bination of that other often suffices, in which that, as an article, appears unaccented, as in the other, which in the modern language is often adapted to render a Gr. zaivos as opposed to os. Modern-Engl.: This man went down to his house justified rather than the other (LUKE 18, 14.). Gr.: Κατέβη οὗτος δεδικαιωμένος . . παρ' ἐκεῖνον. [In the Anglosaxon text the last words are wanting. I have not found in Old-English the opposition of the Modern-Highdutch dieser jener, Middle-Highdutch dirre

jener; it belongs, however, to Halfsax.: þatt an wass o 30nnd hallf þe flumm. Annd o piss hallf patt operr (ORM. 10588.). O piss hallf . .*0 3onnd hallf (10611. cf. 10580.) see yon. This opposition, not met with in Anglosaxon, also unknown to Lazamon, is expressed in Gothic sa..jains: Atiddja sa garaitoza gataihans. . þau raihtis jains (Luc. 18, 14).

This is also opposed to a second this.

Thy crimes to their full period tend, Or soon by this or this will end (ADDIS., Rosam. 2, 6.).

Old-Engl.; Thou wold I gaf hym this shefe or this shefe (Town. M. p. 14.). der der is similarly repeated in German. Old-Highdutch: In dia int in dia stat (DIUT. I. 5086.)

B. aa. This from olden times chiefly points to the object situate near to the speaker in space or in time, in reality or in imagination, hence to the object just named or immediately to be named.

This way the king will come (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 5, 1.). But then thine heart, and this warm hand to match (LEIGH HUNT, Legend of Flor. 1, 1.). "Is he gone?" "He is this moment.'" (SHERID. KNOWLES, Hunchb. 4, 2.) The same, doubtless, I saw this morning (LEIGH HUNT, Leg. of Fl. 1, 2.). You could just perceive a small, solitary and miserable hovel. Within this lone abode were seated two persons (BULW., Maltrav. 1, 1.). These are the names of his daughters, Mahlah, and Noah etc. (JOSH. 17, 3.). See Vol. I. p. 302. Vol. II. p. 11.

Old-Engl.: The mooste partie of this peple That passeth on this erthe, Have the worship in this world, The wilne no bettre (P. PLOUGHм. p. 15.). pou shalt se more pan pes pingis (WYCL., Joh. 1, 50.). As browke I thise two shankys (Town. M. p. 12.). Thes gold rynges I shalle geve the (TORRENT 1398.). That han laboured Al this lenten time (P. PLOUGHм. p. 419.). Better groved me no this yere (Tows. M. p. 12.). And faste by, is Kyng Heroudes hows.. This Heroude was over moche cursed (MAUNDEV. p. 89.). pesc chef townes heo lette in Englonde rere, London and Euerwik etc. (R. or GL. I. 2.). Even in Anglosaxon pes, peos, pis was thus employed, and therefore also the form of the Nom. and Accus. Plur. pás (those), which is now attracted to that. A new plural form pis (beside pes, peos and pas) and pise was early used for these cases, and which extend for centuries into Modern-English. Halfsax.: For to bi-holde pis preo cniḥtes bolde (LAZAM. III. 46. modern text). Whas itt iss patt. . fillepp pise mahhtess (ORM. 4572.). Comp. Anglosax.: Hvät is pes junga man? (APOLLON. of T. p. 15.). Hvät cunnon pâs pine geferan? (THORPE, Anal. p. 102.) Geornfulnes pysse veorulde, and leásung pyssa voruld-velena (MATH. 13, 22.). Svâ he ys gehâten ôd pisne däg (MATH. 27, 8.). Väs sum cyninge.. pises cyninges cvên veard of life geviten (APOLLON. of T. p. 1.). Þicgað hit on pâs vîsan; begyrdað eóvere lendenn etc. (HOMIL. in Ettm. 63, 35.).

The expression this other day (SHAKSP., I Henry IV. 3, 3.) seems analogous to the combinations of this morning, this night, and the like.

Ovi-Engl: Is de lew as Judas soot For be dede this other day
Trax La 973 Gang: 41 sime ender day Egged me faste (P.
FLODGE A 463, see a 17

52. In the reference to a space of time the present or the time
immediate can win the present whether it be as the
boundary of the past or of the fire, may be comprised by this,

Thou art the most pleasant, firberg unabashed, good fellow, I have seen the many a year Stow, Bear 4, 5.). These fif tem years you have been in a dream SHAKSP Taming, Induct 2. For these her years hath the famine been in the land (GEN. 45.4 Where bist the been these exciteen months? (LEIGH Erst. Leg of F. 1, 1) — The fellow, though he were to live Der er maria, w Dever come to the gallows with any credit (GAY. Begz Op. 1, 1)

Oyi-Eng: True iną ver Hath be gree and prethed P. Plotgam.
LATE SEPTED SIṛ bercher du keren your GAMELYN 400. cf.
Marc C. T. 9109.).

SIL DI SUDOET be the semen per.. That I ne stal do me To the bere time P. Plocem, p. 104. Bere wille 1 5 this fourty days Towy X p. 16. These expressions seemmar to olden times, The sowe of time elapsed to the time of the speaker is denoted in AnDONALD AT ME via the Inn of the space & time: Ny trå geår vis imge ofer ele vorfan Gax 456. Vis x fr þam við þe nu trentig

Liveliness of imagination makes use of the pronoun in the representation of an object neither immediately present nor spo

What! bo! bostess! Where be the chores? MARLOWE. Doct. Fast 4. 6.) The apnow More the favourite of the Commander-in-Chief, the hero of Lodi, and pel's rack in two years and a half (Stow, Lady of L. 5, 1.). has risen to a coloAb! what a weary weight devalves upon me! These endless wars these thankless Parliaments Ricbel 4, 1.). 06-Eng: And the medomes. Eventh foodeth bu be may shreWordDAST Wobe Win. Pt. S. p. 3 tone here dales of divers aventures maden Jades de gentil BreIn the most andet times the pronoun is found with a more sensuous Charc. C. T. 11021.). redereture or retrogect, yet not without exception: ham macon derjan Má ástan drogas.. ge furtum þess die lippe hine hvilam dead gedeð Borra 16 2.

ét. Oncasionally fu and the stand in combination with a particle need substantively, as the (char) (nos. For this much see p. 113.

A similar positie with the older one, one, onez znes, ones, onys, Anziosa Mare, semel has not occurred to me. We incidentally observe that the form amplided by s beside the shorter one is Halfsaxon: For eve and for elere Latom. II. 485, modern text. Ees an ane tide IL 175. order text. Exess o pe şer Oxx. 1078, ef. 1859, 5374. 5804.). a. Apart from the substantive use of the neuter this that, hoe, illud, we ngly call to mind their modern and ancient reference to space and time.

The finest player. . between this and the Pyramide (BULW.,
For references of time like ere this, by this see

Money 2, 5.).

Vol. II. 1, p. 445. 392 and 480.

The denoting of the standing place of the speaker by this seems not to have been formerly familiar. This referred to the present, is also contained in Anglosaxon in the form ôo pis = 60 nu: Svâ svâ heó stent ôo pis (BASIL., Hexam. 6.).

Y. That, which also appears beside the, whose neuter it originally was (Anglosaxon [pe], seó [peó], pät), in the weakened meaning of the article, has in the course of time received, as a demonstrative pronoun, a more pregnant meaning than this, whose original plural it lays claim to. Partly interchanging with this, partly coming into opposition with it, it has besides preserved or adopted syntactical peculiarities, which are wanting to the former. aa. That, like this, goes to the object immediately and sensuously present, likewise to the object named and one to be further determined. In the last case it is distinguished from this, by being able to be referred to a dependent sentence and to stand as the correlative of a relative, without absolutely presupposing the object as one already sensuously exhibited or present to the imagination.

"Why tender'st thou that paper to me with A look untender?" -[Pisanio offers a letter.] (SHAKSP., Cymb. 3, 4.) That paper within thy vest Is that the words? (LEIGH HUNT, Leg. of Flor. 1, 2.) For those hairs of thine I ought to call thee father (1, 1.). Pray, who was he, That fellow yonder (ib.). "A scandalous lie, Evelyn!" "On the strength of that lie I was put to school." (BULW., Money 2, 3.) Almost every historian of England has expatiated with a sentiment of exultation on the power and splendour of her foreign masters, and has lamented the decay of that power and splendour (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I, 14.). That sun that warms you here, shall shine on me (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 1, 3.). The icy casing of that thick despair Which day by day gather'd o'er my heart (TALFOURD, Ion 1, 1.). With the last sentences compare the following: And these two Mortimers, That cross me thus, shall know I am displeas'd (MARLOWE, Edw. II. 1, 1.). I chide these sinews that are framed so tough Grief cannot palsy them (TALFOURD, Ion 1, 1.), in which the objects already determined for the imagination or intuition do not point to the dependent sentences as its integrant determinations.

The older language, which long preserves for that, formerly in use as a demonstrative for all genders, its ancient plural tho, frequently leaves us in doubt whether these forms appear with a weaker or a stronger accent. Old-Engl.: Sant Michel sal him quelle, In Papilon, that mikel felle, In pat stede in his aun stal (ANTICRIST 416.). Who is that Hob over the walle? (Town. M. p. 15.) Above the vale, is the mount Olivete That mount is more highe than the cite of Jerusalem is (MAUNDEV. p. 96.). Godes man stant ther oute; sory is that lawe (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 329.). Men seyn, that this croune is of thornes. . And I have on of tho precyouse thornes (MAUNDEV. p. 13.). Evele mote he the! that clerk, That so geteth the silver (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 334.). Imparfit is that pope That al the world sholde helpe (P. PLOUGHм. p. 421.). Conforte tho crea

tures That muche care suffren (p. 284.). The transition of the demonstrative neuter into the other grammatical genders happens in Halfsax.: All o patt wise patt zuw iss Bitacnedd þurrh pa lakess (ORM. 1124. and often). Anglosaxon had also weakened the pronoun se, seó, pät down into an article: in its full demonstrative emphasis it will have been rendered prominent by the accent: pâ sæde he hire: For pære spræce gâ (MARC. 7, 29.). Ponne hig eóv ehta on pysse byrig, fleod on oðre, and ponne hig on pære eóv ehtað, fleod on på þriddan (MATH. 10, 23.). þâ gemêtton hie sixtŷne scipu vicinga and við på gefuhton (SAX, CHR. 885.). Er hine på men onfundon, pe mid pam cyninge værun (755.). pá piny pe of pam men gâ (MARC. 7, 20.). This appears not to have been formerly used as a mere correlative of a relative, although a relative sentence follows it. Old-Engl.: And thise ersedekenes that ben set to visite holi churche, Everich fondeth hu he may shrewedelichest worche (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 326.). That ben thise false fisiciens that helpen men to die (p. 333.). pir clerkes telles þat er wise, þat he o Juus king sal rise (ANTICRIST 35.). Thei ben folke of alle evylle condiciouns. Theise folk, that I speke of, thei tylen not the lond (MAUNDEV. p. 64.). In that tyme there weren 3 Heroudes. . This Heroude, of whiche I have spoken offe, was Heroude Ascalonite (p. 89.). Anglosax.: Ac sepe me nu, hvät eover deórvy roesta-vela and anveald sie..? Ic vât þeáh, pät hit is pis andvearda lif and pes brosnjenda vela, þe ve ær ymbe spræcon (BCETH. 16, 1.).

BB. The reference backwards to a preceding substantive in combination with a more particular determination, when the object more particularly determined may or may not be opposed to another, is peculiar to that. The determination itself is mostly expressed by a prepositional member, but also by an adjective or an adverb.

The Huns who in the reign of Valens threatened the Roman empire, had, in a more early period, been formidable to that of China (GIBBON, Decl. 18.). The early fame of Gratian was equal to that of the most celebrated princes (19.). The name of these officers was that of Tribune (BULW., Rienzi 2, 8.). Shall.. The fundamental law of Nature Be over-rul'd by those made after? (BUTL., Ep. of Hud. 95.) For bad it hit, The upper part of him the blow Had slit as sure as that below (Hud. 1, 2, 822.).

Old-Engl.: 3e schulle undirstonde that it (sc. this croune) was of jonkes of thee see For I have seen and heholden many tymes that of Paris and that of Costantynoble (MAUNDEV. p. 13.). The emperour of Costantynoble seythe that he hathe the spere heed: and I have often tyme seen it; but it is grettere than that at Parys (p. 14). Compare the Middle-Highdutch: Die Gunthêres man unde ouch die Dietriches (NIBEL. 2236, 2.) One might regard that as assimilated to the Fr. celui, yet its use, at least with the pronoun used substantively, extends deep into Germanic antiquity. For the pronoun used substantively see further on, the Substantive with Prepositions at the end. Anglosaxon is certainly not fond of the abbreviation lying in this combination. Compare: Agyfað þam Câsere pâ þing þe päs Câseres synd, and Gode pâ pe Godes synd (MARC. 13, 17.).

yy. That, like this, may also be used with the emphatic reference to an object neither sensuous nor named.

My husband's hand! That drug-damn'd-Italy hath out-craftied him (SHAKSP., Cymb. 3, 4.). Have they forgiven you in that

affair of young Melnotte? You had some hand in that notable device eh? (BULW., Lady of L. 5, 1.).

I have not met with a similar employment of that, tho in ancient times, where that could not be regarded as an article. In sentences like: Why hast thou done me that shame and vilonye, For to late endite me, and wolves-heed me crye? (GAMELYN 715.) one may find something similar.

d. The forms of the singular this and that are met with in ModernEnglish, where those of the plural seem to be regarded by the substantive notion subjoined. To explain this phenomenon two points of view may be taken. On the one hand this and that are archaic plural forms, although not justified by original Anglosaxon formations; on the other, the plurals accompanying them may be treated as collective notions.

Till time shall alter this our brutish shapes (MARLOWE, Doct. Faust 4, 4.). I have maintained that salamander of yours, any time this two and thirty years (SHAKSP., I Henry IV. 3, 3.). He cannot draw his power this fourteen days (4, 1.). I have paid scot and lot there any time this eighteen years (BEN JONS., Ev. Man in h. hum. 3, 3.). This twenty years have I been with thee (GEN. 31, 38.). The very stones of their glens shall sing woe for it this hundred years to come (SCOTT, R. Roy 32.). I have not laughed this two years (TAYLOR A. READE, Masks 2, 1.). Most of that hundred and fifty have been leaders of a legion (BEN JONS., Poetast. 3, 1.). Dauncing that tenne mile in three hours (KEMP, Nine Daies Wonder p. 12.). There's that ten guineas you were sending to the poor gentleman and his children in the Fleet (GOLDSM., G. Nat. Man. 1.). She had hardly said a word to him as to that five thousand pounds (TROLLOPE, Framl. Parson. 1, 13.). Neither do I see it as any crime, farther than ill manners, to differ in opinion from the majority of either or both houses; and that ill manners I have often been guilty of SWIFT, Wagner's Gr. p. 288.). To the modern apprehension of a few answers that few: M. possessed but very few friends. . and none of that few were a Bath (BULW., likewise p. 244.). Also in mentioning persons whose names we do not know or whom we will not name, we leave the postpositive this and that: She had been very successful in her guests on the occasion, having engaged the attendance of my Lords This, and my Ladies That, innumerable (WARREN, Diary 1, 22.) see p. 232.

With regard to the form this no further proofs are needed for Old-Engl. (see p. 230.); that, which as a relative pronoun, early referred to all genders and numerals (see Adjective sentence), is subsequently and more rarely combined, as a determinative demonstrative, with the plural: I one grave thei were leyde, That hende knyghtes both two (AMIS. A. AMIL. 2491.). In the modern language this and that appear most frequently before numerals, and may in this case be in similar combination to a. Compare p. 208. In a few cases the more ancient usage may still glimmer through.

Conversely the plurals these and those may be here and there combined with a singular of the substantive, which, either by itself or in combination with a determination following it, awakens the idea of a plurality of individuals.