The Lord shall send upon thee cursing.. until thou be destroyed and until thou perish quickly (DEUTER. 28, 20.). It seems natural that they should have been friendly to each other, and that they should have lived as one people under the same government (SCOTT, Tales of a Grandfath. 1.). Parties on Parties find that they cannot work together, cannot exist together (CARLYLE, Fr. Revol. 3, 3, 1.). In his old age Diogenes was taken captive by pirates, who carried him to Crete and exposed him for sale, as a slave (LEWES, Hist. of Philos. II. 23.). We miss, too, those hideous forms which make so striking a part of the description of Bunyan, and which Salvator Rosa would have loved to draw (MACAUL., Essays II. 2.).

The contraction of homogeneous dependent sentences, and the nonrepetitiou of the conjunction beside a copulative with the sentence otherwise complete is usual, though not necessary. OldEngl. He sywede myd pe Brytones vp pe Romaynes so faste pat vr kyng him louede & ys herte al vp hym caste (R. OF GL. I. 63.). Therfore somme men seyn, that he deyed noughte, but that he restethe there til the day of doom (MAUNDEV. p. 22.). Therfore it semethe wel. that theise hilles passen the clowdes, and joynen the pure eyr (p. 17.). Now pray I yow alle that heren this litel tretis or reden it (CHACC., C. T. p. 211. II.). Halfsax.: Speke wi of Arðure æðelest kinge, pa pe he bisoht hæfde his peines sele, and ale wes ham iuare (Lazam. III. 7.). Anglosax: Hi pâ. . sædon, pat he on efnunge ge-vite, and pät his_lic læge on flora ealle på niht ôð hancred (WRIGHT A. HALLIW. I. 277.). For minum þingum þu geheolde pås välreóvnesse, pät ic purh pe gevurðe vädla and pearfa, and pat se välreova cynge me py eáde fordon mihte (APOLLON. OF T. p. 11.). pas gifu sealde seó ceastervaru on Tharsum Apollonio pam Tiriscan, forpam pe he fole of hungre âlésde, and heora ceastre gestaðolode (p. 10.). Hyge väs oncyrred, pät hie ne marndon after mandreáme ac hie hey and gärs for meteleȧste mêde gedrehte (ANDR. 36.). B. Or they are not of like degree, but stand to one another in the relation of subordination. In relation, therefore, to the dependent sentence subordinated to it, a dependent sentence becomes a relative principal sentence, to which the bearer of the whole period is superordinated as an absolute principal sentence. The gradation of sentences may go still further, so that a relative sentence of the second order is given to the relative principal sentence. Further gradations, however, make the speech heavy and readily disturb, especially when they are of like kind, the lucidity of the whole period: We are no tyrant, but a Christian kind. Unto whose grace our passion is as subject, As are our wretches fetter'd in our prisons (SHAKSP., Henry V. 1, 2.). Sooner may a cheap whore, who hath been worn out by as many several men in sin As are black feathers or musk-colour'd hose, Name her child's right true father 'mongst all those (DONNE, Sat. 1, 53.). The very insects as they sipped the dew that gemmed the tender grass of the meadows, joined in the joyous epithalamium (IRVING, Hist. of N.-Y. 2, 4.). This is an eminently beautiful and

splendid edition which well deserves all that the printer and the engraver can do for it (MACAUL., Essays II. 1.). When they came to countries where the inhabitants were cowardly, they took possession of the land (SCOTT, Tales of a Grandfath. 2.). 1, that am curtail'd thus of fair proportion.. And that so lamely and unfashionably, That dogs bark at me, as I halt by them; Why I, in this weak piping time of peace Have no delight to pass away the time etc. (SHAKSP., Rich. III. 1, 1.). This is especially suitable when the scene is laid during the old days of merry England, when the guests were in some sort not merely the inmates, but the messmates and temporary eompanions of mine Host, who was usually a personage of privileged freedom etc. (SCOTT, Kenilw. 1.).

Old-Engl.: At 140 paas, is a depe cave..where seynt Petre hidde him, whanne he had forsaken oure Lord (MAUNDEV. p. 92.). He is pat sode liht, pe lihted alle men, pe on pis woreld cumer (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant I. 128.). But there ben manye mo, that wil not, that men knowen, that thei ben Cristene (MAUNDEV. p. 239.). If that a wyf couthe kepe hir al chast, bi licence of hir housebonde, so that sche geve non occasioun that he agilt, it were to hir a gret merit (CHAUC., C. T. p. 207. II). Halfsax.; & swar muchelue oað pat nolde he ponne faren ar his feo[n]den feie weore (Lazam. I. 13.). Anglosax.: Ic. eóv cŷde pät ic gelife pät ge villan beón gemindige pissere fremfulnesse (APOLLON. OF T. p. 9.). Paulus. . âvrât pe hym sylfum pät he være ge-læd up tô heofonum áððät he becom tô pære priddan heofonan (Wright a. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I 276.). þâ viðervinnan evædon pät hit unrihtlic være, pät se man pe unriht gepafode sceolde bûtan vite to reste faran (I. 217.).

y. Finally, the dependent sentences subordinated to the same principal sentence may stand to one another neither in the relation of coordination nor in that of subordination, but be in a condition of grammatical indifference towards one another: Shine out, fair sun, till I have bought a glass, That I may see my shadow as I pass (SHAKSP., Rich. III. 1, 2.). When he returned home, he found his son and daughter far more despondent even than he had left them (WARREN, NOW a. Then 2.).

Old-Engl.: Whan thei fynde the flessche fatte, than thei seyn, that it is wel don, to senden him sone to Paradys (MAUNDEV. p. 202.). pan pe sa-farinde men se pa sa-sterre, hie wuten sone wuderward hie sullen wei holden, for pat pe storres liht is hem god tacven (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. J. 128.). Halfsax.: 3if ze me readeð, ich hine wille freoien, if he me zefeð gersume (LAZAM. I. 38.). Anglosax.: Mid pý he par dagas vunode pâ gelamp hit pät be sum gevrit âvrât on cartan (S. GUTHLAC 11,). The sentences grammatically indifferent towards one another either attach themselves more closely to various determinations of the principal sentence, or determine it generally in various regards.

c. Several principal sentences may be superordinated to one or several dependent sentences, that is, the depen

Mätzner, engl. Gr. II. 2.

25

dent sentence may be in dependence from several principal
sentences at the same time: "I will speak lower."
"I pray
you and beseech you, that you will." (SHAKSP., Henry V. 4,
1.) Girondins have moved, Buzot moved long ago, from prin-
ciple and also from Jesuitism, that the whole race of Bourbons
should be marched forth from the soil of France (CARLYLE,
Fr. Revol. 3, 3, 3.).

Old-Engl. I holde and believe, that God, which that is ful of justice and of rightwisnesse, hath suffred this to betyde, by juste cause resonable (CHAUC., C. T. p. 159. I.). Halfsax.: þa þæ ærnde wes iseid, pa kaisere wes ful særi mon, & astured weoren Romweren alle (LAZAM. III. 3.). Anglosax.: Ic forpam halsige and bidde pone gelæredan and pone geleáffullan, gif he hêr hvylc hleaterlic vord onfinde, pät he pät ús ne vite (S. GUTHLAC, Prol.).

Words of Relation in the Principal and in the Dependent Sentence.

The grammatical relation which takes place between the principal and the dependent sentence is essentially denoted by copulatives, which may be regarded as belonging to the dependent sentence, although this is not originally applicable to all these words. In formal juxtapositions like so that, so as and the like, the first element, properly belonging to the principal sentence, is readily distinguished from the second, belonging to the dependent sentence. As in the cases just denoted, dependent sentences of various kinds have, though not necessarily, a correlative in the principal sentence, so that the mutual relation of the sentences is rendered manifest in both at the same time.

If correlatives of this sort shew themselves as in part superfluous, and only serve rhetorical aims, the copulative, on the other hand, seems indispensable to the dependent sentence. Nevertheless we find that even this exponent of the relation of the sentences may be in many cases omitted, as also that in others the word of reference pertaining to the principal sentence alone undertakes the connection of the grammatical relation.

A. We consider first of all the correlatives of the dependent sentence in the principal sentence, or those words which, pointing forwards or referred back, make known the grammatical relation of the dependent to the principal sentence and the member developed into a dependent sentence, as well as those which bring this relation in general to recollection. Most of these words are in themselves of a demonstrative nature, and originally the words of reference for relative parts of speech.

1. To these correlatives the neuter pronoun it, as well as the demonstratives this and that may be referred, which especially refer to substantive sentences and therewith become reduplications of a dependent sentence to be conceived as a subject or an object See Vol. II. 1. p. 21.

2. Here also belong demonstrative adverbs, as there, thence, thither, then, therefore, which commonly have reference to relative adverbs in the dependent sentence, which appear as copulatives. Thus, adverbs stand in relation to sentences of the determination of space: Where the bee sucks, there suck I (SHAKSP., Temp. 5, 1.). Where nature deviates from that law, and strumbles Out of her limits, there all science errs (COLER., Wallenst. 1, 9.). Whither he goes, thither let me go (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 5, 1.);

Then refers to sentences of time: When night Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons Of Belial (MILT., P. L. 1, 500.). When my father and my mother forsake me, then the Lord will take me up (Ps. 27, 10.). No! when that heart shall cease to beat, And when that breath at length is free; Then, Rosa, soul to soul we'll meet (TH. MOORE p. 62.);

then is also referred to conditional sentences: So that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered (GEN. 13, 16.). If I speak false, then may my father perish (SHELLEY, Cyclops IV. 288.);

therefore may point to causal sentences: Man is made great or little by his own will; Because I am true to mine, therefore he dies (COLER., Wallenst. 3, 8.).

In all these cases the demonstrative particle serves the purpose of emphatic demonstration, and we even find it repeated: How? then when all Lay in the far-off distance, when the road Strech'd out before thine eyes interminably, Then hadst thou courage and resolve (COLER., Picc. 4, 7.).

This natural use of correlatives in the principal and in the dependent sentence is more widely diffused in the most ancient language, but is there frequently without the emphasis which the less usual employment is adapted to give it.

.

.

In the Old-English of in sentences of the determination of space the opposition of there (there as). there and where (where as) . . there îs often usual. The ancient correlatives there there answer both to the Latin ibi.. ubi and to ubi.. ibi: Ther as wrathe and wranglynge is, Ther wynne thei silver; Ac where is lore and leautee, Thei wol noght come there (P. PLOUGHм. p. 67.). And there he loggith anon, Ther Darie hadde beon erst apon (ÂLIS. 4098.) Ffor ther he is, ther wold he be (Cov. MYST. p. 323.). Hwar ase eni of peos was, oper is, per was oder is pe kundel of pe attri neddre of onde (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 67.). In Halfsaxon we find þær pær; þær.. þær and þær þær pær; whærsum.. par: Sallt iss swipe god par por itt tobelimmpepp (Oвм. 1656.). Forr par par ure Laferrd Crist Wass borenn her to manne, par brohhte ho pe wasstme torp etc. (1935. cf. 1931.). Wher we findenn, . Wel birrp uss lokenn þær etc. (1827.). To these answer correlatives in Anglosaxon: par pät gemynd bið, þær bið þãt andgyt and se vylla (THORPE, Anal. p. 65.). par pîn gold(hord ys, þær ys pin heorte (MATH. 6, 21.). Svâ hvar svâ Israhelita bearn væran, pær väs leoht.

sum

With sentences of time there frequently stands in Old-English whanne (whan)..thanne (thenne, than) for the more ancient penne.. penne, Anglosax. ponne. . ponne (penne penne): For wanne he his lif alre beste trowen penne sal he letin lif his ogene (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel.

Ant. I. 175.). Whan Antoyn his resons to pe kyng said pus, pan spak be barons, Sir kyng listen tille vs (LANGT. II. 257). Whan the sonne is in the signe of Virgo, thanne begynnethe the ryvere for to wane (MAUNDEV. p. 44.). Janne we of wenden danne is ure winter (Wright a. HaLLIW., Rel Ant. I 215.). Thenne when he sye no nother won, To dethe he lette them thenne gon (HALLIW., Freemas. 527.). Halfsax.: penne pat uul beo icumen, penne cusseo heo preoien (Lazam. II. 175.). Whan sva cumeð neode. . penne mæi ich suggen hu hit seodden scal iwurden (II. 294.). Anglos.: ponne se sunu vyxo, ponne ealdad se fäder (THORPE, Anal. p. 61.). ponne hit dagjan volde, ponne tôglâd hit (SAX. CHR. 979.). The opposition of pâ.. pà and på þá .. pa is equally familiar, as pâ generally is found opposed to other particles of time in the principal sentence. This also subsequently. Halfsax.: pa pis fole isomed wes. pa sette [leg. lette] be kaisere arimen al pæne here (LA3AM. III. 6.) þa pa he wes ald mon, pa com him ufel on (II 385.). pa pe he wes wel ald mon, po com him uuel on (II. 50.). Anglosax: på pät gafol gelæst väs på tôfêrde se here vide (SAX. CHR. 1012.). And på på he slep pâ genam he ân ribb of his sidan (GEN. 2, 21.). Mid pam pe his geferan pas vord gehŷrdon, på væron hî svîde vundrjende (S. GUTHLAC 2.). Mid py he pâ unmanige dagas þær väs, på geondsceavode he pâ ping pe tô pære stove belumpon (3.). Thus too other particles of time are parallelized, as œr .. • ær, siðan.. siððan, på hvile pe.. pá hvîle, of which the subsequent language still presents instances. Old-Engl.: Myn dede ere shuld I dyght Or it were so (Town. M. p. 131.). Halfsax.: Forr ar pez wolldenn polenn dæp.. Er pann pezz wolldenn gilltenn ohht (ORM. 6316.). Anglosax.: Er hî sind gebundene er hi beón geborene (A.-S. HOMIL. II. 252.). Syöran hit tô pam ârise, pät àngyld, sidan sy pät vite hundtvelftig scill. (LEGG. ELFR. B. 9.). Cirus . . pâ hvile pe Sabine und Române vunnon on pam vestdæle, på hvile vann he ægter ge on Scyddige ge on Indje (OROs. in Ettm. 7, 13.).

..

thanne, thenne in the principal sentence, may from the earliest times refer to the conditional sentence. Old-Engl.: Ef it so belimpit lo.. e pat ge wurpen, panne wot pi fend pad her wiste pi frend (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 179.). Ac gif pu havist a frend to day and to moreuin drivist him auei, penne bes pu one al so pu her were; and panne is þi fe for-loren and pi frend bothen (I. 181.). Anglosax.: Gif ic sôð spräce ponne sceal Davides dôhtor sveltan stânum âstyrfed (Con. Exos. 12, 24). Gif ic ænegum þegne þeóden mâomas geâra forgeâfe . . ponne he me nâ on leófran tîd leánum ne meahte mîne gife gyldan (CAEDM. 407; in GREIN 409.). peáh pu ponne sêce his stove ponne ne findst pu hŷ (Ps. 36, 10). With other dependent sentences also with relative pronouns or particles, which border on or pass into the conditional meaning, ponne is employed in the principal sentence Se pe ville eard rihtlice clænsjan and unriht âlecgan and rihtvysnesse lufjan, bonne môt he georne pillices styran and pillic âscûnjan (LEGG. CNUT. I. B. 7.). Svâ hvâ svâ mid fullan villan his môd vent to pâm yflum, þe he ær forlêt, and hî ponne fullfremed.. ponne forlyst he eall his ærran gôd (BEoth. 35, 6.). Ac par pær hî gôde beod, ponne beót hî purh päs gôdan mannes god gôde, pe him gôd mid vyred (16.).

Reference was formerly made to causal sentences of various kinds by for thi, answering to therefore. Old-Engl.: Sen it is his wille.. For thi I red thi sorowe thou slake (Town. M p. 224.). Halfsax: Forrpi sezde Gabriel pu shallt an sune streonenn, For patt hiss sune shollde ben Biginning off patt blisse (ORM. 703.). In Anglosaxon for pam (þy) .. for pam correspond to each other And for pam man nemde pà stove Babel, for pam þær væron tôdælede ealle spräca (GEN. 11, 9.) Nu häft heó (sc. seó sâvl) for pý Godes anlicnysse on hyre for pam pe heó häfð þreó þing on hyre untódæledlice vyrcende (THORPE, Anal. p. 65.).