which to pray! (YOUNG, N. Th. 9, 1353.) The Spanish muleteer has an inexhaustible stock of ballads with which to beguile his incessant wayfaring (IRVING, Alhambra. The Journey) Nor want we skill or art, from whence to raise Magnificence (MILT., P. L. 2, 272.). O fair foundation laid whereon to build Their ruin (4, 521.). He had not wherewithal to buy a coat (FIELD., J. Andr. 4, 1.). I was constrain'd to fly, To see . A pure spot wherein to feel my happiness (COLER., Picc. 2, 3.). To these sequestered pools of obsolete literature, therefore, do many modern authors repair, and draw buckets full of classic lore, or "pure English, undefiled", wherewith to swell their own scanty rills of thought (IRVING, Sk. B. The Art of Book Making).

While the interrogative principal sentence, which appears in the form of an independent infinitive (see p. 18 and under 9.) presents predominately the pure infinitive the modern language uses the prepositional infinitive in the abridged dependent sentence of this sort. The near contact of the interrogative with the relative sentence explains the homogeneousness of both abbreviations. This usage goes far back, although in Old-English the pure infinitive appears even here. Old-Engl.: Hie nuste wat to do (R. of GL. II. 449,). & nuste wyder to tee (I. 40.). And wyten never widre to go (MAUNDEV. p. 4.). I wot nevyr wher myn heed to hyde (Cov. MYST. p. 221.). Bot he wist not how to begyn (SELYN SAGES 3622.). Thei knowen not how to ben clothed (MAUNDEV. p. 137.). Sche nath no wight to whom to make hir moon (CHAUC., C. T. 5076.). Never thou deservedest wherfore To deyen (13631,). But liflode were schapen, Wher-of or wher-fore Or wher-by to libbe (F. PLOUGHм. p. 275.) Alas, thi holy hede Hase not wheron to hold (Town. M. p. 224.). Godes son.. Has not where apon his hede to rest (p. 222.). The pure infinitive is not rare in ancient times: þat hii nuste hou on take, ne wat vor hunger do (R. OF GL. I. 170.). He nuste in weper ende turne (I. 172.). For thoh icholde fle, Y not wyder te (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 123.) Of thundre hi beoth so sore agast that hi nute whoder fleo (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p 136.). Nede waron truste for to segge, nay (Polit. S. p. 220.). This elliptic infinitive, familiar the Romance and not unknown to the more ancient Germanic languages, seems, like the infinitive used instead of a principal sentence, wholly unknown to Anglosaxon. We there find in the eorresponding place the complete dependent sentence: pät ic vite hû ic pe ymbe do (ExOD. 33, 5.). And näfdon hvät hig æton (MARC. 8, 1.). In Medieval-Latin, on the other hand those combinations were early in use. See Diez's Romance Grammar: 2. Third Edition 3, 222. To assume the dependence of the infinitive from the verb of the predicate, in order, with Diez, to discard the assumption of an ellipse, does not seem admissible, since then the interrogative or relative word cannot well associate with the infinitive as the objective or adverbial determination, if it is not taken indefinitely, as in Modern-Highdutch: „Ich habe was zu essen; ich weiss was zu erzählen; ich habe wohin zu gehen“, that is, something, somewhither. This infinitive might seem quite analogous to that employed instead of a principal sentence, with which emotion suppresses a modal verb.

9. The prepositional infinitive stands independently, if it attaches itself to no sentence or member of a sentence. It may be denoted as elliptic, since in fact it needs a complement, which is suppressed, although to be guessed from the context or the situation.

a) It rarely appears, like the pure infinitive, in the emotional exclamation rarely in the question; it may also appear with a subject.

And he to turn monster of ingratitude, and strike his lawful host (BEN JONS., Ev. Man in his Hum. 3, 3.). Pshaw! this fellow here to interrupt us! (GOLDSM., She Stoops 2.) A silly girl to play the prude with me! (LONGF. I. 174.) O to forget her! YOUNG, N. Th. 3, 93.) At my age, to talk to me of such stuff! the man is an idiot (BULW., Rienzi 2, 1.). Oh, only to see how your house-keepers squabble for a lodger! (DOUGL. JERROLD, Prison. of W. 1, 1.) Well, Basil, only to think that we three should meet here prisoners! (1, 2.) — But how to gain admission? (ADDIS., Cato 3, 7.)

Instances of this sort are not old: 1 to bere a childe that xal bere alle mannys blyss, And have myn hosbonde ageyn; ho mythe have joys more? (Cov. MYST. p. 77.) Otherwise see under 8.

b) Of another kind are prepositional infinitives, partly of parenthetical nature, which contain a reflection of the speaker, his intention in the representation, according to its substance or its form, a declaration, recollection or assurance overagainst the listener or the reader.

Not to be weary with you, he's in prison (SHAKSP., Meas. for Meas. 1, 5). For, to be short, amongst you't must be had (MARL., Jew of M. 1, 2.). Yet, to say truth, too late I thus contest (MILT., P. L. 10, 755.) During the century and a half which followed the Conquest, there is, to speak strictly, no English history (MACAUL., H. of E. I. 13.). Behrisch was, so to speak, the precursor of Merck (LEWES, G. I. 60.). I began to wish I had not, to use my friend Owen's phrase, been so methodical (SCOTT, R. Roy 2.). A name amongst the most genial, not to say enthusiastic of poets (LEWES, G. I. 41.). I think it's very likely that even without the gravel, his top-boots would have puzzled the lady not a little, to say nothing of his jolly red face (DICKENS, Pickw. 2, 20.). You must marry Georgina, who, to believe Lady Franklin, is sincerely attached to your Fortune (BULW., Money 3, 4.). Who establish'd their law, to wit, no female Should be inheritrix in Salique land (SHAKSP., Henry V. 1, 2.). The human species are divided into two sorts of people, to wit, high people and low people (FIELD., J. Andr. 2, 13.). We are merry, to be sure! (DOUGL. JERROLD, Prison. of W. 1, 2.). Sometimes infinitives may be taken as admonitions of the speaker to himself: But, to return to my story (FIELD., J. Andr. 2, 6.). But, to return: My tears flowed fast (WARREN, Diary 1, 9.). So much for supper: and now to see that our beds are aired (GOLDSM., She Stoops 2.). Comp. the prepos. to p. 283-8.

These infinitives partly agree with French infinitives in à, and may be amplified into various sentences, In Modern-Highdutch infinitives in zu, um zu: Um kurz zu sein; die Wahrheit zu sagen; nicht zu gedenken; zu geschweigen; um mich eines geläufigen Ausdrucks zu bedienen, and the like, as in Greek sometimes with : ÓS ÉS εἰπεῖν, ὡς εἰπεῖν; whereas Latin uses dependent sentences with ut and ne: Ut ad propositum revertar (Cic., Fin. 2, 32). Ut ad me revertar (Coel. 3.). Ne dicam. and others. In Old-English independent infinitives of this sort reach far back: pe date of Criste to neuen pus fele Mätzner, engl. Gr. II. 2.

4

were gon, Auht hundreth euen & sixti & on (LANGT. I, 20.). And schortly to conclude, such a place Was non in erthe (CHAUC., C. T. 1897.). So at the last, the soth to say, All his good was spent awaye (SIR CLEGES 67.). The sothe to saye and nought to hele, The hethenes wer twoo so fele (RICH. C. DE L. 3127.). To say the sothe, and not to ly, We seke Jesus of Nazarene (Town. M. p. 187.) Than ferther to oure matere to procede, Mary with Elizabeth abod ther stylle iij monthes fully (Cov. MYST. p. 129.). To the infinitive to wit there answers even in Halfsax. to iwiten: Mid hire comen, to iwiten, muchele æhtene scipen (Lazam. II. 172.), for which is said more completely: Ford he gon liten mið his Bruileoden, pat is to iwitenne mid twa hundred scipene (III 242.) We sometimes meet with prepositional infinitives in the more ancient language, which remind us of the narrative infinitive of the Latin, of which Modern-French presents instances (with de). Old-Engl. And some murthes to make As mynstralles konne, And geten gold with hire glee (P. PLOUGHм. p. 3.). Halfsax: Ah Arður com sone mid selere strengte, and Scottes to fleonne feor of pan ærde (LAZAM. II. 485). Ac Arthur com sone, and Scottes to fleonde (ib. modern text). I have not met with similar independent infinitives in Anglosaxon.

:

Other abbreviations of dependent sentences by this infinitive, as: Since to part, Go heavn'ly guest (MILT., P. L. 8, 645.), belong to the individual license of the author. Infinitives to be taken appositively are explained by the apprehension of the infinitive like the case of a substantive notion: In one thing they were agreed to reject him (GOLDSM., She Stoops 3). The infinitive may be taken to be put anacoluthically in: To throw me Plumply aside, I am still too powerful for you To venture that (COLER, Picc. 1, 2.) and the like. This usage borders on the reduplication of the subject or object by it, that, and the like, whereof at II. 1. p. 19. Compare Halfsax.: To tellen pat folc of Kairliun, ne mihte hit no mon idon (LAZAM. II. 601.).

Repetition and Omission of the Particle to with a succession of infinitives.

1. The repetition of the particle to with infinitives of like degree, that is, referred to the same relative word or the same sentence, is natural, but has gradually given place to a freer connection of the pure with the prepositional infinitive. The language here proceeds in analogy with the relation of the same preposition to more than one substantive notion.

a) The repetition of the particle is therefore to be judged from the points of view laid down for the preposition generally.

Come, give me your promise to love and to marry her directly (SHERID., Riv. 2, 1.). The Act of Incorporation empowered the directors to take and to administer to their servants an oath of fidelity (MACAUL., H. of E. X. 262.). She threatened to go beyond sea, to throw herself out of the window, to drown herself (X. 2.). With purpose to explore or to disturb The secrets of your realm (MILT., P. L. 2, 970.) and so forth.

Old-Engl pat heo_pider wende, To wonye & to lyue per (R. OF GL. I. 41.) And thei to have and to holde (P. PLOUGHм. p. 34.). Til Contricion hadde clene foryeten To crye and to wepe (p. 447.). Han yonge men To renne and to ryde (p. 55.). He comme to seke and to prove, Yyf ony jouste with hym deir (RICH. C. DE L. 522.). He comanded

to all his subgettes, to lete men seen alle the places, and to enforme me pleynly alle the mysteries of every place, and to condyte me fro citee to citee, if it were nede, and buxomly to resceyve me (MAUNDEV. p. 82.), Thanne was I redy To lye and to loure on my neghebore, And to lakke his chaffare (P. PLOUGHм. p. 84 sq.). Beter wille ich habbe to wepe, pan to do oper dede (R. OF GL. I. 99.). Bettre is it to dey, than to have such povert (CHAUC., C. T. p 162. I.). Halfsax,: We beod alle zarwe to ganne & to ride (LA3AM. II. 512.). Nan mann nohht ne fand on hemm To talenn ne to wrezenn (ORм. 121.). To peowwtenn and to wurrpenn Godd (904.). In Anglosason repetition is the rule: Ic. . him tilode tô licjanne and to cvêmanne (Ps. 14, 14.). Þær hŷ leomu ræcaỡ tô bindenne, and to bärnenne, and tô svingenne (COD. EXON. 99, 8.).

b) The non-repetition of the particle has, however, become common, both when the infinitives stand to one another in the copulative and disjunctive and in the adversative and comparative relation, when even their remoteness from one another is little noticed.

I hardly yet have learn'd To insinuate, flatter, bow and bend my knee (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 4, 1.). Fix'd like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot (POPE, Essay on M. 2, 63.). I've sent our trustiest friend To see and sift him (BULW., Richel 5, 2.). We learn to love, and esteem, and admire beyond them (ROGERS, It., For. Trav.). Thy lips. . Taught me what path to shun and what pursue (Cowp. p. 102.). Time was necessary wholly to eradicate one language and introduce another (SCOTT, Minstr. I. 32.). The English student. . goes there simply to get his dinner, and perhaps look at the Times (LEWES, G. I. 52.). Such a scene could not be expected to be acted so near them, and the inmates of the cottage take no interest in the result (COOP., Spy 7.).

Awaiting who appear'd To second, or oppose, or undertake The perilous attempt (MILT., P. L. 2, 417. cf. 1, 717. 2, 362.). One wink of your pow'rful eye Must sentence him to live or die (BUTL., Hud. 1, 2, 997.). I'm really puzzled what to think or say (BYR., D. Juan 1, 68.). A mind well skill'd to find or forge a fault (Engl. B. p. 312.).

To know the world not love her, is the point (YOUNG, N. Th. 8, 1276.). I come to save and not destroy (BYR., Manfr. 3, 1.). It was your duty to check my extravagance, not feed it (DOUGL. JERROLD, Rent. Day 2, 4.). I dare promise you to bear A part in your distress, if not assist you (SOUTH., Oroon. 2, 1.). Hard lot of man to toil for the reward Of virtue, and yet lose it! (CowP. p. 39.) They weep not to relieve their grief, but shew (YOUNG, N. Th. 5, 536.). So you'll have nothing to do but keep yourself warm (DICKENS, Nickleby 1, 4.).

As good to die and go, as die, and stay (SHAKSP., John 4, 3.). Own man born to live as well as die (YOUNG, N. Th. 5, 787.). They would dread far more To be thought ignorant, than be known poor (BEN JONS., Poetaster 1, 1.). I rather chose to travel all night, as cold as it is, wrapped up in my furs, than go into the common stores (MONT., Lett.). Far better with the dead to be Than live thus nothing now to thee (BYR., Bride 2, 11.).

A repetition of infinitives with and without repetition of to often occurs according to various points of view, where the isolation or opposition of the members or series of members makes repetion appear natural: Who taught the nations of the field and wood To shun their poison, and to chuse their food? Prescient, the tides or tempests to withstand, Build on the wave, or arch beneath the sand? (POPE, Essay on M. 3, 99.) He.. possessed many lucrative and many formidable rights, which enabled him to annoy and depress those who thwarted him, and to enrich and aggrandize.. those who enjoyed his favour (MACAUL., H. of E. I. 29.).

In Old-English non-repetition of the particle in the copulative, then also in the comparative and disjunctive relation, early became usual to a wide extent: And bigan to brenne & quelle (R. or GL. I. 38.). There to jangle and jape, And jugge hir even cristen (P. PLOUGHм. p. 33.). Thanne was Conscience called to come and appere (p. 50.). Into that welle, aungeles were wont to come from hevene, and bathen hem withinne (MAUNDEV. p. 88.). Token Peter Conyng huere kyng to calle and beo huere cheventeyn (WRIGHT, Polit S. p. 188.). In that stede to dwelle and be Ther God was ded (OCTOUIAN 1841.). I kam noght to chide Ne deprave thi persone (P. PLOUGHм. p. 53.). Me wor lever to be dedh Than led the lif that hic led (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 146.). They hadde lever to don soo, Than with her vytayles helpe her foo (RICH. C. DE L. 6104.). Wel aught a wyf rather hir self to sle, Than be defouled (CHAUC., C. T. 11709.). Chese rather to suffre than bygynne (p. 156 I.). To whos wurchipe synge ze this songe, To wurchip God or reverens me? (Cov. MYST. p 20.) Serys, trewly ze be to blame, Jhesus thus to bete, dyspoyte, or bynde Or put hym to se gret schame (p. 311.). The interchange of infinitives with and without to is usual with a series of infinitives: Syche bondage shalle I to theym beyde, To dyke and delf, bere and draw, And to do alle unhonest deyde (Tows. M. p. 57.). Even in Halfsaxon one to is thought as continuously operating: Heore beot makied to cumen to ure burzhes, ure king binden, and to Rome hine bringen (LAZAM. II. 625.). He pohte to quellen pe king on pis peoden, & his fole ualden uolden to grunden, & setten al pis kinelond an his agere hond, & fallen to pan grunde Artur pene unge (II. 418.). To lutenn himm, To lofenn himm annd wurrâenn (ORм. 206.). He zaff hemm bisne god inoh To lufenn Godd annd dredenn (851.). One might in part assume, instead of the continuous operation of the preposition, a change of construction, since the reverse phaenomenon, an infinitive with to following the pure infinitive, also partly occurs (see p 18.). In Anglosaxon I have not noticed a to continuously operative; in Gothie du may operate continuously in: Insandida mik du ganasjan pans gamalvidans hairtin, merjan frahunpanaim fralet jah blindaim siun, fraletan gamaidans în gaprafstein, merjan jer fraujïns andanem (Lrc. 4, 18. 19.), where, however, the pure infinitive may be referred to insandida.

2. If infinitives not of like degree require the particle to, it must recur with the second infinitive. The English tongue takes no offence at the immediate succession of prepositional infinitives, the last of which is dependent upon the first or upon a determination belonging to it.

This nook, here, of the Friers is not climate For her to live obscurely in, to learn Physic (BEN JONS., Alchem 4, 1.). To win widows To give you legacies (3, 2.). Of age the glory is to wish