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ARBITRATION TRIBUNALS.

AN EXPOSITION.

BY W. EVANS DARBY, LL.D.,

Secretary of the Peace Society.

1. Arbitration tribunals may be special or general, temporary or permanent, and (in the case of the last) restricted or open to all. In either case the mode of their creation is the same.

2. It is essential to Arbitration that contending States should formally agree to refer their difference to an independent tribunal, and should bind themselves to abide by its award.

3. It is also necessary that the persons, or the States, chosen to form the tribunal should formally accord their consent, and accept the obligation to proceed with the enquiry and to give their award.

4. Accordingly, the reference to Arbitration is made by a special agreement (compromis), which is signed on behalf of the contending parties; which expressly states the question or questions to be submitted, giving a summary of the points of fact or law involved, defining the limits of the Arbitration, and, in some instances, indicating the course of procedure; and which, except in cases of material error or flagrant injustice, implies their engagement to submit in good faith to the award.

5. This Agreement may result, either from a general Treaty, a special (ie. an Arbitration) Treaty, an arbitral clause inserted in a Treaty, or a Protocol of an International Congress to which the concurring States may have been parties.

TRIBUNAUX D'ARBITRAGES.

UN EXPOSÉ DE

M. W. EVANS DARBY

Docteur en Droit, Secrétaire de la "Peace Society."

1. L'arbitrage international est spécial ou général, occasionnel ou permanent, et dans ce cas, ouvert ou clos. Dans tous les cas, l'arbitrage est institué par une convention.

2. Pour constituer l'arbitrage il est essentiel que les Etats qui ont un sujet de contestation entre eux s'accordent préalablement à en déférer la décision à un tribunal étranger, au jugement duquel ils s'engagent à se conformer.

3. Il est nécessaire, en outre, que les personnes ou les Etats, choisis pour former ce tribunal, donnent leur consentement à en faire partie, à procéder à l'instruction du litige et à rendre juge

ment.

4. Or, les parties en présence signent un compromis, c'est-àdire une convention spéciale, précisant nettement la question ou les questions à débattre, exposant l'ensemble des points de fait ou de droit qui s'y rattachent, traçant les limites du rôle dévolu à l'arbitre, et dans quelques instances, déterminant la procédure qui sera observée au cours de l'arbitrage, et, sauf les cas d'erreur matérielle ou d'injustice flagrante, impliquant l'engagement de se soumettre de bonne foi à la décision qui pourra intervenir.

5. Ce compromis peut résulter, soit d'un traité général ou spécial (dit traité d'arbitrage), soit d'une clause (dite compromissoire) insérée dans un traité, ou dans un protocole de congrès international auquel les mêmes Etats aient adhéré.

6. The Agreement is valid when it has been ratified by the chiefs of the signatory States in the conditions and forms required by their respective laws and, if necessary, by the Treaties which limit their liberty in regard to other States.

7. It is usual, in appointing an Arbitration tribunal, to fix, in the agreement, a period, counting from the date of its installation, during which it shall examine and decide upon the questions submitted to it for adjudication. It is, also, usual to fix a period for the Treaty to remain in force, reckoning from the date when it shall come into operation, and to agree that unless either of the parties to the Treaty shall have given notice to the other of a wish for its termination, it shall continue in force for another similar period, and so on.

8. Special Arbitration tribunals (ad hoc) may consist of one or more judges, who may be Princes, Sovereign Governments, Corporations, or individuals of repute and recognised fitness: where more than one are chosen, an umpire (sur-arbitre) is generally appointed, by agreement, in order to secure a definite award.

9. A permanent tribunal may be formed by the nomination of a given number of members by each of the concurring States, as agreed upon between themselves. These may not necessarily be jurists by profession, but statesmen, diplomatists, men who have filled judicial offices, publicists, or other persons of high reputation and standing. Ultimately these may be drawn from a recognised Corps, College, or Council.

10. Such a tribunal may be formed by any group of States, even two only, for international affairs relating to themselves. In case of doubt an Agreement providing for a permanent tribunal shall be considered as unrestricted (see No. 1.), i.e. any nation may accede to it by a simple declaration of its will.

II. Where the course of procedure is not prescribed in the Agreement, it is understood that the tribunal will deterinine it for

6. Le compromis est valide lorsqu'il a été ratifié par les chefs des Etats signataires dans les conditions et dans les formes requises par leurs lois respectives, et, s'il est nécessaire, par les traités qui limitent leur liberté vis-à-vis d'autres Etats.

7. Il est d'usage, en constituant un tribunal d'arbitrage, qu'on fixe dans le compromis le délai, compté du jour où il sera déclaré installé, pendant lequel il examinera et décidera sur les questions soumises pour son adjudication. Il est aussi d'usage qu'on fixe la période pendant laquelle le traité restera en vigueur, à partir du jour où il en sera fait application, et qu'on s'accorde qu'il continuera pour une nouvelle période, si le traité n'est pas dénoncé par une des parties avant la date de l'échéance; et ainsi de suite.

8. Un tribunal spécial (ad hoc) peut consister en un seul ou plusieurs juges, qui peuvent être des princes, des gouvernements souverains, des corporations, ou de simples particuliers de bonne réputation et position. Quand il y en a plusieurs choisis, on nomme, en général, un sur-arbitre, d'un commun accord, afin d'arriver à une sentence définie.

9. Un tribunal permanent peut être constitué par la nomination d'une ou plusieurs personnes par chaque Etat signataire, suivant les dispositions du compromis. Ces membres ne seront pas nécessairement juristes de vocation, mais aussi hommes d'Etat, diplomates, publicistes ou autres hommes, citoyens les plus considérés. Plus tard, on les choisira d'un corps reconnu, collège ou

conseil.

10. La création du tribunal résulterait de la convention arrêtée entre deux ou plusieurs Etats de recourir à l'arbitrage pour tout différend surgissant entre eux. Dans le doute, une convention d'arbitrage permanent sera considérée comme ouverte ; c'est-àdire que toute nation peut y accéder par une simple manifestation de sa volonté.

11. A défaut de stipulations spéciales, le tribunal établira lui

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itself; and in any case where doubts arise as to the scope of the reference, the terms of the Agreement must be interpreted in the widest sense.

12. The establishment of a permanent international tribunal of Arbitration presupposes the possibility of framing its constitution, jurisdiction, and procedure on a basis which will secure impartiality of enquiry and decision on every question submitted to it.

13. The Arbitration.tribunal, when constituted, forms an independent body, having a distinct judicial authority; it is, therefore, not bound by the previous decrees of any other tribunal, on the questions submitted to its jurisdiction; and, although nominated by Governments, its members are in no sense to be regarded as the representatives, subjects or mouthpieces of Governments.

14. It should be treated as a diplomatic mission of the first rank, both as to the honours to be paid to its members, the immunities which they enjoy, and the protection afforded to them in the exercise of their functions.

15. The members of a permanent tribunal, in order to secure their absolute independence, should be appointed for life or for a sufficiently long period; they should be absolved from all political allegiance, while in office; they should be provided with adequate salaries and retiring pensions, and assured of a social rank sufficient to satisfy the requirements of their office.

16. At the commencement of each year the members of the tribunal should, by ballot, elect one of their number to act as President.

17. The tribunal should also appoint a Chief Secretary, who shall be the only recognised official medium of communication, and who should rank on a footing of equality with the principal Secretaries of State of all nations.

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