and the eastern churches believe that the consecration was the change of the elements into the body and the blood of Christ; the Protestant denominations think that, in general, the consecration was regarded in the ancient church, as it is by them now, as a setting apart for and devoting to sacred use. The formulas used at the distribution of the Lord's supper were early fixed in liturgies. All the old liturgies contain the words of institution and a prayer; that of the Greek church a prayer to the Holy Spirit to change bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ. The place where the Lord's supper was celebrated was at first the dwellings of the believers. In times of persecution they often had to celebrate it in hidden places, at the tombs of the martyrs, &c. As ecclesiastical architecture was developed, special altar tables or altars were introduced for its celebration. The time of celebration was at first, in accordance with the name and the institution of the ordinance, the night or evening; but it soon became a practice to connect it with the morning service, and so it is still in most churches; the Moravians, however, celebrate it always at the evening service. Participation in it was gen erally very frequent in the first ages, but became gradually rarer. In the 5th century several ecclesiastical writers complained of the remissness of Christians in this respect. Later synods prescribed that all the faithful should receive it on the high festivals of the church (Epiphany, Easter, Pentecost, and Christmas). The 4th council of Lateran, in 1215, restricted this universal participation on the part of the members of the church to Easter alone. Yet all the writers of the church strongly recommended to the faithful frequency of communion. The same was urged by the reformers of the 16th century. The Roman Catholic church regards the omission of receiving the Lord's supper during the Easter season as a mortal sin. The Protestant churches in former centuries in some cases punished those who had not appeared at the communion table for a long time or who despised the eucharist with banishment, excommunication, and refusal of Christian burial. The free Protestant churches have generally in their constitutions and statutes some provisions for the proceedings to be observed toward church members who refrain from the celebration of the Lord's supper. The ancient church excluded the catechumens and the lapsi from the Lord's supper, and often gave it to children. Infant communion lasted in the Latin church until the 12th century, and exists in the Greek church still. The deacons used to carry it to those who were prevented from being present at divine service. The apostles received it, according to eastern custom, reclining; in the 4th century the custom of standing, and later that of kneeling, was introduced. Kneeling is still the general or prevailing practice among Roman Catholics, the eastern churches, the Protestant Episcopal church, the Methodists, and the Lutlierans; in the other churches, sitting prevails,

as being a more scriptural posture. In a few denominations it is customary to sit round a table, and in some regions 12 always sit down at a time. At first bread and the cup were given into the hands of the communicants; later the distributing clergyman placed the bread in their mouth, and held the cup to their lips. The selfcommunion of the laity is prohibited by all the Christian churches; the self-communion of clergymen is generally practised in the Roman Catholic and the eastern churches, and also customary in the Protestant Episcopal church and among the Moravians. In some churches various ceremonies, as burning of candles, &c., accompany the celebration; in most of the reformed churches nothing is changed in the usual form of the divine service, except that a special communion service is used. The Protestant churches generally have allowed a great liberty with regard to the mode of celebration, and there is accordingly a great variety of usages, which it would require too much space to describe.-Histories of the doctrine of the Lord's supper in the Christian church have been written by Schulz, Die Christliche Lehre vom AbendMahle (2d ed., Leipsic, 1831); Ebrard, Das Dogma com heiligen Abendmahle und seine Geschichte (2 vols., Frankfort, 1845-'6); Kahnis, Die Lehre vom Abendmahl (Leipsic, 1851); and Rückert, Das Abendmahl; sein Wesen und seine Geschichte in der alten Kirche (2 vols., Leipsic, 1856). An account of the mode of its celebration by the various denominations is given by Scheibel, Kurze Nachricht von der Feier des heiligen Abendmahls bei den verschiedenen Religionsparteien (Breslau, 1824).

LORETTO. See CASA SANTA.

LORI, a quadrumanous animal of the lemur family, and genus stenops (Illiger). The teeth are: incisors, canines, molars; the ears are short and rounded; the eyes large and near together; the fore finger no longer than the thumb; the tail very short or absent. They form the family nycticebida of some authors. They are nocturnal in their habits, and so slow in their movements that they are often called slow lemurs; they live on trees, eating fruit and insects, and sometimes small birds which they surprise at night. The aposo (S. potto, Ill.) is of a reddish color, and inhabits the Gold coast of Guinea; the spinous processes of the last 5 cervical and first 2 dorsal vertebræ, according to Van der Hoeven, pierce the hairy integument, and have only a weak horny covering. The slow lori (S. tardigradus, auct.) is of a yellowish gray color, with a dark dorsal band, and a narrow whitish stripe between the eyes; it rivals the sloth for slowness; it inhabits Bengal, Siam, Borneo, and Sumatra. The S. Javanicus (Van der Hoeven) is found in Java. The slender lori (S. gracilis, Geoffr.), a native of Ceylon, is fawn-colored gray, without dorsal stripe. (See LEMUR.)

LORIENT, or L'ORIENT, a seaport town of France, in the department of Morbihan, situated on the bay of Biscay, at the mouth of the

river Scorf, which is here joined by the Blavet, 266 m. S. W. from Paris, and 40 m. N. W. from Vannes; pop. in 1856, 24,245. It is the seat of a dockyard with slips for laying down 30 vessels of war at a time. Connected with it are an arsenal, a school of naval artillery, artillery barracks, &c. The port is separated from the rest of the town by a wall, and occupies an area of 4,000 by 2,000 feet. There is a signal tower on an eminence S. of the harbor, from which vessels can be seen 30 m. out at sea. The entrances of vessels in 1854 were 860, tonnage 34,810; clearances, 1,488, tonnage 43,408. A number of vessels belonging to the port are engaged in the sardine fishery. The origin of Lorient is due to the naval depot founded there in 1666 by the French East India company, which from its situation took the name of Port de l'Orient, "port of the East." The building of the town was commenced in 1720, and in 1744 it was fortified. Its defences are still strong, and it ranks as a fortress of the 3d class. LORME, MARION DE, or DELORME, a French courtesan, born in or near Châlons-sur-Marne about 1612, died in Paris in 1650. She was the daughter of a tradesman, and received little if any education. Endowed with extraordinary personal attractions, and with an intelligence and a wit equalled only by the recklessness and frivolity of her disposition, she captivated as soon as she came to Paris the hearts of many of the most brilliant gentlemen of the French court. Among her most devoted admirers was the celebrated marquis of Cinq-Mars, who was on the point of marrying her privately, in order to put an end to the attentions paid to her by Richelieu, when this occasion is said to have suggested to the amorous cardinal his law prohibiting secret marriages, the effect of which was to separate the lovers and to make the fickle Marion yield herself to the powerful minister. Her house soon became a centre for the most distinguished people. She shared her empire with Ninon de L'Enclos, who, however, was greatly her superior in mental culture, and who survived her half a century. Voltaire, in referring to Richelieu's relations with Ninon, is supposed to have confounded her with Marion. The number of her lovers was legion. Her favors were extended successively or simultaneously to the learned St. Evremond, the brilliant duke of Buckingham, and to many other more or less eminent men. During the minority of Louis XVI. she took an active interest in the movements of the Fronde. Her social circle, once the fashionable resort of the wits and roués of Paris, now became a focus of politicians and conspirators. In 1650 she was ordered by Mazarin to be arrested, but she died just before the officers of the minister came to take her to prison. Romantic reports of her having only simulated death, to make good her escape, and other stories in regard to her, were rife at the time, and have since been repeated, although they are not authenticated by facts.

LORRAINE, an ancient province of N. E.

France, was bounded N. by Luxemburg and Trier, N. E. by Deux-Ponts, E. by Alsace, S. by Franche Comté, and S. W. and W. by Champagne, thus comprising the territory now consti tuting the departments of Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe, and Vosges, a part of Bas-Rhin, and a district ceded to Rhenish Prussia by the treaty of Vienna of 1815. Its principal rivers were the Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe, Saône, and Ornain; the principal products were iron, salt, and other minerals, timber, grain, wine, and cattle. The inhabitants were mostly of German race, but only in a small part, between the Vosges and Metz, has the German language maintained itself; this part is therefore called German Lorraine. The province was divided into the duchy of Lorraine, comprising Lorraine proper, German Lorraine, and the territory of Vosges, with Nancy, Sarreguemines, and Epinal as capitals; the duchy of Bar, the capital of which was Bar-le-Duc; and the "three bishoprics," Metz, Toul, and Verdun.-Under the Roman emperor, the country formed a part of the province of Belgica Prima. It was conquered by Clovis, and on the division of the Frankish kingdom under his sons belonged to Austrasia. When the empire of Charlemagne had been repeatedly divided among his descendants, the division or kingdom of Lothaire II., son of the emperor Lothaire I., received the name of Lothar's Ryk in Low German, or Lothari Regnum in Latin, whence sprang the names Lotharingia in mediaval Latin, and Lorraine. His possessions, however, by far exceeded the limits of modern Lorraine, extending from the Moselle to the North sea. After his death in 868, Lorraine was divided between France and Germany, but subsequently the whole of it was attached to the latter empire. In the 10th century it was given by Otho the Great to his brother Bruno of Cologne, and was subsequently divided into Lower and Upper Lorraine. The former in later times received the name of Brabant, and eventually became a province of the dukes of Burgundy. The latter retained its name, and was conferred about the middle of the 11th century by the emperor Henry III. upon Gérard of Alsace, the founder of a long dynasty of dukes, who with some interruptions ruled Lorraine down to 1737, and some of whom greatly distinguished themselves in the wars of France and the empire. Collateral branches of the family were the Guises, Aumales, Elbœufs, Harcourts, and others distinguished in the his tory of France. During the reigns of Louis XIII., XIV., and XV., Lorraine was a principal object of contention between the empire and its western rival. Finally, by the peace which terminated the war of Polish succession, the ex-king of Poland, Stanislas Leszczynski, fatherin-law of Louis XV., received Lorraine and Bar, to be annexed after his death to France; the duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen, the future husband of Maria Theresa of Hapsburg and emperor, receiving in exchange the rever

sion of the grand duchy of Tuscany, in which as in Austria he became the founder of the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine. Leszczynski died in 1766, when Lorraine became fully annexed to France. LORRAINE, CHARLES DE, brother of the 2d duke of Guise and cardinal of Guise, better known as the cardinal of Lorraine, born in Joinville, Feb. 17, 1524, died Dec. 26, 1574. At the age of 14 he received the archbishopric of Rheims, which his uncle Jean de Lorraine had resigned in his favor. In 1547 he officiated at the coronation of Henry II., and almost immediately afterward was made a cardinal. He was sent to Rome in 1555 to conclude an alliance with the pope against Charles V., and both in this and in various other diplomatic missions displayed a remarkable talent in the management of affairs of state. His conduct, however, was not always free from the suspicion of his sovereign; and having on one occasion seriously offended the king by assuming the title of cardinal of Anjou, and thereby reviving the claims of his family to the county of Provence, it needed all the influence of the Guises and the protection of the famous Diana of Poitiers to restore him to favor. In 1558 he had a secret interview at Peronne with the bishop of Arras (afterward Cardinal Granvelle), minister of Philip II., at which he was induced by well chosen flatteries to lend his influence for a peace between France and Spain and the mutual cooperation of the two monarchs against the Protestants. The peace was concluded soon afterward, but the cardinal had now quarrelled with Diana, and both in the negotiations for this treaty and in the subsequent favors of the French king saw himself supplanted by the constable de Montmorency. Under Francis II., whom he also crowned, he was restored to power and obtained the administration of the finances. In 1561 he placed the crown upon the head of Charles IX. He sat in the council of Trent the following year, and threatened, if the council were not declared above the pope, to present a protest signed by 120 bishops. He went to Madrid in 1569 to negotiate a marriage between Charles IX. and Elizabeth of Austria, and 2 years afterward performed the ceremony of coronation for the 4th time when the king's nuptials with that princess took place. The cardinal was a liberal patron of letters and the founder of the university of Rheims. He possessed great powers of oratory, of which he made frequent display; and his literary abilities are attested by numerous letters, speeches, and sermons, collections of which are preserved in the imperial library at Paris. Vain, ambitious, and presumptuous, he was judged with severity by his contemporaries, and was even accused, on very slight grounds, of having procured the death of Charles IX. by poison. He has also been charged with complicity in the massacre of St. Bartholomew's day; but though his policy toward the Protestants was undoubtedly a severe one, this statement is not proved, and it is by no means certain that he was in France at the time.

LORRAINE, CLAUDE. See CLAUDE LOR

RAINE.

LORTZING, ALBRECHT GUSTAV, a German composer, born in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1803, died there, Jan. 20, 1851. His father, who was connected with the theatre, introduced him upon the stage while a child, and in a few years he began to compose songs and marches. He soon after officiated in the twofold capacity of actor and singer, and while filling an engagement at Detmold in 1826 produced a melodrama entitled "The Pole and his Child," which met with considerable success. He now produced 'in rapid succession a number of similar works, and an oratorio, the "Ascension of Christ." In 1833 he accepted an engagement at Leipsic, where in 1837 he produced his Czar und Zimmermann ("The Czar and the Carpenter"), which became one of the most popular operas of the day. Among his other works are Caramo, Hans Sachs, Der Wildschütz, and Undine, all of which attained considerable popularity. He was subsequently connected with the theatre at Vienna and other cities, and at the time of his death held the position of director at the Friedrich-Wilhelmstadt theatre in Berlin. His music is light and pleasing.

LORY, a division of the parrot family, embracing several very showy birds of the East Indian and South Pacific archipelagos, characterized by a large but rather slender bill, curved to the pointed tip, and with the lateral margins nearly smooth; the weakness of the lower mandible and the absence of prominences on the palate, and their softer tongue, often furnished with a pencil of bristles, show that their natural food is soft pulpy fruits and the juices of plants and flowers, and not the hard nuts and seeds eaten by most other parrots. The tail is generally of moderate length, rounded or graduated; the legs stout, and the wings long and pointed; the prevailing color is a brilliant scarlet. In the typical genus lorius (Brisson), embracing about half a dozen species found in Borneo, the Moluccas, and New Guinea, the wings are moderate, with the 2d and 3d quills longest; feathers of the tail broad and rounded. One of the handsomest is the purple-capped lory (L. domicella, Briss.), about a foot long; the color is rich scarlet, with a yellow color on the breast, purplish crown, greenish wings with a bluish violet flexure, bluish green thighs, and orange yellow bill; it is highly esteemed for its beauty, activity, docility, and powers of articulation. The black-capped lory (L. tricolor, Steph.), about the size of a pigeon, is scarlet and violet, with black crown, green wings, and tail varied with red, green, and violet; it pronounces very distinctly the word "lory," which has given the name to the subfamily. The crimson lory (L. cardinalis, Bodd), 12 inches long, has the edge of the shoulders violet, the tail long, and the bill reddish. The blue-tailed and scarlet lory (L. cæruleatus, Bechst., and L. garrulus, Linn.) are sufficiently characterized by their names. The Papuan

lory has a very long wedge-shaped tail, especially the median two feathers, and is put by Wagler in his genus charmosyna; this, the C. Papuensis (Wagl.), is a very elegant bird, the ground color of the plumage being brilliant scarlet; the top of the head, nape, lower back, rump, and tibiæ deep azure; sides of breast and thighs rich yellow; wings green, as also the basal half of the tail; the tips of the tail feathers saffron yellow. In the genus cos (Wagl.) the lateral margins of the bill are sinuated, the wings long, with the first 3 quills nearly equal and longest, tail lengthened and wedge-shaped, with the feathers narrowed at the end. In this genus would come the Indian lory (E. Indica, Wagl.), in which the scarlet color is variegated with violet, the crown, abdomen, and tail blue, and the quills yellowish brown. The Borneo lory (E. rubra, Wagl.) has a purplish tinge on the back and tail, the quill and tail feathers tipped with green, the scapulars blue, and the breast sometimes yellowish. The scaly lory (E. squamata, Bodd) has the scarlet undulated with blackish, giving it a scaled appearance. The genus coriphilus (Wagl.) has a slender bill with sinuated margins, long wings, and tail lengthened and graduated. The species inhabit the islands of the south Pacific, living principally on the fruit of the banana, and making their nest in the highest cocoa palms. The C. Kuhlii (Wagl.) is one of the handsomest of the family, but wild and timorous in its disposition, with a weak and hissing voice; the prevailing color is blood red, with the vent and upper tail coverts sulphur yellow; hind neck, back, and wings yellowish green; forehead and crown green, with a double occipital crest of violet purple. In the genus eclectus (Wagl.) the bill is large and strong, much higher than broad, with the lateral margins dentated; the wings long and pointed, and tail moderate and nearly equal. The largest and most elegant species is the E. grandis (Wagl.); the bill is black, the head and upper neck crimson; lower parts lilac purple; back purplish scarlet; bend of wings and outer web of quills blue, and vent yellow. These gaudy birds inhabit the Moluccas and New Guinea.

LOS ANGELES, a S. co. of California, on the Pacific, drained by the San Gabriel, Los Angeles, and Santa Anna rivers; area, about 4,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 8,329; in 1856, about 15,800. The surface is generally mountainous, with broad and fertile valleys. Recent explorations have developed the existence of gold, silver, copper, and other valuable minerals. It promises to be one of the most extensive and productive grape-growing districts in the world. The number of grape vines in 1856 was 726,000, and in 1858, 1,650,000; the vintage of 1857 yielded 350,000 galls. of wine, and 5,000 galls. of brandy; that of 1858 was estimated at 500,000 galls. of wine. One company cultivates a vineyard of 1,200 acres. There are 7 grist mills, 2 saw mills, a foundery, distillery, and tannery. There are hot springs, recommended

for medicinal properties, at the mission of San Juan.-Los ANGELES, the capital, is situated on the Los Angeles river, 30 m. from its mouth, and 350 m. S. S. E. from San Francisco; pop. in 1850, 1,610. It was founded in 1781, and called Puebla de los Angeles, "city of the angels," from the excellence of its situation and climate. LOS HERREROS. See BRETON DE LOS HERREROS.

LOSSING, BENSON JOHN, an American author and engraver, born in Beekman, Dutchess co., N. Y., Feb. 12, 1813. He was educated at a district school, and in 1826 was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Poughkeepsie. He subsequently entered into partnership with his employer, but in the autumn of 1835 relinquished the business, and became joint owner and editor of the "Poughkeepsie Telegraph," a leading country newspaper. He also commenced the publication of a semi-monthly journal of a literary character, called the "Poughkeepsie Casket," with a view of illustrating which he studied engraving under J. A. Adams of New York, and drawing in the school of the American academy of design in the same city. He soon after settled permanently in New York as an engraver on wood, and at the same time edited and illustrated the "Family Magazine." His connection with his newspaper enterprises in Poughkeepsie, however, continued until 1841, his editorial duties being performed at night and early in the morning. In 1841 appeared his first publication,

An Outline History of the Fine Arts" (18mo.), forming No. 103 of Harper's "Family Library,' followed in 1847 by an illustrated work entitled "Seventeen Hundred and Seventy-Six" (8vo.), and in 1848 by "Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence" (12mo.). In the latter and subsequent year he edited "The Young People's Mirror." In 1848 he projected the plan of his "Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution," which was issued in numbers in 1850-52, forming 2 8vo. volumes, with more than 1,000 illustrations by himself. In the preparation of this work, which is remarkable for the minute and accurate information which it conveys, the author travelled at different times upward of 9,000 miles, visiting every important battle field of the revolution, and making sketches on the spot. Among his remaining works are an "Illustrated History of the United States for Schools and Families" (12mo., 1854; enlarged ed. 1856); "Our Countrymen, or Brief Memoirs of Eminent Americans" (12mo., 1855; enlarged ed. 1857); "Primary History of the United States" (12mo., 1857); "Mount Vernon and its Associations," illustrated by himself (4to., 1859); "Life and Times of Philip Schuyler" (2 vols. 12mo., 1860); and "Life of Washington" (3 vols. 8vo., 1860). He is now (1860) engaged upon elaborate illustrated works on the war of 1812, and the French empire in America. He has been a frequent contributor to the periodical literature of the day, and has furnished for "Harper's Magazine" a series of illustrated articles on American biography. He is now contributing