Pag. 5) disjunctive sentences 6) generalized sentences (ever, soever, 80) 7) the modal instead of the concessive sentence 1) in the dependent sentence that a) that, without leaning upon a modal determination b) negative dependent sentence with that leaning upon a negative 4) a dependent sentence with but substituted for a negative consequence 481 transferred to the region of time the notion with reference to which the members are com- n) members of sentences are added as instances to the as- 99) as is associated with a predicative nominative and accus. 3) the relative pronoun suppressed 4) subordinate adjective sentences. lative one 5) Sentences with the adnominal which and what a) which b) what. The adjective sentence used substantively 1) Sentences with who, whoever, whosoever 2) with what General remarks upon relative sentences 1) the relative sentence serves to connect a fact 2) a conditional substituted for the relative sentence 3) as a concessive sentence 4) the relative is attracted by the principal sentence Section the Third. Of the Collocation of Words and Sentences. I. The position of the subject and of the predicate.. A. 1) in the indicative principal sentence the subject in the front. 6) negative particles (never, neither, nor) in the front effect the same 541 7) in the principal sentence as the apodosis the inverted subject B. In the interrogative sentence without an interrogative word the in- version of the subject the rule C. Imperative sentences make the pronominal subject of the verb fol- E. Position of the compound times of the verb of the predicate II. The position of the adverbial determinations of the sentence as subject, b) otherwise qualified a) conceived as to their verbal character 1) after the verb of the predicate 3) inserted between subject and verb 4) Sentences with auxiliary verbs or modal verbs and completing 7) the sentence contains a number of adverbial determinations 8) the adverb as representative of attributive determinations III. The position of attributive determinations of the sentence A. In the relation of coordination B. In the relation of subordination C. The Intermediate Forms of the Verb as adverbial Deter minations. The Infinitive. The Infinitive, as the abstract expression of the activity, which is denoted by its two forms in its becoming or in its completion, appears especially as an adverbial determination of the sentence and becomes a mean for abbreviating dependent sentences. It receives its more particularly determined sphere of time through the verb of the predicate or from the context generally. It is likewise, with reference to its subject, dependent upon other parts of the sentence, because its verbal nature is adapted to bring to remembrance the reference to a subject. It therefore essentially appears in the condition of grammatical dependence, and although, from its abstract nature, it may appear as a genuine substantive, therefore may itself become the subject of the sentence, it does not even then disdain the particle to, which also renders it externally recognisable as a subordinate member of the sentence. The pure Infinitive. The infinitive stands either with or without an accompanying particle. In the former case we call it the pure infinitive. Its use has been, in the course of time, limited to narrower bounds, yet it is still sometimes met with in Modern-English, where its combination with the particle to has long become familiar. 1. The pure infinitive sometimes becomes the subject of the sentence. Have is have (SHAKSP., John 1, 1.). Mother what does marry mean? (LONGF. I. 132.) In these cases the infinitive is to be conceived in its whole abstract or material value; in others it leans, with a more particular reference to the activity of a subject and its further reference, on impersonal sentences with or without the neutral subject it, and appears as the logical or even grammatical subject of the sentence. Will't please you, pass along? (SHAKSP., Rich. III. 3, 1.) Will't please you, hear me? (Ant. a. Cleop. 2, 5.) Will't please your highness walk? (Lear 4, 7.) May Mätzner, engl. Gr. II. 2. 1 it please your highness sit? (Macb. 3, 4.) When him list the raskall routes appall (SPENSER, F. Qu. 1, 7, 25.). Me lists not tell what words were made (SCOTT, L. Minstr. 5, 25.). Him booteth not resist (SPENSER, F. Qu. 1, 3, 20.). Of him I gather'd honour; Which he, to seek of me again, perforce, Behoves me keep at utterance (SHAKSP., Cymb. 3, 1.). The last instances may also be referred here, although list and behove originally required a genitive, whose place the infinitive might take. The infinitive has for a long time not been felt with the meaning of a dependent case. Moreover, the pure infinitive sometimes occurs with impersonal sentences with a predicative adjective, as good, better, best, which often appears elliptically: Tis best put finger in the eye (SHAKSP., Taming 1, 1.). It were best not call (Cymb. 3, 6.). It were best not know myself (Macb. 1, 2.). As good dissemble that thou never mean'st, As first mean truth and then dissemble it (MARLOWE, Jew of M. 1, 2.). Better be with the dead, Whom we, to gain our place, have sent to peace (SHAKSP., Macb. 3, 2.). Better end here unborn (MILT., P. L. 11, 502.). Better dwell in the midst of alarms Than reign in this horrible place (CowP. p. 336). Best stand upon our guard (SHAKSP., Temp. 2, 1.). Best draw my sword (Cymb. 3, 6.). Truth's in a well best leave that well alone (TAYLOR A. READE, Masks 2.). It seems inappropriate to regard these elliptical sentences as abbreviations of personal sentences, which occur with a similar predicative determination and the pure infinitive: Thou wert better gall the devil (SHAKSP., John 4, 3.). 1 were best leave him, for he will not hear (I Henry VI. 5, 3.). Madam, you're best consider (Cymb. 3, 2.). We were best look that your devil can answer the stealing of this same cup (MARLOWE, Doct. Faust 3, 3.). As little may we see therein abbreviations of personal sentences with the verb have. See further on have. . In all cases cited the infinitive with to is appropriate to the modern mode: in former times the pure infinitive frequently appears. Old-Engl.: As him lust devyse (CHAUC., C. T. 1792.). Me list not pley for age (3865.). Me lest yit ful wel slepe And pleie tweies and ones (SEUYN SAGES 1632.). Hens behufys the hy (Town. M. p. 135.). For thi behofes us fle and flytt (p. 136.). It is beter let hym in stylle, Than hereinne that he yow spille (RICH. C. DE L. 4137.) It is better hold that I have Then go from doore to doore and crave (Town. M. p. 11.). Bettyr is on huntynge goode (IPOм. 1244). Yete me is best take mi chaunce, And sle me (mi?) childe, and do penaunce (LAY LE FREINE 107.). Betere hem were han y-be barouns (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 212.). Wraththen the . Were me loth (Anecd. p. 3.). Ah me were levere with lawe leose my lyf, Then so to fote hem falle (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 158.). Lerne the bylefe Levest me were (P. PLOUGHм. p. 452.). Halfsax.: pan kinge luste slepe (LAZAM. III. 214.) Himm lisste pa Wel etenn off an appell (ORM. 8119). Himm birrp nu forrpwarrd waxenn (18468.). Anglosax.: Me gepuhte vrîtan pe (Luc. 1, 3.). pus unc gedafenað ealle rihtvisnisse gefyllan (Math. 3, 15.). pe gebyrede gevistfull jan and gehlissjan (Luc. 15, 32.). Elene pâra pe pas hoc redan lyste (BOETH., Prooem.). Hine ridan lyste (34, 7.). Gif his pe gêman lyst (ELFR. METRA 31, 1. Grein.). Leofre ys ûs beôn besvungeu for lare pänne hit ne cunnan (THORPE, Anal. p. 101.). Eallum ûs leófre ys vicjan mid pan yrolinge ponne mid pe (p. 113.). Gebeorhlicre [ys] me faran tô eá mid scype mînum, þänne faran mid manegum scypum on huntunge hranes (p. 107.). Plythlic ping |