years (ROGERS, It., Foscari). As he could not assure her of some return for her affection (LEWES, G. I. 98.). Some flattery for this evil (SHAKSP., Love's L. L. 4, 3). By prayer for us (2 Cor. 1, 11.). My love for you (LONGF. I. 171.). My friendship for the young lady (GOLDSM., G. Nat. M. 1.). Your cares for me (ib.). My sorrow for them (RowE, Jane Sh. 2, 1.). A mother's tears in passion for her son (SHAKSP., Tit. Andron. 1, 2). A strong passion for geographical science (IRVING, Columb. 1, 1.). With all his fondness for travel (MELVILLE, Digby Grand 9.). He.. has no relish for frippery and nicknacks (CARL., Past a. Pres. 3, 1.). His raye for arms (SCOTT, Last Minstr. 4, 9.), There was a general cry for vengeance (MACAUL., Hist. of E. II. 146.). The struggle of John of Anjou..for the crown of Naples (IRVING, Columb. 1, 2.). The hour for stir and village-gossip (ROGERS, It., The Fountain). A text for a stanza (MACAUL., Essays I. 13.). Alas! small cause for joy! (YOUNG, N. Th. 4, 303.) What grounds for apprehension (SHERID., Riv. 2, 1.). A butt for Hershel-telescopes (CARL, Past a. Pres. 3, 1.). With a heart for any fate (LONGF. I. 7.) and many more.

The ancient language is poor in the extension of the use of for. OldEngl Vhe thonking For hire faire giftes (P. PLOUGHм. p. 37.) Surgiens for dedly synnes (p. 279.) A dead scoruwe vor lure of eie worldliche pinge (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 67.).

before. Nicholas dipped his pen into the inkstand before him (DICKENS, O. Nickleby 2, 6). Women are but mirrors, which reflect the images before them (COOPER, Spy 4.).

after. With many inquieris after my father (MELVILLE, Digby Grand 19.).

Old-Engl For covetyse after good (HALLIW., Freemas. 659.). For coveitise after cros (P. PLOUGHм. p. 325.).

over. The rural walk O'er hills (Cowr. p. 165.). Young Plantagenet, Son of the elder brother of this man, And king o'er him, and all that he enjoys (SHAKSP., John 2, 1.). Who is lord over us? (Ps. 12, 4.) He is.. master over himself (LEWES, G I. 142.). Which, indeed, is a mere tyranny over her guests (BEN JONS., Cynth Revels 2, 1.). That hath authority over him (SHAKSP, III Henry VI. 1, 2.). The domination of race over ra e (MACAUL, Hist. of E. I. 2.). Exclusive jurisdiction over all crimes whatever (MOTLEY, Rise of the Dutch Rep. 3, 2.). The same influence over posterity (SCOTT, Minstrelsy I. 12.). This has a remarkable spell over my imagination (BULW., E. Aram. 1, 1.).

Old-Engl Heyl, floure ovyr fflour! lord over lordys! kynge ovyr kynges! (Cov. MYST. p. 154.) God over alle thinges and remes (MAUNDEV. p. 35.). He hadde maistrie over any man P. PLOUGHм. p. 293.). To hym is cure over us (WRIGHT A. HALLIW, Rel Ant. II. 44.). Halfsax.: Nu wes icleoped Cadwalan kind ouer Anglen (Lazam. III 257.). pat ic am duc ofer heom (I 20) pu art læuerd oue(r) us (I. 265.). Heo hire wolden maken duc & deme ofer his folke (I 16.). Alls iff itt wære laferrdfloce Offr alle popre floccess (ORM. 589.). Anglosax: Se väs cyning ofer eall Ongel-cynn (SAX. CHR. 901.). þät hira ealdras anveald ofer hi habbað (Marc. 11, 42).

above. From yon blue heavens above us (TENNYs. p. 128.).

My father.. had a lucrative living, a "soul above buttons" (MARRYAT, P. Simple 1, 1.). Of wits and parts above thy age (ADDIS., Rosam. 2, 2.).

Old-Engl.: Upe pe doune aboue Bape (R. OF GL. I. 174.). In thy palace aboue the orient (SKELTON I. 13.). Ne to be mair above men (P. PLOUGHM. p. 290.). Halfsax.: Itt wass hafedd kinedom Abufenn opre unnfæwe (Orm. 9175.).

under. Out of every nation under heaven (ACTS 2, 5.). The recently discovered tribes of the African coast, under the same latitude (IRVING, Columb. 4, 1.) All the bands Of angels under watch (MILT., P. L. 5, 287.). The Tartar-Frigate under weigh (DICKENS, Dombey a. S. 1, 4.). The officers and men under his command (MacAUL., Hist. of E. III. 326.). Two pretty girls, both under twenty (LEWES, G. I. 96.).

Old-Engl.: To wone inne in thraldom vnder pe kyng (R. or GL. I. 143.). Ne to be mair above men, Ne mynystre und kynges (P. PLOUGHм. p. 290.). within, without, the latter whereof especially stands in the adnominal. The oracle within him. . He must invoke (COLER., Picc. 1, 4.). Morn without eve! a race without a goal (YOUNG, Ñ. Th. 6, 453.). He had declared against his uncle a war without quarter (MACUAL., Hist. of E. II. 188.).

:

Old-Engl. To joye wypouten ende (R. or GL. I. 231.). The lyf with-oute ende (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 38.). Folc wypoute ende (R. OF GL. I. 217.). Soule with-oute sinne (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 134). Werre withouten hede is not well (LANGT. I. 2.). O fleowre withouten pere! (SKELTON I. 14.). In Anglosaxon viðútan also stands adnominally in the sense of space: pâ cvão man mycel gemôt viðútan Lundene (SAX. CHR. 1052.); otherwise bûtan in the sense of exclusion: Lif bútan ende-deade (COD. Exon. 101, 4.). Giógus butan ylde (101, 6). Hælu bûtan sâre (101, 8.). Räst bûtan gevinné (101, 10.). Däg bûtan peóstrum (101, 92.).

beyond. In Bethabara beyond Jordan (JOHN 1, 28.). A task far beyond his powers (MACAUL., Essays I. 15.). In old times, beyond the reach of history or tradition (IRVING, Columb. 1, 1.).

Old-Engl.: pat pe kyng adde al put lond Eldelfred byzonde Homber (R. OF GL. I. 237). The lond bezonde the see (MAUNDEV. p. 1.). Of dyverse folk bezond theise marches (p. 142.). Anglosax.: pâs king væron gevordene in Bethania begeondan Jordanen (JOH. 1, 28.). Comp.: Eal pät rice viogeondan Jordanen (MATH 3, 6.). Forgeaf pâm fugelum flyo [flyht?] geond pas lyft (BASIL., Hexam. 8.).

over against. In the champaign over against Hilgal (DEUTER. 11, 30.). Into the village over against you (MARK 11, 2.). In the plain over against the Red Sea (DEUTER. 1, 1.).

Comp. Anglosax.: On pam lande Moab, ongeán Jericho (DEUTER. 32, 49.) and On pam feld vêstene við þâ reádan sæ (1, 1.).

The above instances, which might readily be increased with regard to other prepositions still in use, as well as to older ones, shew the early inclination to abbreviation of speech and the manifold use of prepositions in the adnominal relation, primarily for relations of space. In many cases also the gradual release of the substantive accompanied by the preposition from the connection with a verb shews itself, to the decided sole connection of it with a substantive notion, which must, however, pass as the essential motive for

the employment of the preposition. Hence the decision on the close connection of the prepositional member with the substantive in modern times frequently remains in suspense, and is to be judged by the context in each case, where the substantive appears as the predicative or objective determination of a verb.

Pronouns and Numerals with attributive Determination.

In the place of a substantive with a determination belonging to it, there stand pronouns and numerals with such a determination, not only where those point back to a preceding substantive, but also where they represent a substantive independently.

The connection of substantive words of this sort with adjective determinations is not uncommon: As one disarmed (MILT., P. L. 10, 945.). When he gave his opinion on any point, it was with that easy tone of confidence used by those superior to their society in rank or information (Scorт, R. Roy 4,). Comp. p. 243.

They likewise appear accompanied by adverbs; see p. 138.

And thus they also admit prepositional members: What is he at the gate? (SHAKSP., Twelfth N. 1, 5.) They in France,of the rank and station (Haml. 1, 2.). The Stagirite.. and he of Tusculum, with him of Corduba (YOUNG, N. Th. 9, 974.). "Let it pass round!" quoth He of Lorn (SCOTT, Lord of the Isl. 2, 5.). And art thou He of Lodi's bridge, Marengo's field, and Wagram's ridge! (BYR., Field of Waterloo 14.) Was . . No subtle question rais'd among Those out-o-their wits, and those th' wrong? (BUTL., Hud. 1, 2, 701.) The lawyers are bitter enemies to those in our way (GAY, Begg. Op. 1, 1.). The brief, abrupt, and somewhat stern mode in which he was wont to communicate his pleasure to those around him (SCOTT, R. Roy 1.). One from the court demands my lady (RowE, Jane Sh. 2, 1.). Like one in prayer I stood (LONGF. I. 3.). "Are all here?" "All with you; except the three On duty" (BYR., Mar. Fal.

3, 2.).

Apart from the partitive relation formerly touched upon, in which of stands in the prepositional member with pronouns, we find of particularly employed in the most ancient times, and with geographical names chiefly to denote plural pronouns, when the meaning of origin comes to the front. Old-Engl.: Heo of Troye siwede (R. or GL. I. 20.). pe deol pat per was of hem of Normandye (II. 216.). De deol ek of hem of Aungeo (ib.). Hii of Denemarch flowe sone (I1. 378.). Whenne they of France wyste, That the maystry hadde the Chryste (RICH. C. DE L. 5755.). pulke of Troye (R. or GL. I. 219.). Subsequently other prepositions appear in various connections: How do thay in Gessen? (Town. M. p. 63.) Oon withouten tonge and teeth (P. PLOUGHм. p. 295.). Halfsax.: Weoren heo of Rome alle ridinde (LAZAM. I. 252. cf. 251.). Anglosax.: Mid him hêldon på of Rome, and se duc of Sicilie (CHr. (Sax. 1129.). The Gothic already follows the Greek, not only in combinations of the pronoun (article) with adverbs, as: Qap du paim jainar [¿éysı tołę ¿zei] (MátH. 26, 71.), but also with prepositional members, as: pai bi ina [si xɛgì avτór] (MARC. 4, 10.). Allans pans mip ïmma [1ois oùv avto] (Luc. 5. 9.), where Anglosaxon prefers dependent sentences: pàm pe þær væron; þâ tvelfe pe mid him væron; ealle pâ pe mid him væron.

Mätzner, engl. Gr. II. 2.

21

B. Apposition.

Apposition has the determination of a substantive notion (for which a pronoun may also be substituted) in common with the attribute in the stricter sense; it is distinguished from it in not being thought in immediate union with the substantive notion, like the attribute. It does not therefore blend into that unity of accent with the word determined by it, in which the attribute stands with its substantive notion, and in writing is often separated by a mark of punctuation from the notion determined by it, although this internal abolition of the unity of accent is not essential. It is, in fact, the abbreviation of an attributive dependent sentence, with a sensuous retrospect to its origin.

If the current combination of nouns in the appositive fashion has brought about their being pronounced with a unity of accent, the original grammatical relation is obscured, approaching partly to the genuine attributive relation, partly to composition. Here, for instance, belongs the juxtaposition of christian and surnames, as, Julius Cæsar, Thomas Carlyle, of proper names with titles, as King Henry, Lord Hastings, or with other names of kinds, as Mount Vesuvius, in which the preceding word is depressed in the accent.

Determinations may be added to apposition which pertain to the further developed predicate of a dependent sentence.

Not only substantives, but also adjectives, numerals and pronouns stand in the appositive relation.

The appositive word is to be thought in general in concord with the case to which it is referred. The appositive member needs unconditionally to agree in numher, as little as a predicative substantive with its subject.

A preposition preceding the word of relation must be regarded as operating continually upon the appositive member.

The appositive substantive.

a. It is added as an explanatory determination to another substantive, and may be accompanied by determinative, attributive and adnominal determinations. The determinant most naturally follows the word of reference, to be regarded as the subject of a sentence.

Where is my prince the Dauphin (SHAKSP., John 5, 5.). The daughter of Thomas Mowbray Duke of Norfolk (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I. 37.). Likewise there rose Abbé Terray, dissolute financier (CARL., Fr. Revol. 1, 1.). In the phrase of Comines, the most judicious observer of that time (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I. 21.). To the great king of Angola, a mischievous monarch in those parts (SouTHERN, Oroon. 1, 2.). For our country, mother of us all (FERREX A. FORR. 1, 2.). Bacchus, Jove's ambrosial boy (TH. MOORE p. 31.). Learning, that cobweb of the brain (BUTL., Hud. 1, 3, 1339.). Scepter and power, thy giving I assume (MILT., P. L. 6, 730.). “I've

such a nice dinner for you", replied the wife, all smiles (MARRYAT, P. Simple 1, 2). Apposition also receives further adverbial determinations, which refer more plainly to an original abbreviation of the sentence: Death, most our dread; death thus more dreadful made (YOUNG, N. Th. 2, 123.). The earthquake voice of Victory, To thee the breath ot life (BYR, Ode to N. B. p. 346.). The great gates of the Lateran, then the Palace of the World (BULW., Rienzi 4, 6.). By Robert Blake, afterwards the renowned Admiral of the Commonwealth (MACAUL., Hist. of E. II. 154.).

But the reverse position of the substantives also appears, so that the subject of which anything is predicated appears as an explanatory determination: Tis Jove's world-wandering herald, Mercury (SHELLEY, Prometh. 1.). The rival Moorish kings of Granada, Muley Boabdil, the uncle, called also El Zagal, and Mahomet Boabdil, the nephew (IRVING, Columb. 2, 3.). Or hail at once the patron and the pile Of vice and folly, Greville and Argyle! (BYRON, Engl. Bards p. 323.). In the nicest point, The honour of my house, You 've done me wrong (OTWAY, Venice Preserved 1, 1.). And shapeless sighs come wandering by, The ghastly people of the realm of dream (SHELLEY, Prometh. 1.). Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, Lie in three words, health, peace and competence (POPE, Essay on M. 4, 79.). To the appositive relation belong two members, serving reciprocally to explain each other; if we would denote the last only by the name of the appositive member, this may be allowed, if an appositive predicate is distinguished from an appositive subject. The possibility of reversing the members rests upon the exchange of the position of the predicative substantive which is allowed in the developed sentence. Compare: The first pledge of their reconciliation, was the great Charter (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I. 15.), out of which the appositive relation: The first pledge of their reconciliation, the great Charter, beside: The great Charter, the first pledge of their reconciliation, is developed. In a solitary case it may be doubtful how to settle which is subject and which is predicate in the apposition, and the collocation of the words may then mark the first substantive as the subject. Where the following logical subject clashes immediately, and without any further preceding determination, with the substantive predicated, the appositive relation is effaced: The old beldame earth (SHAKSP., I Henry IV. 3, 1.). The patriot Hampden, best beatified man we have (CARL., Past a. Pres. 2, 16.). I found the urchin Cupid sleeping (TH. MOORE p. 3.) See above.

When an appositive substantive is added to a genitive an inflective letter common to both, can, as we have seen, (Vol. I. p. 246) be joined to the last substantive alone: Isaac brought her into his mother Sarah's tent (GEN. 24, 66.), by which the grammatical group receives the character of a united whole, whereas with the repetition of the inflection the syntactical separation comes out more clearly: At Albius' house, The jeweller's (BEN JONS, Poetast. 1, 1.). The zeal of martial hearts was at his call, And that Helvetian's, Udolph's most of all (TH. CAMPBELL, Theodric). The judgment of the syntactical relation of the cases, when an uninflected