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meaning, to concrete individual existences, so far as they excel in their class. The older language does not know this restriction for a long time.

Old-Engl. pe strengest mon & pe meste pat hym pozte in eny lond (R. OF GL. I. 15.). þa mast king of alle (ANTICRIST 274.). The moste fynger of myn hande (Ms. in HALLIW. v.). In pe contre of Canterbury mest plente of fyssh ys (R. OF GL. I 6.). They sleepen . . The moste part (CHAUC., C. T. 10674.). In al his wele and his moste pride (897.). Of studie tooke he most cure and heede (305.). Mest chase aboute Salesbury of wylde bestes ywys, At London schippes mest (R. OF GL. I. 6.). Who that moost maistries kan (P. PLOUGHм. p. 411.). Halfsax.: þatt wass. pe maste ping (ORM. 2866.). Pe maste lufe he shæwepp þær (5328.). Ich hatte Mauric pe maste of his childeren (LAAM. II. 57.) [the eldest?]. Dat wes pat pridde mæste wiht (III. 95.). Cloten hæfde mest riht to azen pas riche (I. 173.). Mid harmen pan mesten (I. 175.). Anglosax.: Drihten is on Sion, dema se masta (Ps. 98, 2.). ponne we ûs gemittao on þam mæstan däge (GREIN, Ags. Poes. I. 198. cf. 195.). Se mæsta dal päs heriges läg hilde gesaged on pam sigevonge (JuDITH 293. Grein). pâ heo âhte mæste pearfe hylde päs hêhstan dêman (3.). Mæst gestreón häfde (S. GUTHLAC 1.). Nales fore lytlum. . ac fore þàm mæstan mägenearfeðum (CYNEVULF, Crist. 953. Grein). In the plural niso is here commonly expressed by the subst. mast with the genitive.

much, more, most, as original neuter forms of the adjective, frequently occur used substantively.

Unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required (LUKE 12, 48.). The children of Israel.. gathered some more, some less (EXOD. 16, 17). Old Jacob Marley, tell me more (DICKENS, Christm. Car. 1.). But more of this in a subsequent chapter (SCOTT, Waverl. 2.). They ask no more than simple Nature gives (THOMSON, Wint.). He to whom he forgave most (LUKE 7, 43.). À covetous man makes the most of what he has, and can get (L'ESTRANGE in Webst. v. most).

The comparative or superlative is more rarely used of persons, without a reference backwards or a support by a following partitive substantive notion.

Look, sir! here are more of us (SHAKSP., Temp. 5, 1.). The most may err as greatly as the few (DRYDEN).

We may assume a substantive use of these forms where they are to be thought as subjects or objects of a verbal notion, although, even here, a different conception may in individual cases take place.

The neuter more is customary in the meaning πλεῖον. Old-Engl.: Ic mot zu telle more (WRIGHT,, Pop. Treat. p. 134.). Of some hath more other lasse [p. 138.). Halfsax.: Itt iss mare pann inoh (ORM. 10722.). Anglosax.: Se pe he mare forgeaf (Luc. 7, 43.). Seó lyft. . ponne mâre âberan ne mäg, ponne feal hit adune tô rêne âlŷsed (WRIGHT, Рop. Treat. p. 18.). Thus also má stands as a substantive: Ve må spreca (Ps. 125, 2.). The neuter substantive most is equally old. Old-Engi,: Ho so haveth of urthe mest (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 138.). Halfsax.: þatt Goddspellwrihhte patt mast wrat onn hiss Goddspellboc Off Cristess Goddcundnesse (ORM. 5881). Anglosaxon commonly in the meaning of plurimum with the genitive: Se pissum herige mæst hearma gefremede (ANDR. 1199).

mo, alɛloves, is often used of persons in Old-Engl.: Wel mo thider goth, ic wene, ze mo than such tene (WRIGHT, Роp. Treat. p. 134.). I may say, and so may mo (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 197.). In Anglosaxon it seems rather to be regarded as the neuter substantive, which is usually followed by a genitive: Ma vifa ponne ân (LEGG. ETHELR. IV. 12.). The superlative is often found in the meaning of uέyisoi, of persons. Old-Engl.:

The grete giftes to the most and leste (CHAUC., C. T. 2200.). A kynges feste Hath plenté, to the lest and to the meste (10614). mæste is not used substantively in Anglasaxon in the meaning of plurimi.

euch, Anglosax. alc, [or älc? see GREIN Gloss. I. 56.], Old-Highdutch eôgalih, Middle-Highdutch jegelich. jeglich, Old-Fries. ellik, elk, Holl. elk, Old-Engl. ylk, ech, uch, Halfsax. ilc, alc, alch, elche, ache and every, which representing each generalized by ever, Anglosaxon afre, Halfsax. auer, alc, euereche, Scottish everilk, everich are discussed Vol. I. p. 311.

The generalization by ever gives to the notion not so much an energetic reference to the totality to be thought at the same time, belonging in itself to each, but it renders prominent the idea of the individual of the totality, which is met with with always or everywhere. Hence with each the idea of each individual, as such, comes to the front, whereas with every that of the frequentative, indistinguishable individual comes under consideration. The Anglosaxon alc contains in its element [av, a, a, semper] the notion of ever, and ever, which has recently been added, might have rendered more sensuous that idea when it had fallen into the background. Each and ever in the modern language may be in some measure compared with the Latin quisque and quivis, quicunque. They touch each other and separate in a similar manner. In Anglosaxon alc serves both for quisque and quivis.

a. As to the adjective combinations of both compare also: Take each man's censure (SHAKSP., Haml. 1, 3). Swear his thought over By each particular star in heaven (Wint. Tale 1, 2.). In all the blooming prime Of vernal genius, where disclosing fast Each active worth, each manly virtue lay (THOMSON, Winter). Let each rapture, dear to Nature, flee (TH. CAMPBELL, Pleas. of Hope 2.). Over which amusement he spent many hours in each day and night (THACKER., Hist of H. Esm. 3, 9.).

Every godfather can give a name (SHAKSP., Love's L. L. 1, 1.). Every gentleman goes to the army (THACKER., Hist. of H. Esm. 2, 7.). Every thing good comes from France (3, 5.). A plaything for every profligate (TAYLOR A. READE, Masks 2, 1.). The prayers of priests and people were every moment interrupted by their sobs (CARL.. Fr. Revol. 1, 1, 1.). He had lost every vestige of self-control (WARREN, Diary 1, 9.). He has every great and generous quality (THACKER,, Hist. of H. Esm. 3, 12.). Cease, every joy, to glimmer on my mind (TH. CAMPBELL, Pleas. of Hope 2.). Every is even not far removed from any: The weakness of their wall, which every earthquake might overthrow (GOLDSM., Citizen of the world, Lett. 25.).

Every, like the Lat. quisque, is often combined with the substantive determined by an ordinal numeral: Every third word a lie (SHAKSP., II Henry IV, 3, 2.). To my Milan, where Every third thought shall be my grave (Temp. 5, 1.). He was at her bedside every other day (WARREN, Diary). For its combination with a substantive determined by a possessive pronoun see p. 221.

Every is also added to cardinal numbers denoting a sum of units: These same whoreson devils do the gods great harm in their women, for in every ten that they make, the devils mar nine

(SHAKSP., Ant. a. Cleop. 5. 2.). Every twenty paces gives you the prospect of some villa, and every four hours that of a large town (MONTAGUE, Lett.). Every is here like an, a, this, that, when added to plurals, which may be regarded as collective notions. In the passage: Single I'll resolve you. of every These happen'd accidents (SHAKSP., Temp. 5, 1.) a blending of every accident and these accidents takes place.

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In the older language each and every, the latter more rarely, also combine with the article an, a, without any observable difference from the simple pronouns. See p. 184.

Old-Engl.: Elch man have to fere on engel of hevene (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 131.). Ilke man knowes hit welle and fyne (Ms. in HALLIW. v. ilk). Engelond ys a wel god lond, ich wene of eche lond best (R. OF GL. I. 1.). Of thuse four elementz ech quik best y-maked is (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat p. 135.). That he dronke at ech dych (P. PLOUGHм. p. 426.). Uch gigelot wol loure (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 154.). Thah uch mon byswyke me (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 114.). Halfsax.: Ille mann shollde cumenn ham (ОRM. 3538.). Ælche monne heo dude riht (LAzam. I. 106.). Elche untutle heo talden vnwurde (II. 614.), Eche barunes sone (I. 227.) [ælcches b, sune older text].

Old-Engl.: Everiches monnes dom to his oge dure cherried (Wright a. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 172.) [Everuyches monnes dom to his owere dure churreth. Ms. Coll. Jes. Oxon. 1, 29. f. 262. sq.]. Nou hath prude the pris in everuche plawe (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 153,). Peasse I bid everyeich wight (Town. M. p. 216.). Every poore that pacient is (P. PLOUGHм. p. 288.). Ye schulde nought ete of every tree in Paradys (CHAUC., C. T. p, 191. I.). Every is found combined with an ordinal numeral: At every thridde pas, that thei gon fro here hows, thei knelen (MAUNDEV. p. 174.). Halfsax.: Euer alene godne mon he adelede mid gode (LAZAM. I. 119.). Euer alc god eniht slæn quere adun riht (III. 64.) [Everech g. cn. slea euere adun riht modern text]. Wenden to pen walle on etter alchere halue (I. 251.) [on euereche halue modern text]. The frequentative meaning of ever results from these instances; in Anglosaxon I have not observed the combination with fre: Nu he eóv alce däg onet tôveard (ELFR. METRA 27, 8. Grein). Elce geare by orf âcenned (BASIL., Hexam. 12.). On alcum lichaman synd pås feover þing (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat, p. 17.), Ele gôd treó biro gode västmas (MАth. 7, 17.) [Modern-English every good tree]. Ælc vís mon scyle âvinnan etc. (BOETH. 40, 3.). Ele ping häfo anginn (BASIL., Hexam. 13.). Hæleude ælce âdle, and ælce untrumnysse (MARC. 9, 35. cf. Luc. 3, 5,).

A subsequent form iwhile, often found in Orm, answers to the Anglosaxon ghvile, in general of the same meaning, from which ale could not have proceeded: All wass itt filledd iwhille dæl (1722.). Iwhille mann (3288.). Inn iwhille unnclænnesse (3983.). Anglosax.: þeáh.. him mon erigan scyle aghvelce däg äcera pusend (ELFR. METRA 14, 5. Grein). Comp. Anglosaxon @ghvar = everywhere, Halfsaxon ezzhwar (ORM,). œiwer, eower, ihwar, iwhær, iwære (LAAM.) The form everiwhar is ancient (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 67.).

B. each is familiar, referred back to a substantive, whereas every cannot dispense with support from one, also occurring with each. See one p. 240.

The love of change. . Genius and temper, and desire of rest, Discordant motives, in one centre meet, And each inclines its votr'y to retreat (Cowr. p. 143.). Boys are at best but pretty buds unblown.. Each dreams that each is just what he appears, But learns

his error in maturer years (p. 317.). Miss Herbert lost both her father and mother. . and was solemnly committed by each to the care of her uncle (WARREN, Diary 1, 9.). The two ladies went down on their knees before the Prince, who graciously gave a hand to each (THACKER., Hist. of H. Esm. 3, 9.). Such a reference backwards lies also in each other: The armies were in presence of each other (2, 14.). The shrine and its divinity, were worthy of each other (WARREN, Diary 1, 9.); see p. 186.

Old-Engl.: Thre leodes That oon dooth, alle dooth, And ech dooth bi his one (P. PLOUGHм. p. 341.). Al det mon oper wummon wilne more pen heo mei gnedeliche leden hire lif bi, everich efter det heo is, al is giscunge (WRIGHT a. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 68.). Anglosax.: Vâs päs Jôbes fäder gog eác svâ he: Saturnus pone sundbûende hêton häleda bearn. Häfdon pâ mægða ælene äfter ôðrum for êcne god (ÆLFR. Metra 26, 47. Grein).

y. Without support by a preceding substantive notion or the appositive relation to a pronoun, as well as when it is not referred to a following partitive notion, each, where it stands absolutely, comes but little under consideration as an independent notion used substantively. The reference to a totality, at least indicated, is almost always present; where each appears, every is not adapted in modern times.

All join to guard what each desires to gain (POPE, Essay on M. 3, 278.). The whole house becomes hypocritical, and each lies to his neighbour (THACKER., Hist. of H. Ésm. 1, 11.). Did you mark the shot I fired into each as he sheered off? (TAYLOR A. READE, Masks 2, 1.).

In ancient times everich seems chiefly to appear isolated in the meaning of every generalized; comp. Flem. Holl. elk: pet is riht religiun, þet everich efter his stat, boruwe et tisse vrakele worlde so lutel so heo ever mai (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant I 68); else the more general notion is periphrased by eehe man, wight, echone, Halfsax.: illke mann, ille an and the like. But compare also: Old-Engl.: Crist seith, that uche that doth his fadur wille is his brother, suster, and modur (WRIGHT A, HALLIW, Rel. Ant. I. 38.). Halfsax.: Weox pet folk & wel ipaih: for alc hefde his iwillen (LAZAM. I. 84. sq.). Anglosax.: þær väs alcum genôg fram däges orde drync sôna gearu (ANDREAS 1534.).

either, Anglosax. æghväder, ægðer, áđer, compare Old-Highdutch eogahuedar, iogahuedar, Modern-Highdutch ieweder and iedeweder, ietweder, whose element hväder Goth. wapar, answers to the Lat. uter, Old-Engl. aither, ather. either, Halfsax. ezher, owper, is opposed to neither, Anglosax. nàvđer, nåđer, novđer, nođer, that is ne arder à-hväder, Halfsax nowper, neođer, nouder, noder, Old-English and dialect. also nawder, like the Lat. uterque to neuter; see Vol. I. p. 312. The transition of the meaning of either, uterque, into that of alteruter, one of two, is prepared by the isolated idea of the individual in the duality, so that the latter meaning, or even that of each of a multitude, is erroneously regarded by grammarians and lexicographers as that originally justified. On the other hand the interchange of either with each is rendered possible, although in each the reference to duality is absent, as in on either side and on each side. In the latter duality is only the supposition occasioned by the substantive.

a. Instances of the combination of both with a substantive are: I .. will, to save the blood on either side, Try fortune with him in a single fight (SHAKSP., I Henry IV. 5, 1.). On either hand The lawns and meadow-ledges midway down Hung rich in flowers (TENNYS. p. 98.). The chief officers of either army were present (THACKER., Hist. of H. Esm. 2, 14.). The transition into the meaning of alteruter is made by passages like: An equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale (SHAKSP., Macb. 2, 3.), with which compare: He.. would offer it to either family that would bribe him best (THACKER., Hist. of H. Esm. 2, 14.). The reference to one and every one of several generally, which Webster's Dictionary (Lond. 1864) places at the head of the significations, is shewn in sentences of the following kind: Here are ten oranges; take either orange of the whole number (ib. v.). Neither side was impatient to come to action (MACAUL., Hist. of E. II. 168.). Both pronouns are singular.

Harrison expresses the opinion that either is misused for each: Engl. Langu. Lond. 1848 p. 228: Either gives simply an alternative; as "Place them on either side"; that is on one side or the other, but not on both, whilst each signifies both taken distributely; as "Place them on each side" that is on both sides apart. The meaning alteruter is however only the derivative one, although this transition is ancient. Old-Engl.: And if so falle, a cheventen be take On eyther side, or elles sle his make, No lenger schal the turneynge laste (CHAUC., C. T. 2557.). Halfsax.: Forrpi wenndenn pez full wel patt owwperr off þa twezzenn Off dæpe wære risenn upp (ORм. 10344.). Anglosax: Ne eágena (hafað) ægðer tvega (GREIN, Ags. Poes. II. 387.). The meaning uterque is, moreover, predominant. Old-Engl.: That schal be ordeyned on eyther side (2555.). The heles atte buttokes, the kneon in aither eye (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 139.). Halfsax: Till e33per kinn onn eorpe, Till weppmann annd till wifmannkinn (ORм. 3057.). Twa tuness wærenn Annd þurrh pe name off e33perr tun Iss herrsummnesse tacnedd (10584. sq.). Off ezzperr boc, Off þalde annd off þe newe (15158.). Anglosax.: Seo sunne ne cymo him næfre tô, ac ät-sent on gore healfe at pâm sunnstedum (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 13.). On âðre hand (Oros. 1, 14.). The reference to each among several objects is likewise early met with, in spite of the original reference to duality. Anglosax.: Cynebalde men from päm holmclife hafelan bæron, earfoolice heora æghväðrum felamôdigra (BEOV. 1634. Grein). Comp Middle-Highdutch: Behender garzune gnuoc, der ietweder truoc driu sper ode zwei (IWEIN 260). Modern-Lowdutch: jedweder, jedwederên = unusquisque. The negative neither presents no syntactical variety. Halfsax: Nowwperr mahht Off pise twezzenn mahhtess Niss god inoh (ORм. 10902.). Anglosax.: God hine ne neádode on náðre healfe, ac lêt hine habban his âgene cyre (BASIL, Hexam. 15.). B. either and neither stand absolutely only when supported by given

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substantive notions.

The people of Paris are much fonder of strangers that have money, than of those that have wit. As I could not boast of either, I was no great favourite (GOLDSM., Vic. 20.). Here where thou droop'st lies France! I am very feeble of little use it seems to either now (BULW., Richel. 4, 2.). On both sides store of blood is lost, Nor much success can either boast (SCOTT, Lady of the L. 6, 6.). There's Oxenstein, there's Arnheim neither knows What he should think of your procrastinations (COLER., Picc. 1, 10.).

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