TRAITE DE WASHINGTON

du 8 Mai 1871.

LES QUATRE CAS D'ARBITRATION.

Le Traité de Washington de 1871 contient quatre cas d'Arbitrage:

Le premier relatif à des faits de violation de neutralité (Art. I à XI) déféré à un Tribunal d'Arbitrage siégeant à Genève ;

Le deuxième relatif à des questions de validité de prises maritimes (Art. XII à XVII) déféré à un Tribunal d'Arbitrage siégeant à Washington;

Le troisième relatif à des droits de pêche (Art. XVIII à XXV) déféré à un Tribunal d'Arbitrage siégeant à Halifax ;

Le quatrième relatif à une contestation de limites (Art. XXXIV à XLII) déféré à la décision arbitrale de Sa Majesté l'Empereur d'Allemagne.

LES TROIS RÈGLES.

PREMIÈRE RÈGLE.-Un gouvernement neutre est obligé de faire toutes les diligences nécessaires (due diligence) pour s'opposer, dans les limites de sa juridiction territoriale, à ce qu'un vaisseau soit mis en mesure de prendre la mer, soit armé on équipé, quand ce gouvernement a des motifs suffisants pour penser que ce vaisseau est destiné à croiser ou à faire des actes de guerre contre une puissance avec laquelle il est lui-même en paix. Ce gouvernement doit faire également toutes diligences nécessaires pour s'opposer à ce qu'un vaisseau destiné à croiser ou à faire des actes de guerre,

comme il est dit ci-dessus, quitte les limites de sa juridiction territoriale, dans le cas où il aurait été spécialement adapté, soit en totalité soit en partie, à des usages belligérants.

DEUXIÈME RÈGLE.-Un gouvernement neutre ne doit ni permettre ni tolérer que l'un des belligérants se serve de ses ports ou de ses eaux comme d'une base d'opérations navales contre l'autre belligérant; il ne doit ni permettre ni tolérer non plus que l'un des belligérants renouvelle ou augmente ses approvisionnements militaires, qu'il se procure des armes, ou bien encore qu'il recrute des hommes.

TROISIÈME RÈGLE.-Un gouvernement neutre est obligé de faire toutes les diligences nécessaires dans ses ports et dans ses eaux, pour prévenir toute violation des obligations et des devoirs ci-dessus énoncés; il agira de même à l'égard de toutes les personnes qui se trouveront dans sa juridiction.-Conf. Martens, "Nouveau Recueil," XX, 698.

MEMORIAL OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

Adopted in the City of Albany, 22nd January, 1896.

The Petition of the Bar Association of the State of New York respectfully shows:

That, impelled by a sense of duty to the state and nation and a purpose to serve the cause of humanity everywhere, your Petitioner at its annual session held in the city of Albany on the 22nd day of January, 1896, appointed a committee to consider the subject of International Arbitration and to devise and submit to it a plan for the organisation of a tribunal to which may hereafter be submitted controverted international questions between the Governments of Great Britain and the United States.

That said committee entered upon the performance of its duty at once, and, after long and careful deliberation, reached the conclusion that it is impracticable, if not impossible, to form a satisfactory Anglo-American Tribunal, for the adjustment of grave international controversies, that shall be composed only of representatives of the two Governments of Great Britain and the United States.

That, in order that the subject might receive more mature and careful consideration, the matter was referred to a sub-committee, by whom an extended report was made to the full committee. This report was adopted as the report of the full committee, and, at a Special Meeting of the State Bar Association called to consider the matter, and held at the State Capitol in the city of

Albany on the 16th day of April, 1896, the action of the committee was affirmed and the plan submitted fully endorsed. As the report referred to contains the argument in brief, both in support of the contention that it is impracticable to organise a court composed only of representatives of the Governments of Great Britain and the United States, and in support of the plan outlined in it, a copy of the report is hereto appended, and your Petitioner asks that it be made and considered a part of this Petition.

That your Petitioner cordially endorses the principle of Arbitration for the settlement of all controversies between civilised nations, and it believes that it is quite within the possibility of the educated intellects of the leading Powers of the world to agree upon a plan for a great central World's Court that, by the common consent of nations, shall eventually have jurisdiction of all disputes arising between Independent Powers that cannot be adjusted by friendly diplomatic negotiations. Holding tenaciously to this opinion and, conscious that there must be a first step in every good work, else there will never be a second, your Petitioner respectfully but earnestly urges your early consideration of the subject that ultimately-at least during the early years of the coming century-the honest purpose of good men of every nation may be realised in devising means for the peaceful solution of menacing disputes between civilised nations. Your Petitioner therefore submits to you the following recommendations:·

FIRST.-The establishment of a permanent International Tribunal, to be known as "The International Court of Arbitration."

SECOND.--Such Court shall be composed of nine members, one each from nine independent states or nations, such representative to be a member of the Supreme or Highest Court of the nation he shall represent, chosen by a majority vote of his associates, because

of his high character as a publicist and judge, and his recognised ability and irreproachable integrity. Each judge thus selected to hold office during life or the will of the Court selecting him.

THIRD.-The Court thus constituted shall make its own rules of procedure, shall have power to fix its place of sessions and to change the same from time to time as circumstances and the convenience of litigants may suggest, and to appoint such clerks and attendants as the Court may require.

FOURTH.-Controverted questions arising between any two or more Independent Powers, whether represented in said “International Court of Arbitration" or not, at the option of said Powers, may be submitted by treaty between said Powers to said Court, providing only that said treaty shall contain a stipulation to the effect that all parties thereto shall respect and abide by the rules and regulations of said Court, and conform to whatever determination it shall make of said controversy.

FIFTH.-Said Court shall be opened at all times for the filing of cases and counter cases under treaty stipulations by any nation, whether represented in the Court or not, and such orderly proceedings in the interim between sessions of the Court, in preparation for argument, and submission of the controversy, as may seem necessary, to be taken as the rules of the Court provide for and may be agreed upon between the litigants.

SIXTH. Independent Powers not represented in said Court, but which may have become parties litigant in a controversy before it, and, by treaty stipulation, have agreed to submit to its adjudication, shall comply with the rules of the Court and shall contribute such stipulated amount to its expenses as may be provided for by its rules, or determined by the Court.

SEVENTH.-Your Petitioner also recommends that you enter at