in lat. 43° 33′ N., long. 10° 19' E., 91 m. by railway S. by W. from Pisa and 54 m. W. by S. from Florence; pop. about 80,000, including nearly 8,000 Jews, also Greeks and Armenians, Turks, Moors, Germans, English, &c. It gives its name to a department, which includes the island of Gorgona; area, 38 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 91,741. The town is of comparatively modern origin, and possesses few remarkable buildings or objects of art. The cathedral is interesting in consequence of the façade having been designed by Inigo Jones. There are 6 parish churches, and places of worship for members of the church of England, Scotch Presbyterians, Greeks, and Armenians. The Jews have a richly ornamented synagogue.

The palazzo Lardarel, lately built by the count of that name, contains a gallery of pictures and statues. There is another palace, formerly the residence of the grand dukes of Tuscany. In the piazza delle Due Principi, a large new square, is a statue of the grand duke Ferdinand III., and near the quay is one dedicated to Ferdinand I. There are 3 hospitals, 2 monti di pietà (public pawn offices), a free library, an observatory, and a citadel. The English cemetery contains the tombs of Smollett and Francis Horner. The monastery of Monte Nero is upon a hill near the town. The 3 lazarettos of San Rocco, San Jacopo, and San Leopoldo, the first for those who arrive with a clean bill of health (patente netta), the 2d for those with a doubtful (tocca), and the 3d for vessels with a foul bill (patente brutta), are well managed establishments. The town possesses various educational, scientific, and charitable institutions. Many of the private houses are elegant, and the vicinity is covered with villas of the wealthy citizens. The town has been greatly enlarged of late years by throw ing down many of the old fortifications and including two large suburbs within the walls. It resembles an English town more than any other in Italy, and its commercial and manufacturing importance is constantly increasing. As a Mediterranean seaport it ranks after Marseilles, Genoa, Trieste, and Smyrna. The accommodation for shipping having become insufficient for large vessels, which are obliged to discharge their cargoes in the roads, the government has undertaken the enlargement of the port. Being a free port, Leghorn is perhaps better supplied with French and English manufactures than any other town on the continent. The average annual imports and exports amount in the aggregate to $30,000,000, and 10,000 vessels annually enter and leave the port. From 1850 to 1860 about 30 vessels have been annually built in Leghorn. The chief manufactures are corals, silk, wool, cotton, straw and felt hats, alabaster, porcelain, pottery, leather, tobacco, &c. There are salt works and many dyeing establishments, and admirably organized distilleries of oil and rosoglio (a kind of liqueur). In the year ending Sept. 30, 1858, 30 American vessels entered and cleared the port of Leghorn, with cargoes valued at $500,000. There are over 30 foreign consuls resident there, and the great concourse of sailors and strangers of all nations imparts to the town a very interesting and animated appearance. The natural insalubrity of the site has been remedied by effective draining. Good water is brought to the town by means of a fine aqueduct, which was erected in 1792. In the summer season Leghorn is a favorite resort of the fashionable world of Florence, Rome, Bologna, Sienna, and other cities, the influx of visitors frequently amounting to 20,000 persons. -Leghorn is first mentioned as a village in the 11th century, but became important only after the destruction of the port of Pisa, and particularly in the 15th and 16th centuries under the rule of the Medici. The grand duke Cosmo I.

made it a free port and granted many privileges to the town, which continued to improve under his successor Ferdinand I. In 1808 Napoleon annexed it to his empire, and it became the capital of the French department of the Mediterranean. It was taken by the Austrians under Gen. Aspre in 1849, and for a long time subsequently was occupied by an Austrian garrison. In March, 1860, it was annexed with the whole of Tuscany to Sardinia.

LEHIGH, an E. co. of Penn., lying chiefly in the Kittatinny valley, bounded N. W. by Blue mountain and S. E. by South mountain, and drained by Lehigh river; area, 389 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 32,479. It abounds in iron ore, limestone, and clay slate, and has an undulating surface and a fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 397,048 bushels of Indian corn, 261,301 of wheat, 327,505 of rye, 289,669 of oats, 30,332 tons of hay, 838,816 lbs. of butter, and 21,920 of wool. There were 67 grist mills, 17 saw mills, 9 iron mines, 28 tanneries, 6 newspaper offices, 39 churches, and 7,888 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Allentown.

LEHIGH, a river of Penn., rising near Wilkesbarre, Luzerne co., toward the N. E. part of the state, and uniting with the Delaware at Easton after a S. S. E. course of about 90 m. In its upper course it is a rapid and picturesque mountain stream, broken by several falls. It passes through a rich coal region, for the products of which it serves as an outlet, having been rendered navigable by a series of extensive improvements as far as Whitehaven, 84 m. from its mouth. It breaks through the Blue Ridge 12 m. below Mauch Chunk.

LEIBNITZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM, a German philosopher, born in Leipsic, July 3, 1646, died in Hanover, Nov. 14, 1716. His father, a professor in the university, died when he was 6 years old. He enjoyed by the care of his mother the best privileges of education which Germany then afforded, but declares that he was for the most part self-taught, and relates that he would withdraw from school to shut himself up whole days in his father's library. At the Nicolai gymnasium in Leipsic he incurred the remonstrances of his masters by learning Latin and reading the classics in advance of the regular course. Before he was 12, he says, he "understood the Latin authors very well, had begun to lisp Greek, and wrote verses with singular success." He was already studying the greatest modern as well as ancient philosophers, was comparing Bacon and Descartes with Aristotle and Plato, and his encyclopædic mind was aiming to grasp the unity of all the sciences. At the age of 15 he entered the university of Leipsic, applied himself chiefly to mathematics, philosophy, and law, continued his studies for a short time at Jena, returned to Leipsic, and produced remarkable theses on occasion of receiving his degrees. His treatise De Principio Individui, his academic exercise on becoming bachelor of philosophy, is perhaps the most extraordinary demonstration of erudition and power of thought