The adjective with the article also follows names of kinds, most frequently in ancient times. Old-Engl.: That was Candaces sone theo yonger ALIS. 7737.). With pelre The fyneste upon erthe (P. PLOUGHM. p. 28.). Treuthe is tresor The trieste on erthe (p. 23.). Halfsax.: I blode pan rede (LAZAM. III 45.). Mid hærmen pan mæsten (III 252.). Boc he nam pe pridde (I. 3.). Anglosax.: Tô botme helle pære hâtan (CAEDM. 360). On pam grimman däge dômes päs micclan (COD. EXON. 74, 12.). On seáve pam neoteran (Ps 88, 6.). At eá pære hâlgan (SAX. CHR. 1025.). Sethes eafora se yldesta vps Enos haten (CAEDM. 1128.). Comp. Middle-Highdutch: Golt daz swære (GUDRUN 29, 2.). Tier diu wilden (NIBEL. 1700, 1.). Win der aller beste (38, 3.). The appositive form of the adjective determination gives it greater weight.

9) The the appearing before the comparative of adjectives and adverbs needs a discrimination of the original Anglosaxon instrumental pé, pý, from the article agreeing in case and member with the adjective. The syntactical relation is in part obscured for the present language.

the, Anglosax. pâ, pý, Goth. pe, Old-Highdutch thiu, Middle-Highdutch diu; Halfsaxon, Old-Highdutch, Middle-Highdutch also in the combination pess te, thes thiu, des diu, deste, Mod.-Highdutch desto, answers to the Lat. quo eo, Gr. ἔσῳ τοσούτῳ.

So much the rather thou, celestial light, Shine inward (MILT., P. L. 3, 51.). Are they the worse to me because you hate them? (COLER., Picc. 5, 3.) Every Orsini slain is a robber the less (BULW., Rienzi 1, 1.). The more fair and crystal is the sky, The uglier seem the clouds that in it fly (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 1, 1.). The greater the new power they create. the greater seems their revenge against the old (BULW., Rienzi 2, 8.). Comp. Comparative Sentences.

The answers to the instrumental, where a measure set up by way of comparison, or one supposed, although not expressed, is considered, by which something is exceeded. It is clear that the appears else as a determinative: You are the happier woman (SHAKSP., Merry W. 2, 1.). Is Christ the abler teacher or the schools? (CowP. p. 198.). Comp. Old-Engl.: I not which was the fyner of hem two (CHAUC., C. T. 1041.).

:

Old-Engl. The mone thingth the more, for heo so ne ous is (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 134.). Giftes willi give the, That thou maizt ever the betere be (Anecd p. 11.). The bet the be, the bet the byse (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 113.). The sonne is hezere.. the lasse heo is to seo (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 134.). Thin enemy schal the lenger lyve in drede (CHAUC., C. T. p. 152. II.). The pe strengthened by the causal genitive pes is still found in Old Engl.: panne sal pe child pas pe bet worpen (WRight a. HalLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 177.). Halfsax.: pe scal beon pe bet (LA3AM. I. 30.). He nefde nenne sune, pe sarure was his heorte (I. 7.). Hire cheap wes pe wrse (I. 17.); al also precedes in combination with pes; To sen aund tunnderrstanndenn All pess te bettre (ORM., Ded. 48.). patt hise frend mihhtenn off himm All pess te mare blissenn Annd tatt te follc all pess te bett Hiss lare shollde foll;henn (ORM. 443.). Annd tatt 3ho shollde pess te bett Wipp fulle trowwpe lefenn (2301.). Anglosax.: pe veord on pinum breostum rûm, västm þý vlitegra (CAEDM. 516). Symle bio pý heardra, pe hit hreoh väter svearte sæstreamas sviðor beátað (1320.). Hvät is þät pê mâ þät ænig man mæge ôðrum don, pät he ne mæge him dôn pät ylce? (BOETH 16.). Hvî forlate vit hî â pỷ mâ? (40, 2.). Comp. Middle-Highdutch: diu dicker

(IWEIN 111.). As diu and deste are strengthened in Halfsaxon by al as well as by vil: Ll deste (WALTH 82, 15). Vil diu baz (IWEIN 166.). Ez ist vil deste lihter (PARZ. 213, 13.).

The juxtaposition of superlatives the best, the soonest, the latest as in: I like this the better and I like this the best, with the comparatives just touched upon, rests upon an error of grammarians, superlatives used substantively being also employed as accusative adverbs.

Repetition and Non-repetition of the definite Article. a) One and the same person or thing, even when different qualities are attributed to it, ordinarily takes only once the article, which more particularly determines this one object.

The lofty, melodious and flexible language (ScoTT, Minstr. I. 13.). She is the sweetest-tempered, honestest, worthiest, young creature (FIELD., J. Andr. 4, 2.). The first, last purpose of the human soul (POPE, Essay on M. 4. 338.). The noble and bright career open to you (BULW., Money 3, 3.). The fairest and most loving wife in Greece (TENNYS. p. 105.). The mild sad smile (WARREN, Diary 1, 17.). The soft, stealing expansive twilight (ib.). This is also the case with adjectives used substantively or referred to a substantive notion following it, which denote the same object: Think how Bacon shin'd The wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind (POPE, Essay on M. 4, 281.). His life has been told by the kindest and most good natured of men (THACKER,, Engl. Humour. 1.).

Nevertheless, with a few words of quality, mostly in the higher style, and especially in the asyndetic connection, the article is repeated. The reason is the emphatic prominence given to the object according to its different determinations.

The great, the good Sciolto dies this moment (RowE, Fair Penit. 5, 1.). The morning lours, And heavily brings on the day, The great, th'important day (ADDIS., Cato 1, 1.). Falkland dies, the virtuous and the just (POPE, Essay on M. 4, 99.). Ronald, from many a hero sprung, The fair, the valiant and the young (SCOTT, Lord of the Isl. 1, 8.). Dare any soul on earth breathe a word against the sweetest, the purest, the tenderest, the most angelical of young women? (THACKER., Vanity Fair 1, 18.).

:

The non-repetition, with the accumulation of adjectives before or after a substantive, does not seem to have become usual till subsequently. OldEngl The seyd blessed and gloriouse virgine Marie (MAUNDEV. p. 1.). That lond he chees. . as the beste and most worthy lond (ib). He may not bygynne the newe clene lif (CHAUC., C. T. p. 185. II.) Whider schal thanne the wrecche synful man flee? (p. 187. I). In ancient times this juxtaposition of adjectives with an article was not favoured, except where the adjectives stood in the relation of inordination. Comp: Se angrislîca sûð-vesterna vind (APOLLON. or T. p. 11.). purh pone smyltan suðan vesternan vind (BOETH. 4.).

The repetitiou of the definite article is especially familiar to the most ancient language. Old-Engl.: The most delectable, and the most plentifous of alle godes (MAUNDEV p. 207.). There schal be the sterne and the wroth juge sitte above (CHAUC., C T. p. 187. I) [Ther shal be the sterne and wroth juge sitting above (TYRWн. p. 149. II.)] Halfsax.: Of pan kæisere Childeriche, pan wode & pan richen, pan strongen & pan balden (Lazam

II. 431.). Anglosax.: Se almihtiga and se gihtvîsa god (A -S. HOMIL. I. 114.). He väs päs yldestan and päs ädelstan cynnes (S. GUTHLAC 1.). Betvux pære drygan and pære scealdan eorðan, and þam hâtan fŷre (BOEтH. 33, 4.). Thus we also find the article with adjectives comprehending the substantive, although not always: Ve polja pone heardestan hungor and pone rêvestan (APOLLON. OF T. p. 9.). Afyr fram þe pà yfelan sælða and på unnettan (BOETH, 6).

B) If the same substantive is determined by more than one adjective, and referred, in combination with each of them, to a different object, then, if the substantive stands in the singular, the repetition of the definite article is a matter of course. She liked the English and the Hebrew tongue (BYR., D. J. 1, 15.). Even here, however, non-repetition is very usual, the difference of the objects being kept sufficiently visible by the adjectives.

Revenge as spacious, as between The youngest and oldest thing (SHAKSP., Coriol. 4, 6.). The elder and younger son.. were, like the gentleman and lady in the weather-box, never at home together (THACKER., Van. Fair 1, 10.). The civil and ecclesiastical administration had, through a period of near twelve years, been so oppressive (MACAUL.. Hist. of F. I. 95.). Like a constitution of the eighteenth or nineteenth century (I. 29.).

In the copulative relation the objects distinguished are in this case often comprehended by the plural: In the thirteenth and fourteenth Iliads (FIELD., J. Andr. 3, 2.). The Danish and Saxon tongues (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I, 10.). The Emilian and Flaminian highways (GIBBON, Decl. 10.). During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (ROBERTSON, Hist. of Scotl. II. 18.). The non-repetition of the article is then rarer: She possessed in equal perfection the Greek, the Syriac, and the Egyptian languages (GIBBON, Decl. 7.). The older langnage here prefers the appositive junction of the article with the article repeated, or repeats the substantive at the same time: Inde the lasse and the more (MAUNDEV. p. 4.). Ermonye the lasse and the more (p. 79.). Egypt the highe and the lowe (ib.). Of alle manere of men, The meene and the riche (P. PLOUGHм, p. 2.). On the righte syde and on the left syde (MAUNDEV p. 85.). Anglosax.: Se sumerlica sunnstede and se vinterlica (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 11.). Otherwise we also meet with the plural the repetition of the article with adjectives preceding: pâ Eásternan and pâ Grêciscean munacas libbað hyra lif (BASIL., Admonit. Prol.). 7) If different substantives follow one another, to every one of which the definite article belongs in the syntactical relation, the article standing at the head of the series is not repeated with each individual. Neither the unlikeness of the natural gender or number is then considered. The uniformity of the article the manifestly favours partly the comprehension of different notions in a plural form, partly their repetition in the mind. The comprehension of different substantives under one article in the copulative relation mostly takes place with the syndetic connection, most readily, if the substantives disclose a closer affinity; yet also otherwise, even in the disjunctive and adversative relation of the members.

Upon the right and party of her son (SHAKSP., John 1, 1.). While the Cæsars defended the Danube and Rhine (GIBBON, Decl. 9.). He bent over the child and mother (THACKER., Vanity Fair 2, 10.).

The Prince and Princess of Orange (MACAUL., Hist. of E. II. 100.). The bed and chamber were so funereal and gloomy (THACKER., Vanity Fair 1. 7.). Over the tea and toast (3, 1.). The tired cabman and more tired horse . . seeking the stable and repose (MARRYAT, Valerie 6.). The study.. must possess considerable interest for the moral philosopher and general historian (SCOTT, Minstr. I. 14.). Shall the Commons have as many members as the Noblesse and Clergy united? (CARL., Fr. Revol. 1, 4, 1.) When he was accused of the chief priests and elders (MATTH. 27, 11.). The guilty and not guilty both alike (Cowp. p. 4.). He commandeth even the winds and water (LUKE 8, 25.). The cigars and coffee . . keep the company together (LEWES, G. I. 53.). These licentious contentions, in the very shrines and city of St. Peter (BULW., Rienzi 1, 5.). The good looks, gallant bearing, and gentlemanlike appearance won the grandsire's heart for him (THACKER., Vanity Fair 3, 8.). This unsubstantial diet will support for many days the life and even spirits of the patient Tartar (GIBBON, Decl. 18.). The small faction which had been held together by the influence and promises of Prince Frederic (MACAUL., Essays IV. 30.). The inner sphere of Fact.. differs infinitely from the outer sphere and spheres of Semblance (CARL., Past a. Pres. 1, 2.). Even the accession of prepositional members to the substantive does not hinder the suppression of the article: Be thou the trumpet of our wrath, And sudden presage of your own decay (SHAKSP., John 1, 1.). The remains of Minstrel poetry, composed originally for the courts of princes and halls of nobles (SCOTT, Minstr. I. 24.). The beginning of some, and end of others have been supplied (I. 65.).

Other than purely copulative relations of substantives are not excluded, although in part more remarkable: The person as well as mind of Constantine, had been enriched by nature (GIBBON, Decl. 12.). "Under king Harry." "Harry the fourth? or fifth? (SHAKSP., II Henry IV. 5, 3.) The studious head or gen'rous mind (POPE, Essay on M. 3, 283.). What if the foot, ordain'd the dust to tread, Or hand to toil, aspir'd to be the head? (1, 259.) I like to be particular in dates, Not only of the age, and year, but moon (BYR., D. J. 1, 103.).

If two substantives characterize the same individual by different generic names, the non-repetition of the article is the closest to hand: The son and heir to that same Faulconbridge (SHAKSP., John 1, 1.). The huntress, and queen of these groves, Diana (BEN JOns., Cynth. Rev. 1, 1.).

The repetition of the article in more restricted in the copulative relation in modern times, and appears of necessity only where the members of the series cannot be aptly represented as a coherent totality, yet free play is given to individual freedom. Comp.: And the scribes and the Pharisees began to reason (LUKE 5, 21.). [The scribes and Pharisees (ib. 6, 7.)]. His lordship appeared among the ladies and the children (THACKER., Vanity Fair 3, 1.). He arose, and rebuked the winds and the sea (MATTH. 8, 26.). [The winds and water (LUKE 8, 25.).] Prose also repeats the article if determinations containing an opposition are given to the substantives:

The rights of the people and the title of the reigning dynasty (MacAUL., Hist. of. E. I. 1.). In the asyndetic and polysyndetic connection the repetition of the article is not rare, when the repetition may mingle with the omission as to single members: Your tenderness, for the weak, the poor, the oppressed, the unhappy (THACKER., Engl. Hum. 1.). I am the way, and the truth, and the life (John 14, 6.) The flowers, and the presents, and the trunks and bonnetboxes.. having been arranged, the hour of parting came (THACKER., Vanity Fair 1, 1.). She became interested in every thing appertaining to the estate, to the farm, the park, the gardens, and the stables (1, 10.). There in the rich, the honour'd, fam'd, and great, See the false scale of happiness complete (POPE, Essay on M. 4, 287.). See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing, The sot, a hero, lunatic a king (2, 267.).

The non-repetition of the definite article is met with much more rarely in the old and oldest language, and primarily only in the superlative relation, as especially with the reference to plurals. Old-Engl.: pe old tillen ware pe holie lordewes, prophetes, apostles, popes, archebiscopes, bissopes, prestes, pe holie lif ladden (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 129.). The myraclis and werkis that Crist so ernystfully wroute (II. 42.). pe bischopis and pharisees hadden zouen a maundement (WYCL., Joh. 11, 57.). Whanne pe bischopis and mynystris hadden seen hym (ID. 19, 6.). Of the fyue barly loves and two fischis (ID. 1, 45.). Alle the townes and cytees and castelles (MAUNDEV. p. 6.). We often meet with substantives without the article, which are followed by others with the article: Ther gromes and the goodmen beth all eliche grette (DEPOS. OF RICH. II. p. 6.). To boyle chicknes and the mary bones (CHAUC., C. T. 382.). And alle they cryde lesse and the moore (1758), also generalized in the singular: Baroun and bonde, the clerc and the knyght (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 150.). Halfsax.: Eves and pa treupen (LAZAM. I. 235.). In regard to substantives in the singular the older language is still more reserved in the non-repetiton of the article: pe fayre balle, & oper bold, þat hys fader let rere (R. OF GL. II. 383.). For the everlastynge lif and joye that men moste loven and desiren (Wright A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. II. 42.) Trewth to the unknowyng and doutyng (ib.). For the grette penaunce and suffraunce (ib.). Of the precious body and blood of oure Lord (MAUNDEV. p. 1.). Bycause of the grete richesse and power of the partes bothe (CHAUC., C. T. p. 151. II.). After the bataille and discomfiture (C. T. 1010.). The kyng and knyghthood And clergie bothe (P. PLOUGHм. p. 8.). In Anglosaxon a common article in the plural is not unfamiliar, when even the unlikeness of the substantive is not considered: pâ heah-sacerdas, and bôceras, and ealdras (MARC. 12, 27.). pâ bôceras and Farisei (Luc. 5, 21. cf, 6, 7.). pára vorda and sanga pe heó gehŷrde (APOLLON. OF T. p. 19.). Gemunde på ærran synna and leahtras (S. GUTHLAC 4.). Be pâm godcundum fremsumnessum and dômum (BEDA 4, 24.). Singulars are even comprehended under an article in the singular: þá þá seo gôde cvên Margarita pis gehŷrde, hire på leófstan hlâford and sunu pus besvicene (SAX. CHR. 1093.). The article once in the singular is rare: Seó heôfen and sæ and corde synd gehâtene middan-eard (Wright, Pop. Treat. p. 10.). On pam däge pe seo suenne, and môna, and ealle tunglan, and geárlîce tîda gesette væron (p. 51.). The succession of a substantive with an adjective of the strong form to a substantive with the article is to be formally distinguished from this combination: pa fixas and vilde deor päs vêsternes ealle hî hym hŷrdon (S. GUTHLAC 9.). Her ge magon gehŷran pà hâlgan prynnysse and sôve ânnysse [add. on] ânre god