of golde a mark, And a stede strong and stark, By so thou wil, withouten ansuere, To youre kyng a lettre bere ALIS. 5526,). Contricion myghte hym save brynge his soule to blisse; for so that feith bere witnesse P. PLOUGHM. p. 278.). The use of so in the conditional sentence may lean primarily upon the temporal so, Anglosax. svâ, (See p. 423), as a so forming a temporal condition has been developed in German. Mod. - Highdutch: Dis alles will ich dir geben, so du niederfällest und mich anbetest (MATTH. 4, 9.). This so, however, often exceeds the notion of a reetrictive condition, contained in soferne. But the combination with prepositions seems to point to a Fr. origin, and to remind us of the old par si que = pourvu que: Car par lui ne voel pas garir Par si que vous voie morir (FLORE U. BL. 2807. Bekk) (As to par si que, alongside whereof par ainsi que occurs, See my Syntax of the Mod.-Fr. Language II. 175.)

The particle as in the conditional relation is to be incidentally mentioned, as in: As I were a shepherdess, I would be piped and sung to; as a dairy-wench, I would dance and maypoles (BEN JONS., Cynth. Rev. 4, 1.). Here the as which follows explained the origin of the complete sentence more freely annexed, which, abbreviated, might run; as a shepherdess, but would then at the same time lean upon the predicate would be piped. . to. 4. The sentences introduced by on (upon) condition (that), conditionally that, in case (that), as well as by such participles as provided (that), may be considered periphrastic forms for the conditional sentence, to which other case sentences accompanied by imperatives, as say, suppose, may be appended. They are attached to Romance members of sentences which emphasize the notion of a condition, supposition or assumption.

Upon condition thou wilt swear To pay him tribute Thou shalt be placed as viceroy under him (SHAKSP., I Henry VI. 5, 4.). Mercy was offered to some prisoners on condition that they would bear evidence against Prideaux (MACAUL., Hist. of E. II. 220.). I here entail The crown to thee Conditionally, that thou take an oath To cease this civil war (SHAKSP., III Henry VI. 1, 1.). This speak I, lords, to let you understand, In case some one of you would fly from us, That there's no hop'd-for mercy (III Henry VI. 5, 4.). In case we are surprised, keep by me (IRVING, Tales of a Tr., Story of the Bandit Chieft.). Entertain Lodovick . . With all the courtesy you can afford; Provided that you keep your maidenhead (MARLOWE, Jew of M. 2, 2.). The mere delight in combining ideas suffices them; provided the deductions are logical, they seem almost indifferent to their truth (LEWES, G. I. 65.). Here also are to be referred such participles as providing, supposing and the like, along with which forseeing as well as a condition:

Imperatives like say, suppose, and the like may, moreover, indicate a concession as well as a condition: Say, you can swim; alas! 'tis but a while (SHAKSP., III Henry VI. 5, 4.). Well father, say I be entertain'd, What then shall follow? (MARLOWE, Jew of M. 1, 2.). But say I were to be hanged, I never could be hanged for any thing that would give me greater comfort than the poisoning that slut (GAY, Bedg. Op. 3, 1). Suppose he should relent.. with what eyes could we stand in his presence? (MILT., P. L. 2, 237.). Suppose 'twere Portius, could you blame my choice? ADDIS., Cato 1, 6.) Imperative sentences with let may likewise be cited as representatives of the conditional sentence: Setting aside his

high blood's royalty, And let him be no kinsman to my liege, I do defy him and I spit at him (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 1, 1.). Let Earth unbalanc'd from her orbit fly, Planets and suns run lawless thro' the sky (POPE, Essay on M. 1, 251.). For the imperative sentences See Vol. II. 1. p. 134. Other periphrases of the conditional by complete or incomplete scntences with a case sentence are readily explained.

Of these intelligible periphrases of conditioned actions we find in ancient times in case (that), Mod. -Highdutch im Falle (dasz), falls, imported from the French: He sayd, he wold haue hyr to wyffe, If she wold, withouten stryffe; And in case she wold not soo I shall make hyr moche woo" (IPOMYDON 1607.). In cas that he had ony werre. . thanne he makethe certeyn men of armes for to gon up into the castelles of tree (MAUNDEV. p. 191.). In cas mo dowtys that we fynde may, The trewthe of hem ze may us telle Cov. MYST. p. 195.). To the French à condition que answers in some measure the Anglosax. form: on pät gerâd pät: Eádmund cyning oferhergode dall Cumbraland, and hit lêt call eall to Malculme Scotta cyninge, on pät gerâd pät he være his midvyrhta ægðer ge on sæ ge edc on lande (SAX. CHR. 844. cf. 1091.).

The ancient language also uses dependent sentences with with that (thy), if the action of the principal sentence is annexed to a condition as a counter rendering or an equivalent. Old Engl.: Ich wile zeve the riche mede, With that it be so (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 7.). Ich wille geve the gift ful stark . . With that min hernde be wel don (p. 8.). Y wolde Y hadde al Perce y-geve, With that y myghte have thi lif! (ALIS. 4654.) Take thee al the goods that we have, With that thou wilt our lyves save, Lett us passe away al nakyd (RICH. C. DE L. 4155. cf. OCTOUIAN 158.) Nul y here byleve.. With that ye me from deth borwe (ALIS. 4520.). The leuedi seyd sche wald ful fain Sende him gode asses tvain, With-thi he wald oway go (AMIS. A. AMIL. 1777.). Halfsax.: Al pine wille he wule don wið pon pe pu him zeue grið (LAZAM. I. 352. cf. II. 55. 528. mod. text.). Al pis ich wulle don wis pat pu me lete liuien (III. 36. cf. 171.). Anglosax.: Þa hæðenan Philistei behêton hira [hire?] sceattas, vio pam pe heó besvice Samson pone strangan (JUD. 16, 5.). Ic gife pe pâ oore við þam pe pu hirsumige me ôðre seofen gear (GEN. 29, 27). på gerædde se cyng and his vitan þät him man tô sende and him gafol behête, við pon pe hî pære hergunge gesvicon (Sax. CHR. 994.). 5. The inverted collocation of words, as in the question, is substituted for the conditional sentence. The question is felt as such only where a tense of the present in the indicative belongs to the sentence, when the mark of interrogation is usually employed.

Is my young master a little out of order? the first question is: What will my dear eat? LOOKE, Education.) Were Richelieu dead his power were mine (BUTL., Richel., 2, 1.). Wast thou a monarch, Me wouldst thou make thy queen? (SHERID. KNOWLES, LoveChase 3, 1, I would make remembrance of them to cease from among men: were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy (DEUTER. 32, 26.). Had the Plantagenets.. succeeded in uniting all France under their government, it is probable that England would never have had an independent existence (MACAUL., Hist. of E. I. 14.) These high-aimed darts of death, and these alone, Should I collect, my quiver would be full (YOUNG, N. Th. 5, 1022.). Should an individual want a coat, he must employ the village tailor, if Stultze is not to be had (SCOTT, Minstrelsy I. 58.). What was to become of them should their provision jail? (IRVING, Columb. 3, 7.)

This usage, diffused through many languages, especially modern ones, pervades all periods of our province. Old-Engl.: For habbe pou power ynow, pou myzt be glad & blipe (R. OF GL. I. 114.) Have ze good tydynges, mayster? than be we glad (Cov. MYST. p. 77.) May I hym mete, I shalle hym slo (Tows. M. p. 44.). Be I taken I be bot dede (p. 15.). Weste hic hit mitte ben for holen, Me wolde thincke wel solen Thi wille for to fullen (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 8.). Stode heo here, as heo dop pere, euer a wolde laste (R. OF GL. I. 146.). Were ther a belle on hire beighe. Men mighte witen wher thei wente (P. PLOUGHм. p. 11). Scant could sche feel more pine or reuth, War it hir owen childe (LAY LE FREINE 351.). Knew I here namys, wel were I (Cov. MYST. p. 86.). No had beo oure Tiriens, Thou haddest leye ther withoute defence (ALIS. 3365. cf. RICH. C. DE L. 3263.). Ner thou oure brother, schuldestow never thrive (CHAUC., C. T. 7526.) Halfsax.: Ac pare nadde he hi-come nere hit for swikedome (Lazam. I. 396. mod. text). Anglosax.: Bio se torr pyrel, in-gong geopenad, ponne ic ærest him purh eargfare in-onsende in breost-sefan bitre geponcas COD. EXON. 266, 23.). Ahte ic mînra handa geveald, and moste ane tîd ûte veordan, vesan âne vinterstunde, ponne ic mid þis verode - (CÆDм. 367.). Here also belongs: He hŷ gevyldan meahte nære pät hî on niht ûte ätburston of pære byrig (SAX. CHR 943.), although the grammatical subject is wanting. Comp. Old-Engl.: I were right now of tales desolat, Nere that a marchaunt .. Me taught a tale (CHAUC., C. T. 4551.).

6. If the negative conditional sentence states a case with the presence of which the subject matter of the principal sentence is irreconciliable, this exceptional case is ordinarily introduced by other conjunctions than if (See 1, e.). We primarily mention the modern particle unless (nisi, ni, nisi forte), rarely appearing in the form less, formerly also least, sometimes too accompanied by that. It appears both with affirmative and negative principal sentences.

This sword hath ended him: so shall it thee, Unless thou yield thee as my prisoner (SHAKSP., I Henry IV. 5, 3.). What place can be for us Within Heav'n's bound nnless Heav'n's Lord supreme We overpow'r? ((MILT., P. L. 2, 235.) What's a tall man unless he fight? (BEN JONS., Ev. Man in his Hum. 4, 6.) To whose integrity you must In spite of all your caution trust, And, 'less you fly beyond the seas Can fit you with what heirs you please (BUTL., Hud. The Lady's Answ. 325.). Lie is nothing unless one supports it (SHERID., Riv. 2, 1.). Yet, unless I greatly deceive myself, the general effect of this chequered narrative will be to excite thankfulness in all religious minds (MACAUL., Hist., of E. I. 2. Deny that she is mine, And I will strangle thee, unless the lie Should choke thee first (SHERID., KNOWLES, Virgin. 5, 3.). Unless the poet know how it is „behind the scenes" he will never understand how actors speak and move (LEWES, G. I. 61.) My cousins were soon too much interested in the business of the morning to take any further notice of me, unless that I overheard Dickon the horsejockey whisper to Wilfred the fool etc., (SCOTT, R. Roy 7.); with which the Lat. nisi quod and but that, (See 7) may be compared. The particle least was sometimes formerly used for unless. And least thou yield to this that I entreat, I cannot think but that thou hat'st my life (MARLOWE, Jew of M. 3, 4.).

That unless is to be reduced to the Fr. à moins que (.. ne), Span, Port. á

menos que there is no doubt upon lesse than is to be regarded as a literal translation. Old Engl.: But that may not be, upon lesse thân wee mowe falle toward hevene fro the erthe, where we ben (MAUNDEV. p. 164.), by which the form onlesse, occuring later, is explained (Fiedler's Gr. II. 349.). If the form unless, has produced from it, rests upon a mistake of the first element of the word. lesse than, was early diffused, lesse that subsequently. I shall . . With strengthe take hir in hyr boure Lesse than she may finde a knyght, That for hyr love me darre fight (IPOMYDON 1614.). But men of levyng be so owtrage, Bothe be nyght and eke be day, That lesse than synne the soner swage, God wyl be vengyd on us sum way (Cov. MYST. p. 40.). Fforfett never be no woman, Lesse than the lawe olowe the play (p. 63.). I xal hem down dynge, Lesse than he at my byddynge Be buxum to min honde (p. 183. cf. 193.). I xal forfare ffor to grete synnys that I have do, Lesse that my lord God sumdel spare (p. 263.) The unclear conception of the particle seems to have procured admission for the form leasl.

7. The old exceptive particle but, whose present amplitude of usage always goes back to the original meaning nisi, comes here into extensive application.

a. But in this sense stands with affirmative indicative principal sentences.

I would be sorry, my lord, but it should be thus (SHAKSP., II Henry IV. 4, 3.). I'll die, but they have hid him in the house (BEN JONS Ev. Man in h. Hum. 4, 1.). Beshrew my heart, but it is wondrous strange (Rowe, J. Shore, 4, 1.). I'll be damned, but they come in for a bellyful (GOLDSM., G. Nat. M. 3.). But that more frequently states the exceptional case: it agrees with the Lat. nisi quod.

But that I scorn to let forth so mean a spirit, I'd have stabb'd him to the earth (BEN JONS., Ev. Man in h. Hum. 3, 2.). I should be sick, but that my resolution helps me (SHAKSP., Cymb. 3. 6.). Your daughter. . Was a scorpion to her sight; whose life But that her flight prevented it, she had ta'en off by poison (5, 5. cf. 1, 2.) At ev'ry jest you laugh aloud, As now you would have done by me, But that I barr'd your raillery (BUTL., Hud. 3, 1, 1420.). I liked her, would have marry'd her, But that it pleas'd her father to refuse me (RowE, Fair Penit. 1, 1.). Here we live in an old crumbling mansion that looks for all the world like an inn, but that we never see company (GOLDSM., She Stoops 1.). The folded gates would bar my progress now, But that the lord

Admits to a share (CowPER p. 171.). But that the Earl his flight had ta'en, The vassals there their Lord had slain (Scott, L. Minstr. 4, 10. cf. 3, 2.).

In former times the simple but is much more frequent in the negative sentence with affirmative principal sentences. Old-Engl.: Bote y be perof awrecke, y schall dye for sore (R. OF GL. I. 18.) 3ef ich seide in bismare, oper bute yt ned were (I. 145.). Plente me may in Engelond_of all gode yse. Bute fole yt forgulte (I. 1.). Lothe were lewed men But thei youre loore folwede (P. PLOUGHм. p. 301.) Ich hire love, hit mot me spille, Bote ich gete hire to mi wille (WRIGHT Anecd. p. 8.). Bote we have the beter socour, We beth forlour (RICH. C. DE L. 2993.). But I in other wise may be wreke, I schal defame him over al (CHAUC., C. T. 7793. cf. 3295.). But ze me warshipe ze do me wronge (Cov. MYST. p.

20.). I wyll myn heed be of y-smyte, Bote hyt be so (OCTOUIAN 125.). It were merveile but I the knew (IPOMYDON 847.). I shrew those lyppys bot thou leyff me som parte (Town. M. p. 90.). Halfsax: pou ært al dead buten pou do mine read, & pi læuerd a swa bote pu min lare do (Lazam. I. 30.). Nu ic pe wulle quellen bute pu beo stille I. 287.). Ziff pu takesst twizzess an Annd ekesst itt till fowwre, pu finndesst, butt an underr be, pe fulle tale of sexe (ORM. 16352. cf. 7843.). Anglosax.: Bute ge to hym gecyrren, se deófol cveco his sweore tô eóv (Ps. 7, 12.). Nu bio fore preó niht, pät he on pære peode sceal gâst onsendan ellorfùsne, butan pu ar cyme (ANDR. 185.). pät ve tîres vone â bûtan ende sculon ermou dreogan, bûtan pu ûsic ..hreddan ville (CYNEVULF, Crist 280. Grein).

In Old-Engl. but if are often combined, corresponding to the Lat. nisi si: And profreden hire hedes to wedde, but if it wolde falle as thei seiden (MAUNDEV. p. 167.). Muche wonder me thinketh But if many a preest beere.. A peire of bedes in hir hand (P. PLOUGHм. p. 302). Iwis but if I have my wille For derne love of the, lemman, I spille (CHAUC., C. T. 3277. cf. 3299, 15399. 15401. 15983.). But yiff you helpe, I goo to schame (RICH. C. DE L. 1572. cf. 1055.). Hym thougth his hert wold to-breke, But if he myght se that mayde (IPOMYDON 142.). But yf ze knowe were he is bent, Myn hert for woo asondyr wyl race (Cov. MYST. p. 195.). With negative principal sentences we observe this combination earlier (See b.

I have not so frequently observed but that in this case, although it is old. Old Engl.: Myn handwerk to sle sore grevyth me, But that here synne here deth doth brewe (Cov. MYST. p. 43.). Forthwyth there I had hym slayne But that I drede mordre wolde come oute (SKELTON I. 50.). Remarkable is: Bote on that thou me nout bi-melde, Ne make the wroth, Min hernde willi to the bede (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 3.). Halfsax.: Freoli he pas twein brotherne heolden þas eorldomes, buten pat heo icneowen pone king for heore herre (LAZAM. I. 306.). He wolde al pis kine - lond setten on heore hond, bute pat he icleoped weore king of pan londe (III. 263). Anglosax.: pâ se êgorhere. . eall âcvealde bûton pät earcebord heold heofona fred (CEDM. 1397.). Old-Sax.: So samo so thiu flod deda.. the thar mid lagustromun liudi farteride bi Noeas tidiun, biutan that ina neride god (HEILAND 8721.).

b. Of wider application is the employment of the particle with negative principal sentences of every kind, when the adverb scarce, scarcely may represent the negation.

The simple but appears here most frequently. It is in the same predicament as nisi in regard to negative notions, but passes into the nearly related quin, It answers alternately to the German wenn nicht, ausser dasz, ohne dasz, dasz nicht. Thieves are not judged, but they are by to hear (SHAKSP., Rich. II.4, 1.). I never do him wrong But he does buy my injuries, to be friends (Cymb. 1, 2.). Who never promises but he means to pay (I Henry IV 5, 4.). It cannot be but he was murdered so (II Henry VI. 3, 2.). Nor withstood them rock or hill, But they found their way (MILT., P. L. 7, 300.). That sword that never dealt its furious blows, But cut the throats of pigs and cows (BUTL., Hud., The Lady's Answ. 9.). In Eske, or Liddel, fords were none, But he would ride them, one by one (SCOTT, L. Minstr. 1, 21.). There scarcely occurs a phrase or word relating to Robin Hood.. but it is here collected and' explained (Minstrelsy I.