GREEK.-PART II. (COMPOSITION AND
TRANSLATION AT SIGHT.)

The Board of Examiners.

1. Translate into English

Ἐπὶ πολλὰς μὲν γενεάς, μέχριπερ ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ φύσις αὐτοῖς ἐξήρκει, κατήκοοί τε ἦσαν τῶν νόμων καὶ πρὸς τὸ ξυγγενὲς θεῖον φιλοφρόνως εἶχον· τὰ γὰρ φρονήματα ἀληθινὰ καὶ πάντῃ μεγάλα ἐκέκτηντο, πραότητι μετὰ φρονήσεως πρὸς τὰς ἀεὶ ξυμβαινούσας τύχας καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους χρώμενοι, διὸ πλὴν ἀρετῆς πάντα ὑπερορῶντες σμικρὰ ἡγοῦντο τὰ παρόντα καὶ ῥᾳδίως ἔφερον οἷον ἄχθος τὸν τοῦ χρυσοῦ τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων κτημάτων ὄγκον, ἀλλ ̓ οὐ μεθύοντες ὑπὸ τρυφῆς διὰ πλοῦτον ἀκράτορες αὐτῶν ὄντες ἐσφάλλοντο, νήφοντες δὲ ὀξὺ καθεώρων, ὅτι καὶ ταῦτα πάντα ἐκ φιλίας τῆς κοινῆς μετὰ ἀρετῆς αὐξάνεται, τῇ δὲ τούτων σπουδῇ καὶ τιμῇ φθίνει ταῦτά τε αὐτὰ κἀκείνη ξυναπόλλυται τούτοις. ἐκ δὴ λογισμοῦ τε τοιούτου καὶ φύσεως θείας παραμενούσης πάντ' αὐτοῖς ηὐξήθη, ἃ πρὶν διήλθομεν. ἐπεὶ δ ̓ ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ μὲν μοῖρα ἐξίτηλος ἐγίγνετο ἐν αὐτοῖς, τὸ δὲ ἀνθρώπινον ἦθος ἐπεκράτει, τότε ἤδη τὰ παρόντα φέρειν ἀδυνατοῦντες ἠσχημόνουν, καὶ τῷ δυναμένῳ μὲν ὁρᾶν αἰσχροὶ κατεφαίνοντο, τοῖς δὲ ἀδυνατοῦσιν ἀληθινὸν πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν βίον ὁρᾶν τότε δὴ μάλιστα πάγκαλοι μακάριοί τε ἐδοξάζοντο εἶναι, πλεονεξίας ἀδίκου καὶ δυνάμεως ἐμπιμπλάμενοι.

2. Translate into Greek Prose

These arguments, which had much logic in them, were strongly urged by Zapena, whose counsels were usually received with deference. But on this occasion commanders and soldiers were hot for following up their victory. They cared nothing for the numbers of the enemy,

they cried. The more infidels the greater glory in destroying them. Delay might after all cause loss of the prize. The archduke ought rather to pray that the sun might stand still for him that morning as for Joshua in the Vale of Ajalon. The foe seeing himself entrapped, with destruction awaiting him, was now skulking towards his ships, which still offered him the means of escape. Should they give him time he would profit by their negligence, and next morning when they reached Nimport the birds would be flown. Especially the leaders of the mutineers were hoarse with indignation at the proposed delay. They had not left their brethren, they shouted, nor rallied to the archduke's banner in order to sit down and dig the sand.

LATIN.-PART II.: THIRD YEAR (GROUP A).— COMPOSITION AND UNSEEN TRANSLATION.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Translate into Latin Prose

The intrepid calmness of Valentinian obtained silence, and he addressed the troops in a few dignified words. He said that a few minutes since it had been in their power to leave him in the obscurity of a private station. Judging from the testimony of his past life that he deserved to reign they had placed him on the throne. It was now his duty to consult the safety and interest of the republic. The weight of the universe was undoubtedly too great for the hands of a feeble

mortal. "I am conscious," he said, "of the
limits of my abilities and the uncertainty of my
life, and, far from declining, I am anxious to
solicit the assistance of a worthy colleague. But
where discord may be fatal, the choice of a faithful
friend requires mature and serious deliberation.
That deliberation shall be my care.
Let your
conduct be dutiful and consistent." He then
bade them retire to their quarters, refresh their
minds and bodies, and expect the accustomed
donation on the accession of a new emperor.

2. Translate

Nero postquam tantum intervalli ab hoste fecerat ut detegi consilium satis tutum esset, paucis milites adloquitur: negat ullius consilium. imperatoris in speciem audacius, re ipsa tutius fuisse quam suum: ad certam eos se victoriam ducere: quippe ad quod bellum collega non ante, quam ad satietatem ipsius peditum atque equitum datae ab senatu copiae fuissent maiores instructioresque quam si adversus ipsum Hannibalem iret, profectus sit, eo ipsos, quantumcumque virium momentum addiderint, rem omnem inclinaturos: auditum modo in acie-nam ne ante audiretur, daturum operam-alterum consulem et alterum exercitum advenisse, haud dubiam victoriam facturum. Famam bellum conficere et parva momenta in spem metumque impellere animos: gloriae quidem ex re bene gesta partae fructum prope omnem ipsos laturos: semper quod postremum adiectum sit, id rem totam videri traxisse. Cernere ipsos, quo concursu qua admiratione quo favore hominum iter suum celebretur.

1. Describe the production of a vowel, accounting for the differences between the chief vowels.

What is the error in the common account of a diphthong?

2. Classify the principal sounds in the better known languages in respect of (a) place of articulation, (b) degree of openness, (c) presence or absence of "voice.""

3. Examine briefly the forces which produce or counteract phonetic change in educated and uneducated societies. Point out the effect of foreign contact or mixture.

4. Trace the relation of modern alphabets to each other. Why must they be inadequate?

5. Write a brief essay on the value of language as an argument for racial connection. Examine the ethnology of the speakers of Indo-European tongues in Europe.

6. How is a genealogical connection of languages established? What exactly is meant by "community of vocabulary"? What families may be considered satisfactorily established?

7. Give an account of the Chinese language. Compare its methods with those of Japanese and those of modern English.

8. Write a brief but definite account of the morphological nature of the following languages:Mexican, Basque, Turkish, Hebrew.

9. Give a short history of the Italian, Albanian, Danish, and Sanskrit languages.

10. Discuss the part played by analogy in the history of language.

COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY.

THIRD YEAR.

Professor Tucker.

1. Write out, with examples, the Ablaut series for roots in ě, ē, and a. Give the I.-E. rule for the Ablaut grades in the stem of a noun in declension, and illustrate Greek and Latin deviations.

2. Distinguish Epenthesis from

Compensatory Lengthening. Shew the effect of Sandhi in regard to the latter.

3. Examine fully the phonetics of the following words, stating the rule of change (when there is any change) from the original Indo-European, explaining deviations from the rule, and quoting