yellow variegated with dark spots. Its natural habit of growth is around ponds in the flat pine barrens. The red orange lily (L. Philadelphicum, Linn.) is one of the most charming of our midsummer blossoms, found rather plentifully in open copses and among bushes in the pasture lands of New England. The wild yellow lily (L. Canadense, Linn.) is a conspicuous plant, growing with a slender stem from 2 to 5 feet high, and bearing numerous, rather small, bright yellow flowers, whose petals are spreading-recurved; it occurs in moist lands. The superb lily, or American Turks' cap (L. superbum, Linn.), is similar to this in many respects, and by some considered identical with it, but it is clearly distinct. The leaves of the superb lily are coarser, stronger, and more numerous; the flowers are conspicuously large, of a fine orange red and pale yellow at their base, with distinct spots of black; these spots, when occurring on the orange red, are surrounded by an areola; cach petal is very much recurved and involute on its edges, while the contour of the entire plant marks it at once, when seen side by side, as the more beautiful and deservedly the favorite. There seems however to be a variety seen at the South by Michaux to which he gave the name of L. Carolinianum; but Elliott considers that there is some obscurity in it as a species, though its blossoming is later than that of the superb lily there by at least two months. -The true lilies are all easy of propagation from their seeds or from the division of their roots. They love a rich, moist soil, and are ornamental in the garden at very different periods of the season, some blossoming very early and others more tardily. They are of little practical utility to man, although we are informed that some are used as articles of food. The Siberians eat the bulbs of the L. bulbiferum; the Japanese, according to Kämpfer, eat those of the L. tigrinum; and the bulbs of the L. pomponium are eaten by the inhabitants of Kamtchatka, where they are even cultivated as potatoes are elsewhere. In trade, among florists and amateur gardeners, the bulbs of rare species and varieties realize large sums, until their rapid multiplication creates a greater supply than demand under such prices. Many years ago the American superb lily was extensively cultivated at Ghent for the trade; and in this country attention is directed to the finer sorts of Japan lilies for the same purpose.-Of other genera, which bear the name of lily, may be mentioned the water lily (nymphæa odorata, Aiton). (See WATER LILY.) The lily of the valley (convallaria majalis, Linn.) has been considered of European origin; but according to Prof. Gray it occurs on the high Alleghanies of Virginia and southward. The lilies of Scripture are conjectured to be the amaryllis lutea, or golden lily, and the lilium Chalcedonicum, with scarlet blossoms, both natives of Syria. Many other species of amaryllis bear the name of lilies, and resemble them in general character.-The day lilies (hemerocalleæ, Lindley) are ornamental

herbaceous plants, of which the golden lily (he merocallis flava) is the best for the garden on account of its graceful foliage and elegant blossoms. The orange or tawny lily was once esteemed, but is now quite discarded, and to be seen only in the rudest attempts at floriculture. In some parts of Essex co., Mass., it is becoming naturalized on the borders of fields and by the sides of the roads, insinuating its coarse fibrous roots between the loose stones of walls and rubbish. There is a form of it with more regularly equitant leaves and larger semi-double flowers, more showy and conspicuous (H. disticha), occasionally seen in collections of rare hardy plants. The liability of their roots to run under ground and to throw up numerous suckers renders them of too easy propagation, and without extra care they are apt to prove weedy and troublesome. The white Japan and the blue day lilies, though at one time considered as belonging to the same genus, have been separated from it, and are now known as Funkia Japonica and F. cærulea (Willd.). The former of these possesses a delightful fragrance, and is a universal favorite, though much inclined to spread unduly in the flower border. A variety of equal beauty and fragrance, but of a better habit, more compact and less straggling, has been raised from seed, near Boston. The white Japan day lily grows remarkably well in pots, and is valuable on this account. The blue or H. cœrulea has leaves of a coarser texture, of a darker green hue and less elliptical in their outline, a longer and more slender and elastic peduncle, and smaller, campanulate flowers, which hang suspended one above the other. Abundant supply of water at the period of blossoming greatly promotes the size and beauty of the flowers. From characters thus marked and distinct Mr. Salisbury has erected it into a new genus, which he calls Saussurea. Other species, F. Sieboldii, alata, and variegata, the latter with leaves edged with white, are said to be very showy. These day lilies are easily propagated by division of the roots. The well known blue African day lily (agapanthus umbellatus, Willd.) is an admirable plant for vases, such as are used to decorate gardens and balconies; its tall straight peduncle is crowned with conspicuous, delicate, and faintly striped blue and light blue blossoms, while its long and large deep green leaves hang elegantly on each side at its base. Several hardy bulbous flowers from the Cape of Good Hope belong to the same group of day lilies, and are to be found in ordinary greenhouse collections, such as tritoma, Tulbaghia, Blandfordia, and Veltheimia. According to Lindley, the day lilies differ from the type of true lilies in nothing except their calyx and corolla being so joined to each other as to form a tube of conspicuous length, and in their want of bulbs in many instances.

LILY, WILLIAM, an English grammarian, born at Odiham, Hampshire, about 1466, died in London in Feb. 1523. He was educated at Oxford, spent 5 years at Rhodes studying Greek,

in 1509 established a classical school in London, and is said to have been the first Englishman that ever taught Greek in that country. When Dr. Colet founded St. Paul's school in 1510, he appointed Lily its first master, and he held this office for 12 years. He died of the plague. The most important of his works is Brevissima Institutio, seu Ratio Grammatices Cognoscenda (4to., London, 1513), a book which, under the title of "Lily's Grammar," has probably passed through more editions than any other similar work. Dean Colet was the author of the English rudiments, Erasmus of the greater part of the Latin syntax, and Lily of the rest; and Cardinal Wolsey wrote the preface to the second edition. Erasmus styles Lily "no ordinary scholar in classical literature, and a master in the art of tuition."

LILYBAUM. See MARSALA.

LIMA, a township of Livingston co., N. Y., on Honeoye creek; pop. in 1855, 2,670. It contains 6 churches; the Genesee Wesleyan seminary, founded in 1830 by the Genesee conference of the M. E. church, opened for pupils in 1832, and now occupying a brick building erected in 1842 at a cost of $24,000; and Genesee college, founded in 1849 under the general supervision of the Genesee and E. Genesee conferences of the M. E. church.

LIMA, the capital of Peru, situated on the banks of the Rimac, in lat. 12° 2' S., long. 77° 8' W., distant 6 m. from Callao, its seaport on the Pacific; pop. about 100,000, of whom are whites,negroes, and the rest Indians and mixed races. The city stands on an extensive plain which rises gradually from the ocean. Viewed from Callao, it makes a splendid appearance, with its many spires and domes glittering in the sun. The Rimac flows through the city, and is crossed by a beautiful stone bridge of 6 arches, 530 feet in length, built in 1613. This bridge connects the city proper with the suburb of San Lazaro, where there are two agreeable alamedas or public walks, consisting of avenues formed by double rows of trees. The city is surrounded by brick walls about 9 feet thick at the top and from 18 to 25 feet high. It is two miles in length and nearly as much in breadth, and the circuit of the walls is about 9 miles. The streets are 33 feet wide, and cross each other at right angles, dividing the city into about 200 squares measuring 386 feet each way. The houses are low and irregularly built of adobes, with partition walls of cane covered with plaster, and with roofs of cane covered with mats, which are preferred to more solid materials on account of the frequency of earthquakes and the extreme rarity of rain. The houses for the most part have no windows toward the street, the smaller ones having only a door with a glass lantern hanging over it. Of the larger houses nothing is seen but great folding doors opening into the street, which lead to the patio or courtyard, surrounded by walls often painted in fresco; and facing the street door is the principal reception room. Through

the centre of the streets, running parallel with the river, flow small streams used as open drains, and along their margins crowds of turkey buzzards act as scavengers. In the centre of the city is the plaza mayor or great square, each side of which measures 510 feet. On the E. side stands the cathedral, a massive stone structure 320 feet long by 180 wide, with a façade painted red and yellow, and with three green doors and lath and plaster towers at each angle. The body of Pizarro lies beneath the grand altar. The palace of the archbishops, on the same side of the square, is now used as a senate house. The palace of the Spanish viceroys, on the N. side, is a mean-looking edifice, with its basement occupied by small shops; it is now appropriated to the courts of justice and other government offices. On the W. side of the square is the city hall, a Chinese-looking building, the gaol, and other offices. The rest of the square is fronted by private houses, with arcades filled with shops beneath, and balconies concealed by old Moorish-looking trellised jalousies on the upper stories. In the centre of the square is a handsome stone fountain, constructed in 1653, and surmounted by a bronze statue of Fame; it is supplied with water from the Rimac. Beside the plaza mayor there aro upward of 30 open squares in the city. There are two foundling asylums and 11 public hospitals, one of which has 600 beds. The city contains 57 churches, 16 nunneries, and 25 chapels, many of which are extremely rich in images of gold decorated with jewels. The church of the Dominican convent is 300 feet long by 80 broad, and has a steeple 180 feet high, the loftiest in Lima. The convent is said to have had under the Spanish rule a revenue of $80,000 a year. The largest monastic establishment is the convent of St. Francis, founded in 1536; it covers two squares near the banks of the Rimac, and has magnificent cloisters. Lima has a university founded in 1571, once the foremost seat of learning in Spanish America, but now nearly deserted. There are numerous schools for primary instruction, which are said to be well conducted, and two high schools, each of which has about 350 pupils. There are also 3 Latin schools and 4 colleges, one of which is for theology, another for law, and another for medicine. The city contains two theatres, an amphitheatre for cock fighting, and another for bull fights capable of accommodating 12,000 spectators. The manufactures consist principally of gold lace and fringes, glass, cotton cloth, cigars, chocolate, and paper, and are of very limited extent. The climate of Lima is delightfully mild and equable. The temperature ranges only from 60° to 80°, being never under the former and seldom rising above the latter; the ordinary daily range is from 3° to 4°. Rain is extremely rare, and thunder and lightning unknown. The vicinity of the city is exceedingly pleasant, and produces in abundance maize, barley, beans, vegetables, sugar, rice, tobacco, grapes, olives, melons, and other fruits. But all

these advantages are outweighed by the exposure of the city to frequent earthquakes. Slight shocks occur very often, and are little regarded; but since its foundation the city has experienced upward of 12 tremendous earthquakes which were terribly destructive to life and property, The first of these great calamities was in 1586, and its anniversary is still commemorated. The earthquake of 1687 began at 4 o'clock in the morning and destroyed many houses. It recurred again at 6, and destroyed every house the first shock had spared. In 1746 the shocks began at 10 P. M., Oct. 28, and in 3 minutes the greatest part of the city was in ruins. Callao was overwhelmed by the waves caused by the earthquake at sea, and of 23 ships in the harbor 19 were sunk, and the other 4, one of them a frigate, carried to a considerable distance inland. The last of these great earthquakes was on March 20, 1828, when the most solid buildings were rent from top to bottom, 1,000 persons were killed, and property was destroyed to the amount of $6,000,000.-Of the inhabitants of Lima, the whites are remarkable for vivacity of manner and quickness of mind. Education has made great progress among them of late years, and the young men, though spending much of their time in indolence and dissipation, and devoted to cock-fighting and gambling, are extremely agreeable in their manners and conversation. The ladies of Lima are frequently very beautiful, with brilliant black eyes, graceful figures, and bright intelligent expressions, accompanied by the most pleasing manners, and frequently great natural talent and wit. Until within a few years they wore when walking abroad the saya y manto, a very becoming and elegant dress, now only seen at bull fights, religious processions, and on other great occasions. The saya is a petticoat made to fit so tightly that, being at the same time very elastic, the form of the limbs is rendered distinctly visible. The manto or mantle is also a petticoat, but, instead of hanging about the heels, it is drawn over the head, breast, and face, and is kept so close by the hands, which it also conceals, that no part of the body, except one eye, and sometimes only a portion of one eye, is perceptible, A rich colored handkerchief, or a silk band and tassel, is frequently tied round the waist and hangs nearly to the ground in front. About 1834 the close fitting skirt was abandoned for the saya orbegozeña, or full skirt. But of late years the French fashions have nearly superseded the national costume.-Lima was founded by Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, on Jan. 6, 1535, the festival of Epiphany, in honor of which it was called Ciudad de los Reyes, or city of the kings, Epiphany being the day appointed to commemorate the worship of Christ by the Magi or kings of the East. This name, however, was soon superseded by that of Lima, a Spanish corruption of the native name Rimac.-See "Cuzco and Lima," by C. R. Markham (London, 1856); Hill's "Travels in Peru” (London, 1860).

LIMBO (Lat. limbus, border or edge), accord ing to some of the scholastic theologians, one of the places into which departed spirits are re ceived. St. Thomas Aquinas places hell in the centre of the earth; it is encircled first by pur gatory, above which extend successively the limbus infantum and the limbus patrum. The former includes children dying before baptism, who according to different dogmatists pass thence to heaven or remain for damnation. The latter, which is also called the bosom of Abrahamı (sinus Abraha), includes the holy men of the old covenant, the patriarchs and other pious ancients, who died before the birth of Christ. According to the usual account, Christ opened this limbo when he went down into hell, liberated the souls detained there, and admitted them to the privileges of the blessed; and it has remained from that time closed and unoccupied. Dante describes the limbo in which he met with the distinguished spirits of pagan antiquity as the outermost circle of hell. A limbus fatuo rum, or fools' paradise, is also mentioned.

LIMBURG, or LIMBOURG, a province of Belgium, bounded N. by Holland, E. by the duchy of Limburg, S. by Liége, and W. by S. Brabant and Antwerp; area, 934 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 193,160. The chief towns are Hasselt, the capital, Tongres, Maaseyck, and St. Trond. The surface is flat and underlaid with strata of fossiliferous limestone. Iron, calamine, and lead are the principal minerals. The most important river is the Meuse or Maas, which skirts the E. frontier. A large part of the surface is occupied by barren heaths, but in some localities, particularly in the S. and centre, there is much arable land. Pasturage is excellent and abundant along the Meuse, and cattle and swine are important items of production. The manufactures include soap, salt, pottery, paper, tobacco, straw hats, beet sugar, &c. The province was formed in 1839 of the greater part of the ancient province of Limburg, which was a part of the kingdom of the Netherlands, and was divided at the separation between Belgium and Holland.—LIMBURG, the former capital of the province, now forms part of the district of Verviers in the Belgian province of Liége; pop. about 2,000. It is picturesquely situated on the summit of a rock on the Vesdre river, and possesses manufactories of cloth. It is chiefly known from the strong-smelling cheese to which it gives its name, and which is largely exported. The greatest portion of this cheese, however, comes from the neighboring village of Harve.

LIMBURG, a duchy and province of Holland, and a member of the Germanic confederation, bounded N. by North Brabant, E. by Rhenisli Prussia, S. by Belgium, and W. by Belgian Limburg; area, 852 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 215,086. Capital, Maestricht; other chief towns, Roermond, Venloo, and Weerdt. The surface is diversified, but in general little elevated. The soil is of poor quality except in the valleys of the Meuse, Roer, Geule, Itterbeck, &c.; and large tracts of land are cccupied by heaths and

customary to use with Thomaston lime. Burned with anthracite, the stone had always produced lime of very poor quality, slaking imperfectly and leaving lumps in the paste which failed to crumble when made into mortar. When such mortar was used for plastering, unless first ground in a mill, the lumps would at last slake upon the walls, which the masons call "pitting out," and produce unsightly blotches. It was only by the use of wood for fuel, or of bituminous coal producing much flame, that good lime was made. But it is probable that by us ing high steam of the temperature of 400° or 500° with the air that feeds the anthracite fires, this fuel might be used with equal advantage and greater economy. In the proportion of the weight of the anthracite, it causes with this a strong flame without checking the combustion. In this proportion steam is generated in the consumption of many of the woods and bituminous coals; and even with these fuels it is customary to introduce steam in European kilns, or sometimes to wet the stones instead, which is obviously a more imperfect process. A great part of the lime that supplies the Atlantic coast is brought from Thomaston and neighboring towns in Maine, where quarries of great extent are worked near the coast of Penobscot bay, and the lime is burned with anthracite from Pennsylvania. The excellent quality and cheapness of the lime have long secured markets for it even as far as New Orleans, and into the interior of the country as far as Lynchburg, Va., where, though close to extensive limestone districts, Thomaston lime is regularly quoted in the published prices current. In New York city it is used only for plastering, selling from $1 to $1.30 a barrel of 2 bushels; a strong lime, but darker colored, from Kingston, Ulster co., is afforded at 70 cts. a barrel, answering very well for mortar for stone and brick work. Thomaston lime takes about of a cubic yard of sand, or 7 to 8 barrels, to one of lime.-For making mortar, a sharp clean sand of coarse grains is to be preferred. It is piled around in basin form, and the lime is thrown into the centre and slaked with water sufficient to make a creamy paste. This, being thoroughly worked with hoes, is then mixed with sand, which is well stirred into it. When laid with a trowel to hold stones or brick together, the water evaporates or is absorbed by the stones, which should be wetted to prevent this process taking place too rapidly, and the excess of mortar should be pressed out so as to leave the layer as thin as possible. Each grain of the sand is enveloped in a pellicle of lime, which adheres closely to it, and attaches it also to adjoining surfaces. A chemical change takes place in the lime in contact with the air by its absorbing carbonic acid and forming a stony carbonate, and according to some authorities the lime also partially unites in time with the silica of the sand, forming a superficial layer of still harder and stronger silicate of lime. This change is indicated by the property of old mortar when treated with acids to form a portion of gelatinous

silica, which some authorities state it always does. This is certainly the case with the hydraulic limes. But if common mortar be protected from the air, it may remain without hardening many years. It is stated that lime still in the condition of a hydrate has been taken from one of the pyramids of Egypt; and in one of the bastions of the citadel of Strasbourg, which was built in 1666, Gen. Treussart in 1822 found that the mortar used for its construction was still soft. The creamy paste or hydrate is often kept by builders in pits in the ground, and it improves by the thorough slaking which it undergoes. The excess of water is removed from the surface, and the lime is protected by a few inches of sand being thrown upon it. It is stated by Jahn that when the ruins of the old castle of Landsberg were removed, a lime pit that must have been in existence 300 years was found in one of the vaults. The surface of the mass was carbonated to the depth of a few inches, but below this the lime appeared as if freshly slaked, only rather more dry. It served for use in laying the walls of the new building. If common mortar be laid in water, it not only refuses to harden, but the lime is after a time dissolved out, and washed away.-Lime is burned in kilns of various forms; sometimes indeed, where wood is to be cleared off, in open log heaps, the stones interstratified with the wood. Pure limestone is thus easily converted into good lime, but much of it must be imperfectly burned; and silicious limestones should by such a process be partially melted and glazed upon the surface of the lumps, which is called "dead burnt," and the inner portions of these would escape calcination. Kilns used to be roughly built up of stones without mortar, in pyramidal or cylindrical structures, containing a cavity of corresponding form to the outside extending from top to bottom, about 15 feet in height. A favorite shape for this is still that of an egg set on end. The kilns are improved by a lining of clay, or of hard-burned brick, or still better of fire brick. Arched openings extend horizontally into the base of the kiln, sometimes 3 on a front of 15 feet, as was formerly the case with the oblong kilns at Thomaston, when lime was burned with wood; and in charging the kilns with stone, the larger lumps are built up in arch form, so as to extend these openings through to the back wall, leaving the space below for the fuel. The limestone being thrown in upon the temporary arches, the fires are kept up beneath these for 2 or 3 days and nights until the stone at the top is calcined. After cooling, the lime is drawn out and the operation is renewed. For this, called the intermittent kiln, have been substituted the perpetual or draw kilns, which are far more economical for large operations. These are of various shapes, some of them even having the common principle of charging the fuel and stone in alternate layers, and renewing these layers at the top as the charges settle down and the lime is drawn out at the bottom. A perpetual kiln of another