tion of her crew was absent in prizes, leaving the number actually engaged but 227 souls, and these were Irish, Scotch, Portuguese, Norwegians, &c., with but very few Americans. No authentic report of the loss on either side has ever been given, but the engagement was, beyond all doubt, the most obstinate and sanguinary one which ever occurred between single ships. Jones carried his prizes into the Texel. On his arrival in France he was received with the most distinguished honors. A sword was presented to him by the king, who also requested permission of congress to decorate him with the military order of merit. In 1781 he sailed for the United States, arriving in Philadelphia in February, where he was exceedingly well received. Congress voted him a gold medal, and Gen. Washington addressed him a highly complimentary letter. He was afterward employed to superintend the construction of a line of battle ship, the America, at Portsmouth, N. H., which he was to have commanded; but the ship was presented by congress to France. He then went to Paris, as an agent for prize money, and while there was invited into the Russian service with the rank of rear admiral, but was disappointed at not receiving command of the fleet in the Black He quarrelled with the admiral, the prince of Nassau, and owing to the intrigues of enemies fell into disfavor at court, and was finally permitted by the empress Catharine to retire from the service, with a pension which was never paid. He took up his residence in Paris, where he died in poverty and neglect.

sea.

JONES, NOBLE WIMBERLY, an American physician and revolutionary patriot, born in Georgia in 1725, died in Savannah, Ga., Jan. 9, 1805. He was the son of one of the first settlers in the state, held a military commission at an early age, and was a member of the assembly in 1761. He was one of the leading revolutionists in Georgia in 1774, was a delegate to congress in 1775, lost one of his sons at the capture of Savannah by the British in 1778, was himself made prisoner at the fall of Charleston in 1780, was exchanged in 1781, and was immediately chosen again a delegate to congress, and began to practise his profession in Philadelphia. He had an extensive medical practice in Charleston from 1782 to 1788, after which he lived in Savannah. He was president of the convention by which the constitution of the state was amended in 1795.

JONES, OWEN, an English architect and decorator, born in Wales about 1809. After serving an apprenticeship to Mr. Lewis Valliamy, he spent several years in travelling through southern Europe, Turkey, and Egypt. During a visit to Granada in 1834, in conjunction with M. Jules Goury, he made careful drawings of the palace of the Alhambra and of other Moorish remains, with a view of preparing an illustrated work on the subject. Goury died at the outset of the undertaking, which Mr. Jones thenceforth prosecuted alone, visiting the Al

hambra again in 1837 to complete his drawings, and superintending with great care the printing of the illustrative designs in colors. In 1842 the work was published in an unusually costly style, under the title of "Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details of the Alhambra," &c. (fol., London), accompanied by a translation of the Arabic inscriptions and a historical notice of the Moorish kings of Granada by Señor Pascual de Gayangos. In the same year appeared his "Designs for Mosaic and Tessellated Pavements" (4to., Lon. don). The Mohammedan, and more particularly the Moorish style of ornamentation, has been strongly advocated by him, and his labors have greatly developed the science of chromatics as applied to the internal and external decoration of buildings. In 1851 he was appointed a superintendent of the works in connection with the crystal palace exhibition in Hyde park, London, and his plans for decorating the structure were carried out in a modified form. In 1852 he became director of decorations to the crystal palace company, and, upon the erection of their building at Sydenham, superintended the construction and adornment of the Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Alhambra courts, and the decorative painting of the general fabric. His polychromatic decoration of the Greek court having excited comment, he published "An Apology for the Coloring of the Greek Court," in which he took the ground that ancient sculpture was usually painted, and that the exterior of marble buildings was frequently so embellished. In illustration of his views he painted a portion of the casts of the Elgin marbles at Sydenham in parti-colors, the hair being gilt. His Alhambra court is the finest specimen of colored decoration yet produced in England. He has written a "Handbook to the Alhambra Court," explaining the principles of its ornamentation. His remaining publications are: "Views on the Nile from Cairo to the Second Cataract" (fol., 1843); "An Attempt to define the Principles which should regulate the Employment of Color in the Decorative Arts, a Lecture" (1852); and "The Grammar of Ornament" (fol., 1856), one of the most elegant works of the age, containing 100 plates illustrating various styles of ornament, printed in colors. He has also lectured frequently on his favorite subject, and has translated Seroux d'Agincourt's "History of Art by its Monuments," &c. (fol., 1847). He has frequently been employed in ornamental chromatic designs for the title pages of illustrated books.

JONES, THOMAS RYMER, an English writer on comparative anatomy and physiology, born about 1810. He became a member of the college of surgeons of England in 1833, but on account of an impediment in his hearing has never practised his profession. Devoting himself to the study of comparative anatomy, he published several contributions to that branch of science in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society," and was soon after appointed professor of comparative anatomy in King's col

lege, London. His first work, "A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom" (8vo., 1841), written to supply a want in English scientific literature, established his reputation as a comparative anatomist and physiologist, and is still regarded as one of the best works of its kind in any language. About this time he was appointed Fullerian professor of physiology in the royal institution, and subsequently he became examiner in comparative anatomy and physiology in the London university. In 1844 and 1852 were published the first two volumes of his Fullerian lectures, under the title of "Lectures on the Natural History of Animals," the work being still incomplete. His latest publication is "The Aquarian Naturalist" (London, 1858). He has also been a contributor to the "Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology," and has an extended reputation in England as a lecturer on natural history.

JONES, WILLIAM, an English divine, born in Lowick, Northamptonshire, in 1726, died in Nayland in 1800. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and at University college, Oxford, and became successively vicar of Bethersden (1764), rector of Pluckley, perpetual curate of Nayland (1776), and rector of Paston and of Hollingbourn, the last 3 of which appointments he held at his death. He was eminent as a scholar and theologian, and proficient in music. He was an intimate friend of Bishop Horne, and associated with him in maintaining the theological and philosophical opinions of John Hutchinson. His principal works are: "The Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity Proved" (1756), by which and by several other treatises on the same subject he is best known; "Lectures on the Figurative Language of the Holy Scriptures" (1786; 6th ed., 1821; new ed., 1849), which have been highly esteemed, though distinguished for imaginative and allegorical interpretations; "The Scholar Armed against the Errors of the Time," a compilation (2 vols., 1792); and a "Life of Bishop Horne" (1795). He wrote many other religious works, and several treatises on music, composed anthems and other musical pieces which were much admired, and was the originator of the "British Critic." A collected edition of his works, with a biography by William Stevens, was published in 1801 (12 vols.; new ed., 6 vols., 1810). Two posthumous volumes of his sermons, edited by Henry Walker, appeared in 1830.

JONES, SIR WILLIAM, an English orientalist, born in London, Sept. 28, 1746, died in Calcutta, April 27, 1794. His father, an eminent mathematician, died when he was but 3 years old, and the care of his education devolved on his mother, who was noted for her erudition and virtues. She withdrew herself much from society, that she might live only for her son, and her constant aim was to excite his curiosity, to interest him in books, and to produce habits of study. When 7 years old he was sent to the grammar school at Harrow, where he remained 10 years, not only surpassing his associates in VOL. X.-4

classical studies, but making some progress in Hebrew and Arabic, and applying himself to French and Italian during his vacations. The head master affirmed that he was "a boy of so active a mind, that, if he were left naked and friendless on Salisbury plain, he would nevertheless find the road to fame and riches." In 1764 he was entered at University college, Oxford, his mother accompanying him thither, and prosecuted with the greatest diligence his studies in the oriental and modern European languages, preserving his health by athletic exercises, in which also he excelled. In 1765 he was invited to reside in the family of Earl Spencer, as tutor to Lord Althorp, then 7 years of age, which office he held for 5 years, during which he twice visited the continent, always prosecuting his studies. He was elected during this period to a fellowship at Oxford. Meantime his fame for oriental scholarship had begun to extend, and in 1768 Christian VII. of Denmark requested him to translate into French a Persian life of Nadir Shah. This was published (London, 1770) in connection with a dissertation, also in French, on oriental poetry, containing translations of several of the odes of Hafiz. In the following year appeared his Persian grammar (7th ed. 1809; last ed. 1828), which, as enlarged by subsequent editors, long remained the standard text book on the subject. In 1770 ho became a student at the Temple, and began to contemplate "the stately edifice of the laws of England," but was immediately called upon to defend his university against the aspersions of the French orientalist Anquetil du Perron. His pamphlet (1771) was anonymous, in idiomatic and effective French, and was universally admitted to surpass the attack both in wit and learning. In the following year he published a small volume of poems, chiefly translations from the Asiatic languages, which was followed by the more important Poeseos Asiatica Commentariorum Libri Sex (1774; republished by Eichhorn, Leipsic, 1776), in which with equal skill and erudition he aimed to familiarize the European mind with oriental modes of thought and expression. Called to the bar in 1774, he left at Oxford all his oriental books and manuscripts, and applied himself exclusively and with a patriotic enthusiam to legal studies. "Had I lived at Rome or Athens," he wrote, "I should have preferred the labors, studies, and dangers of their orators and illustrious citizens, connected as they were with banishment and even death, to the groves of the poets, or the gardens of the philosophers. Here I adopt the same resolution. The constitution of England is in no respect inferior to that of Rome or Athens." With such views, he was ambitious of a seat in parliament, and in 1780 stood for the university of Oxford; but his liberal politics, and his condemnation of the American war and of the slave trade, deprived him of all chance of success, and he withdrew from the contest. His political opinions were declared in several essays, as his "Inquiry into the Legal Mode of Suppressing Riots,"

"Plan of a National Defence," and "Principles of Government;" and he produced in 1781 a more elaborate work on the "Law of Bailments," which alone, according to Judge Story, would have given him “a name unrivalled in the common law for philosophical accuracy, elegant learning, and finished analysis." He resumed his oriental studies to produce a translation of the "Moallakat, or Seven Arabian Poems which were suspended in the Temple at Mecca" (1783). In 1783 he was married, knighted, and, through the influence of Lord Ashburton, appointed a judge of the supreme court of judicature at Fort William, in Bengal. In his new home he devoted the leisure of the 11 remaining years of his life to researches in oriental literature. One of his first acts was to collect several persons of similar scholarship and tastes, and to form them into a society "for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature of Asia." Of this body he was the first president; its first volume of memoirs appeared in 1788; and to its "Asiatic Researches" European scholars have been largely indebted. He contributed to the first 4 volumes numerous treatises of great importance. Ilis next object was to acquire a thorough knowledge of Sanscrit, in order to make a digest of Hindoo and Mohammedan laws similar to the codification of Greek and Roman law effected by Justinian. This task he did not live to complete, and it was afterward finished under the superintendence of Mr. Colebrooke; but the ordinances of Manu, the foundation of Hindoo jurisprudence, were translated by him and published in 1794. He also translated Sakontala, or "The Fatal Ring," an Indian drama by Kalidasa; the Hitopadesa, the original of the famous fables of Bidpay; the tales and fables of Nizami; and portions of the Ramayana and the Vedas. These were but his minor labors, performed in the intervals of official duties, which he discharged with an exactitude and conscientious integrity long remembered at Calcutta both by Europeans and natives. He had decided to return to England, when he was surprised by death. During the latter part of his life he enjoyed a reputation for scholarship unsurpassed by that of any living man. As a linguist he had no superior but Mezzofanti; he was familiar with 27 languages, many of which he had critically mastered, and also the literature which they contained. No predecessor had equalled his attainments in Sanscrit, Arabic, and Persian. "He seems to have acted," says Lord Teignmouth, "on this maxim, that whatever had been attained was attainable by him; and he was never observed to overlook or to neglect any opportunity of adding to his accomplishments or his knowledge. When in India his studies began with the dawn, and, in seasons of intermission from professional duties, continued throughout the day; meditation retraced and confirmed what reading had collected or meditation discovered." His motto, altered from that of Sir Edward Coke, was:

Seven hours to law, to soothing slumber seven,

Ten to the world allot, and all to heaven.

His translations, especially that of Sakontala, are as remarkable for elegance as precision; all his writings demonstrate purity of moral feeling, and he was personally esteemed a model of amiability and integrity. The pundits of Bengal wept for his loss, and marvelled at the progress he had made in the sciences which they professed. A collected edition of his works was published in 6 vols. in 1799; a life by Lord Teignmouth was added in 1804; and the whole was reprinted in 1807, in 13 vols.

JONES, WILLIAM ÁLFRED, an American essayist, born in New York, June 26, 1817. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1836, and has for several years been librarian of that institution. He has been a frequent contributor of literary criticisms to periodicals, chiefly to the "Church Record," "Arcturus," the "Whig Review," and the "Democratic Review." Several revised collections of his essays have been made: the "Analyst, a Collection of Miscellaneous papers" (New York, 1840); “Literary Studies" (2 vols., 1847); "Essays upon Authors and Books" (1849); and "Characters and Criticisms" (2 vols., 1857). He published in 1849 a memorial of his father, David S. Jones, with notices of the Jones family of Queens co.

JONSON, BENJAMIN, commonly called BEN, an English dramatist, born in Westminster in 1573 or 1574, died Aug. 6, 1637. He was the posthumous son of a clergyman, and during his childhood his mother was married a 2d time, according to tradition, to a master bricklayer named Fowler. Ben was educated at Westminster school under the tuition of Camden, and subsequently followed the calling of his stepfather, whom he assisted in building part of Lincoln's Inn. Finding this occupation not altogether to his taste, he enlisted in the army, and served a campaign in the Low Countries. Returning to England, he is said to have entered himself at St. John's college, Cambridge; but this statement, as well as others respecting his early career, is of doubtful authenticity. At about the age of 20 he went upon the stage, meeting, however, with but indifferent success as an actor, and at the same time began either by himself or conjointly with brother dramatists to write plays, beside being employed to alter, adapt, or retouch the works of others. His additions to Kyd's "Spanish Tragedy," made in 1601-22, are called by Lamb "the very salt of the old play." In 1596 appeared his "Comedy of Humors," which was recast and brought out in the Globe theatre in 1598 under the title of "Every Man in his Humor," Shakespeare, who is said to have aided in the composition of the play, being one of the performers. This work, the first English comedy, deserving the name, in which the story was taken from the domestic life of the people, and their prevailing manners were delineated, is called by Hallam " ordinary monument of early genius." About the same time he was imprisoned for killing

an extra

Gabriel Spenser, an actor, in a duel, and during his confinement was converted to the Roman Catholic faith, although he subsequently became again a Protestant. "Every Man in his Humor" was succeeded in 1599 by "Every Man out of his Humor," a less able performance, in which the "euphuism" so fashionable at that time is ridiculed; "Cynthia's Revels" (1600); the “Poetaster” (1602), which involved the author in a quarrel with Decker, who retaliated upon him in "Satyromastix;" and "Sejanus," a tragedy (1603), in which Shakespeare is said to have taken his farewell of the stage as an actor. Shortly after the accession of James I., Jonson, in conjunction with Chapman and Marston, wrote the comedy of "Eastward Hoe," containing some reflections on the Scottish nation, in consequence of which the 3 dramatists were imprisoned and threatened with the loss of their ears and noses. After a short confinement they were pardoned, and Jonson commemorated his release by an entertainment at which his mother was present, and declared her intention to have poisoned herself and her son if the threatened indignity had been inflicted upon him. He made his peace with James, and until the death of the latter was employed by him in writing masques and other court entertainments, furnishing at least one annually on Twelfth night. Between 1605 and 1611 appeared his comedies of "Volpone," "Epicone, or the Silent Woman," and the "Alchemist," and the tragedy of "Catiline." In 1613 he visited the continent as travelling tutor to a son of Sir Walter Raleigh, a position for which he was little fitted and to which he did no credit. He was now at the height of his popularity, a favorite at court and a man of great authority among his contemporaries and associates, as well from his reputation for learning as for his native humor and wit. Among his favorite haunts at this time was the Mermaid club at the Mermaid tavern in Bread street, Cheapside, founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in the beginning of the century, and where he was thrown into the society of Shakespeare and the great Elizabethan dramatists, and of Raleigh, Camden, Selden, Donne, and others. The "wit combats" at the Mermaid between Jonson and Shakespeare have been alluded to by Fuller, in the well known passage in which he compares the former to a Spanish galleon and the latter to an English man-of-war. Unfortunately for literary history, no Boswell has chronicled these meetings. The Apollo club, which met at the Devil tavern in Fleet street, was founded by Ben Jonson himself at a later date. The laws of the club, written by the founder in Latin, were inscribed in letters of gold over the fireplace; and here he presided over a knot of young admirers, who were said to be "sealed of the tribe of Ben," with a literary ascendency equalling that of Dryden in later times at Wills's coffee house, or of Dr. Johnson at the literary club. In 1619 he received the appointment of poet

laureate with a pension of 100 marks, and about the same time made a pedestrian excursion to Scotland, in the course of which he visited Drummond of Hawthornden, who has preserved some curious notes of his conversation. The character which the Scottish poet has drawn of his guest is that of a man arrogant and conceited, priding himself upon his acquirements and studiously depreciating those of others. These qualities brought him frequently into collision with his contemporaries, and on the title pages and in the prefaces of his unsuccessful dramas he was in the habit of abusing in no measured terms authors, actors, and the public, whom he not unfrequently likened to beasts or fools. His fortunes had been for some time on the wane, when in 1628 he was attacked by palsy, and compelled also by poverty to write for the stage. His "New Inn" was unsuccessful, but Charles I., hearing of his necessities, sent him a present of £100, and raised his salary to that sum, adding a tierce of canary annually, a perquisite which has pertained to. the office of the poet laureate to the present time. Notwithstanding this assistance, his improvident habits kept him always in difficulties, and in the latter part of his life he suffered from poverty, or rather from an inability to indulge in the pleasures of his earlier years, which was with him equivalent to it. He wrote 2 or 3 more dramas, which Dryden calls his "dotages," and left the "Sad Shepherd," a fragment of great beauty, though rather poetical than dramatic. It was his last song, and "his laurel remained verdant amid the snow of his honored head." Jonson's pride of learning, which obtrudes itself into some of his best works, has interfered not a little with their popularity as literary performances. His "learned sock," however, was not always palatable in his own time, and his plays were seldom successful until the pedantic passages had been omitted. Whenever he forgets his learning, as in the smaller lyrics scattered through his masques and in some of his dramatic pieces, he displays a true and elegant taste, and a delicacy of fancy unsurpassed by any of his contemporaries, unless by Shakespeare. In the opinion of some of his critics his genius was more poetic than dramatic. His delineations of character are striking, original, and artistic, rather than natural. Fuller has summed up his points as follows: "His parts were not so ready to run of themselves as able to answer the spur; so that it may be truly said of him, that he had an elaborate wit, wrought out by his own industry. He would sit silent in learned company and suck in (beside wine) their several humors into his observation. What was ore in others he was able to refine to himself." His comedies are esteemed his best performances, although only "Every Man in his Humor" and the "Alchemist" in a very abridged form are now performed. His tragedies, founded on classic history, and burdened with long extracts from Sallust, Tacitus, and other Latin authors, are

correct in form, but lack vivacity. He published in 1616 a folio edition of most of his works produced previous to that date, carefully revised and corrected. Various collective editions subsequently appeared, the first good one being that of Gifford (9 vols. 8vo., 1816), accompanied with notes critical and explanatory, and a biographical memoir, written with ability, but in too partisan a spirit. Moxon's reprint, the latest, prefaced by Gifford's memoir, (royal 8vo., 1853), contains 17 plays, 15 of which were performed on the stage; over 30 masques and interludes; epigrams, translations from Horace, an English grammar, and a variety of miscellanies in prose and verse. He was buried in Westminster abbey, and the pithy inscription upon his tomb: "O rare Ben Jonson," was added at the expense of an eccentric Oxfordshire squire, called Jack Young, who, observing the tomb to be destitute of an epitaph, gave a mason 18 pence to carve the words upon it. Recent researches in the state paper office are said to have developed facts in the life of Jonson, presenting his character in a less favorable light than it has usually been regarded, and rendering it probable that a new biography of him will have to be written.

JONSSON, FINNUR, an Icelandic historian, born in Hitardal, Jan. 16, 1704, died July 23, 1789. In 1725 he entered the university of Copenhagen, and in 1728 was present at the fire which destroyed the great collection of Icelandic MSS. formed by his patron Arni Magnusson. In his endeavors to save these MSS. he neglected his own effects and library, which were burned. On returning to Iceland he obtained a benefice, and in 1754 was appointed to the bishopric of Skalholt. His inclinations were opposed to an ecclesiastical career; his motive for embracing it was that he might have the means of educating a large family of children left by his uncle. He wrote many works in Latin and Icelandic, the principal of which is the Historia Ecclesiastica Islandia, published under the care of his son Hannes Finsson at Copenhagen (4 vols. 4to., 1772-'9). The latter, who succeeded his father in the bishopric, made important additions to this work, edited several sagas, and was the founder of the Icelandic agricultural society.

JOPPA. See JAFFA.

JORDAENS, JACOB, a Flemish painter, born in Antwerp in 1594, died there in 1678. He studied in the school of Adam Van Oort, whose daughter he married. Rubens, whom he imitated, intrusted him with the execution on a large scale of many of his small sketches. He excelled in the representation of Bacchanalian subjects and scenes of festive riot. Of these, the pictures of the "Satyr and the Man blowing hot and cold," and "Pan and Syrinx," are well known specimens. He was an industrious painter, designing and executing with great facilty, and in the course of his long life finished an immense number of works.

JORDAN (Hebrew Hayyarden, now called

by the Arabian population of Palestine EshSheria or Sheriat-el-Kebir), the only large river in Palestine, and with one or two exceptions the only stream in that country which is perennial. Its sources are on the southern declivity of Mt. Libanus and on Mt. Hermon. Josephus naines two, the one at Paneion (now Banyas), and the other at Dan or Daphne (Tell-el-Kadi), and forming together the "Little Jordan." The union of the two streams takes place about 4 miles from Tell-el-Kadi. A third source of the Jordan, larger and longer than the two others, which under the name of Nahr Has bani comes from Hasbeiah, and, after having received several small streams, flows with the two other sources into Lake Merom (now Huleh), is not mentioned by Josephus. On quitting the lake, the river is sluggish and turbid, but is soon purified by passing over a rocky bed where its mud is deposited. About 2 m. below the lake is a bridge called Jacob's bridge, where Jacob on his return from Mesopotamia is said to have crossed. It was built after the crusades, probably in connection with the caravan route from Egypt to Damascus. The breadth of the river at this place has been variously estimated from 64 to 80 feet. About 13 m. below it enters the lake of Tiberias or Gennesareth, which according to Lynch's survey is 652 feet above the sea. Issuing from the S. extremity of this lake, the river enters a broad valley, or ghor, by which name the natives designate a depressed tract or plain between the mountains. Bible calls it "the plain." Its width varies from 5 to 10 m. The river at first winds very much, and flows first near the W. hills, then turns to the E., and continues to the district called Kurn-el-Hemar, then again returning toward the W. side. Lower down it rather follows the middle of the great valley. Its course is so tortuous that within a space of only 60 m. long and 4 or 5 m. broad it traverses at least 200 m. and plunges over 27 formidable rapids. It enters the Dead sea at its N. extremity, after a total direct course of 120 m. Its mouth is 180 yards wide and 3 feet deep. Its principal affluents are the Zurka and Sheriat-el-Mandhur, or Jarmuk. Its breadth and depth greatly vary, which circumstance explains the great discrepancies in the reports of travellers. The sources and the course of the Jordan were explored in 1847 by the English Lieut. Molyneaux, and in 1848 by an American expedition under Lieut. Lynch (see "Narrative of the U.S. Expedition to the River Jordan," New York, 1849). As Christ was baptized by John in the Jordan, Christians have often regarded it as a special privilege to receive baptisin in its waters, and water is even now occasionally procured from the Jordan for the baptism of princes.

The

JORDAN, CAMILLE, a French political orator, born in Lyons, Jan. 11, 1771, died in Paris, May 19, 1821. He was a pupil of the Oratorians in his native city, and his liberal opinions were tempered by strong religious sentiment. When scarcely 20 years old he wrote a pam