Twelfth N. 1, 4.). With the moderns such combinations are considered incorrect.

As in Latin alius, aliter, secus with quam, so too other, otherwise etc. in Engl. Old-Engl.: She kowde wete for no case Whens he come no what he was, Ne of no man cowde enquere Other than the strange squyere (IPOMYDON 355.). Sey non other than trowthe (Cov. MYST. p. 63.). Whan the thing semeth otherwise than it was biforn (CHAUC., C. T. p. 153. I.). Halfsax.: Ah al hit iwraỡ [= iward] oder pene heo iwenden (LA3AM. II. 395.). Middle-Highdutch: Er ist anders denne wir gevar (PARZIV. 22, 8.). In Anglosax. we have as yet met with no instance of oder ponne, although the notion of difference ungelic is construed with this particle: Ealle ve syndon ungelice ponne pe ve iu in heofonum häfdon error vlite and veorsmynt (ČEDM. II. 151.). gelic, otherwise, combined with and is indeed also combined with ponne. Efne mîne eágan synt ealra gelicast panne esne bio (Ps. 122, 2.), along with pät bið gelic and edgenbot (LEGG. ELER. B. 40. cf. LEGG. CNUT. I. B. 48.).

On the other hand, with interrogative and negative principal sentences with other and elles, but, Anglosax. bûtan and nymoe are often met with. Old-Engl.: Cani do non other dede, Bot my paternoster and my crede (WRIGHT. A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. 146.). Planetes ne doth non other bote zeveth in manes wylle To beo lither other god (WRIGHT, Pop. Treat. p. 133.). Thou xalt have.. Noon other God but the kyng of blysse (Cov. MYST. p. 60.). Goddes hous, that ys y-mad for nothing ellus But for Anglosax.: Mäg ic ôre sprecan to pray yn (HALLIW., Freemas. 498.). buton pät Drihten het? (Num. 23, 12.). Donne beó þær nán ôore bûton pät he gange tó paw pryfealdan ordâle (LEGH. Ĉnut. I. B. 27.). Hvâ but ârist elles of Sion bûtan pu? (Ps. 13, 11.) pät nænig over nymɗe nergend god hŷ æfre mâ eft onlûced (CYNEVULF, Crist 324. Grein). also formerly stood with the comparative. Old-Engl.: What woldest pou more of hym, bute pat he pe truage bere? (R. OF GL. I. 58.). He no couthe no beter dyght, Bote out of lond stal by nyht (ALIS. 117.). The interchange of bot with als is here remarkable: Richer kyng is non in pis world bot ze, No valianter of bon in Cristendam als he (LANGT. I. 144.). Anglosax.: Ne nom he.. mâðm-æhta mâ, peáh he þær monige geseah, bûton pone hafelan and pâ hild somod (BEOV. 1612. Grein). The transition to the exceptive particles is as readily explained as the employment of the preposition from with other. Mod.-Engl.: This is a far other tone from that, In which the Duke spoke eight, nine years ago (COLER., Picc. 1, 12.), so far as the idea of difference lies in other.

C. The Dependent Sentence as an attributive
Determination.

As the substantive notion is determined by the adjective, it may also be determined by a dependent sentence, which thereBut this fore becomes an adnominal, or attributive determination. dependent sentence is not merely the periphrasis of a part of speech, as, of the adjective or participle, but it appears where such would not suffice, or does not exist at all. For it is, on the one hand, qualified to take further determinations than a single part of speech; on the other, to bring to light the significance, as well as the objective and subjective relation of an attribute, and, generally to put the act and every possible form of activity in the place of the quality inherent in a substantive notion.

Forasmuch as the attributive dependent sentence must be supported by a given substantive notion, the retrospective relation to it is to be indicated in the dependent sentence, which takes place essentially by a relative pronoun.

The substitution for it of a relative adverb, as well as the rejection of the relative pronoun, or the transmutation of the dependent sentence into one loosely attached, are phenomena taking a proportionately limited domain in the extensive province of the adjective

sentence.

As the adjective is capable of being used substantively, so too the attributive dependent sentence may take the place of a substantive notion. We therefore first consider the adjective sentence, in the stricter sense, and then the adjective sentence used substantively, or, generally, that introduced by the substantive pronoun.

The Adjective Sentence in the stricter sense.

The adjective sentence is a relative sentence whose relative conjunction refers to a substantive notion. This is represented partly by a substantive, with or without an adnominal determination; partly by pronouns representing a substantive, to which personal pronouns also belong; partly by members of sentences and

entire sentences.

1. The relative pronouns which introduce the adjective sentence are that, which and who.

a. Since the abandonment of the unchangeable relative pe, the originally neuter that (pät), employed relatively as well as demonstratively, which, like the former, became an indeclinable pronoun, has in English chiefly gained ground among the pronominal forms, and relatively. It is referred to names both of persons and things, both to pronouns and to substantives, and is subject to but few limitations in its use. To this belongs that that cannot be accompanied by a preposition preceding it (though it may by one standing at the end of the sentence), and that it must stand at the head of the adjective sentence: it is also not referred, with a relative meaning, to a sentence or member of a sentence. In a few cases it forbids a regard to perspiciuty and euphony.

The man that made Sansfoy to fall (SPENS, F. Qu. 1, 5, 26.). A very melancholy knight in a ruff, that demanded my subject for somebody (BEN JONS., Silent Wom. 3, 1.). The enemy that sowed them (MATTH. 13, 39.). Are you the gentleman that is named here? (WARREN, Diary 1, 1.) Thou shinest in every tear that I do weep (SHAKSP., Love's L. L. 4, 3. The only favour that I can ask you (TROLLOPE, Framl. Parson. 1, 16.). The ship that somebody was sailing in (SCOTT, Heart of Mid. Loth. 2, 6.). Of mine own brood, that on my bowels feed (MILT., P. L. 2, 863.). All things that offend (MATTH. 13, 41.). The rights of Liege, that are in more danger than ever (SCOTT, Qu. Durw. 21.). Her,

whom of all earthly things That lived, the only thing he seemed to love (BYRON, Manfr. 3, 3.).

I that

Personal pronouns and their possessive forms, as well as demonstrative interrogative and indeterminate propronouns, admit also the retrospective relation by that with regard to persons, although who has here gained ground to a wide extent. After the interrogative who especially, euphony prohibits the like relative form, and requires that. know the obstinacy of it (MONTAGUE, Lett.). Thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer Before all temples th' upright heart and pure (MILT., P. L. 1, 17. cf. 2, 681.). He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes (SHAKSP., Rich. II. 2, 1.). He also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth the word (MATTH. 13, 22.). He that is void of wisdom, despiseth his neighbour (PROV. 11, 12.). He has no hope who never had a fear: And he that never doubted of his state, He may perhaps (Cowp. p. 47.). Warn them that are unruly (THESSALON. 1, 5, 14. cf. Ps. 70, 2.). It will break my heart.. that have been toiling more like a dog than a man (SCOTT, R. Roy 2.). Let grief and sorrow still embrace his heart, That doth not wish you joy (SHAKSP., Temp. 5, 1.). Why then their loss deplore that are not lost? (YOUNG, N. Th. 1, 107.). Who's this that dares usurp The guards and habit of Numidia's prince? (ADDIS., Cato 4, 2.) Those win the day that win the race (BUTL., Hud. 3, 3, 292). Thine only gift has been the grave To those that worshipp'd thee (BYR., Ode to N. B. p. 346.). Who that have felt that passion's power, Or paus'd, or fear'd in such an hour? (Parisina 3.). The wretch, that works and weeps without relief, Has one that notices his silent grief (CowP. p. 101.). I am as one that's dead (SHERID., KNOWLES, Virgin. 5, 3.). Strange ruin shall destroy both her and thee, And all that yet remain (BYR., Manfr. 4, 1.). Up to the sky like rockets go All that mingled there below (Siege 33.). Comp. c.

With the reference to neuter pronouns, to which the indeterminate forms and those substituted for them especially belong, that has maintained itself with a certain tenacity, not perhaps without the influence of its original neuter meaning, although the modern language takes offence at the employment of that after the demonstrative that. What is it that thou dost see? (BYRON, Manfr. 2, 1.) Least thou yield to this that I entreat (MARLOWE, Jew of M. 3, 4.). That thou hadst seen that that this knight and I have seen! (SHAKSP., II Henry IV. 3, 2. cf. 4, 4. I Henry VI. 3, 1. 4, 1. etc.) All that I live by is, with the awl (J. Cæs. 1. 1.). He may thank you for all that hath happened (FIELD. J. Andr. 4, 1.). See the sage hermit, by mankind admir'd, With all that bigotry adopts inspir'd (Cowp. p. 41.). A conflict against all that was most illustrious in the Established Church (MACAUL., Hist. of E. III. 35.). Much that is great and excellent will we Perform together yet (COLER. Picc. 5, 2.). For aught that ever I could read (BUTL., Hud. 1. 3, 1025.). Shall I have nought that is fair? (LONGFELLOW I. 7.) When you would say something that is sad (SHAKSP., Henry VIII. 2, 1.). There

was something that reminded me of Dante's Hell in the look of this (CARLYLE, Pas a. Pres. 1, 1.). He never does anything that is silly (BULW., Money 1, 2.). She has nothing that I want (SOUTHERN, Oroon. 1, 2.). Ther's nothing in Widdrington's notes that we need be afraid of (WARREN, Ten Thous. a-year 2, 1.). As to how which has penetrated here See b.

That as a relative pronoun was early transferred to names of persons and things of every gender, both in the singular and in the plural. Old-Engl.: Ure pat hart in hevene (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 22.). He was be wisiste mon pad was in Engelonde on (I. 170.). Oure Lord, that i-kend is of the holi gost (I. 42.). Oure Loverd, that all makede (WRIGHT Pop. Treat. p. 132.). Mercurius That selde is of ous i-seze (ib.). Do emperour pat was po (R. OF GL. I. 90). Der nas prince non pat hym dorste arere strif (I. 89.). Maidin and moder pat bar pe hevene king (WRIGHT A. HALLIW. I. 22.). Nis no wurst woxen · pet evvre muge pe lif up helde (I. 175.). Cecily het þat on pe eldeste, pat was at Came nonne & abbesse (R. OF GL. II. 370.). po Romaynes, pat he fond, to gronde faste he slow I. 88). Men that beoth ibore under here mizte (WRIGHт, Рop. Treat. p. 133.). For alle po men that are in sinne bunden (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 22.). The wymmen that wepten upon hym (II. 48.). Blisced be pe pappys_pat Godis sone sauk (ib.). Alle the masonus that ben there (HALLIW., Freemas. 137.). Alle the soh sawes That Salomon seide evere (P. PLOUGHM. p. 174.). He byhet hem pe best lawes, pat euere were yfounde (R. OF GL. II. 386.). Rushes of the see that prykken (MAUNDEV. p 13.). This usage occurs in Halfsax. He wes pe bezste latimer pat ar com her (Lajam. II. 174 sq.). Colgrim wes pe hæhst mon pat ut of Saxlonde com (II. 417.). piss gode prest patt we nu mælenn offe (ORM 461.). Alle pa prestess patt off pa twezzenn prestess comenn (495.). Alle pa ilke men pat luuied pene cristindom (Lazam. II. 29.).

The retrospective reference to pronouns of every kind, if denoting persons, as well as to possessive forms also, belongs equally early to the form that. Old-Engl.: Ac y am hoten Antygon, That mony a message have y-don (ALIS. 4166.). I that am calde kynge Abias (Cov. MYST. p. 67.). A tale of me that am a pover man (CHAUC., C T. 4339.). We that mynistere here in Goddys presens, In us xuld be fownd no maner of ffoly p. 71.). He that swiche eraftes can To counseil is cleped (P. PLOUGHM. p. 174.). He that can his time abyde, Al his wille him schal bytyde ALIS. 462.). Theves he schal herberon never won, Ny hym that hath y-quellude a mon (HALLIW., Freemas. 181.). They slew him, that holp hem oft at nede (SKELTON, I. 8.). Wolues dede hii nymep vorp, pat er dude as lombe R. OF GL. II. 369.).). Wo to hem that seien gode, yvel (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. II. 51.). The wyse man damned hem that gladen whan thei don yvel (ib.). Thou seyst thou art with hem that in tribulacion be (Cov. MYST. p. 75.). For hys love that deyd on rood (RICH. C. DE L. 4468.). For hys sake that sytte above (HALLIW., Freemas 405.). Our redempcyon for to make That slayn were thrugh syn (Tows. M. p. 155.). Vor her soules, pat per aslawe were (R. of ĜL. II. 369.) Thilke that God gyveth moost, Leest good thei deleth (P. PLOUGHM., p. 175.). Tho that hit loste weore wrothe (ALIS. 1126.). Tho that be cursyd And tho that be blyssyd (Cov. MYST. p. 71.). Myche more thei ben reprovable that wepen for the pley of Cristis passioun (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. II. 48.). Als we forgyve pam pat misdon hus (I. 22.). For alle pat on herpe us fedin and fostre (ib.). On that was clept Guytoga (MAUNDEV. p. 37.). Ther n'uste non that hym was nygh, What tyme out of londe he fleygh (ALIS. 119.). Halfsaxon

also offers this reference to persons: Pe ilke pat halt pene nap, he hine drinke up (Lazam. JI. 175.). Wha is pat me fihtes wis? (III. 35.). Mid mude heo hit seiden, peo pat hit isezen (I. 274.). He lufepp alle pa patt sop clænesse follzhenn (0м. 3512.).

With neuter pronouns, as with all neuters in the singular, that of course belongs to the most ancient times. Old-Engl: This that shewyth as bred to your apparens, Is mad the very flesche and blod of me (Cov. MYST. p. 271.). Eyther of hem helpeth oother Of that that hem nedeth (P. PLOUGHм. p. 164). An erthely servaunt dar not taken in pley and in bourde that that her erthely lord takith in ernest (WRIGHT A. Halliw., Rel. Ant. II. 43.) 3if we don to hym that that is in oure power (II. 44.). Ernestful levyng of that that God biddith is despising of God (II. 45.). For hem that knowe not, ne beleve not, but that that thei seen (MAUNDEV. p. 222. cf. 182. 183. 226. 265. 306.). Fforgyf me that, That I to the now don have (Cov. MYST. p 335.). Forgive ous alle pat we havip don (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. I. 57.). Y loue more pi leue lyf pan al pat in pe world ys (R OF GL. I. 30.). Ny tel thou not al that thou heres (HALLIW, Freemas. 770). Al that ther was yong and old (AMIS. A. AMIL. 1300.). Bi oght that I can witt, He semys fulle welle theron to sytt (Town. M. p. 4.). For nought that may bifalle (CHAUC., C. T. p. 3418.). For nothing that ever is min, Thau thou hit zirne (WRIGHT, Anecd. p. 3.). Halfsax.: pa com hit al togadere pat hæhst wes on londe (LAZAM. II. 408.). Al pat Arður isæh, al hit him to bæh (II. 531.). Al pat heo bigunnen al heo hit biwunnen II. 108.). To forrbuzhenn . . All patt tatt Godd forrwerrpepp (ORм. 8803.). Anglosax.: Hî voldon mæst ealle pät pät he volde (SAX. CHR. 1052.). Pat pu wilt pu lufast; pät pät pu nelt, pät pu ne lufast (THORPE, Anal. p. 62.). Hu mäg ic pat findan, pät svá fyrn gevearð vintra gangum? (ELENE 631.). Eall pat grôvende väs veard âdilegod (GEN. 19, 25). Genâmon eall pät þær binnan väs (Sax. CHR 894.). Him väs pâ unhold call pät his ær gyrnde (1040.). [In the last instance the neuter stands collectively of persons, as also in a few of the modern and Old-Engl. and Halfsaxon instances].

In Anglosax. se, seó, pät are used both as relative and as demonstrative pronouns. To these is also attached the indeclinable relative pronoun, in which case they are to be regarded as correlatives of pe, which by itself operates as a relative. This relative comes down to the thirteenth century, and appears concurrently with other relative pronouns. Old-Engl.: On of pe holie writes pe ben red herinne (WRIGHT A. HALLIW.. Rel. Ant. I. 128.). Of an edie meiden, pe was i-feren bispused pe hevenliche kinge (ib). Dis woreld is cleped sæ, pe flower and ebbeð (ib.). pat sove liht, pe lihte alle brihte pinges on corde (ib). Ancre pe haver achte (II. 2.). þeos ancres pe tilie oder habbet rentes i-sette (ib.). In Halfsax. Lazamon often presents be, yet various forms mingle here, as the plural form pa (Anglosax. pa), which is mingled with pe. The modern text often has pat for pe. pa wes wa Coel pe king was on Bruttene (II. 29.). Hæfuede enne dohter, pe wes him swise deore (II. 30.). Wreke we Beduer min am pa bezst wes of ure cunne, pa Buccus hafd of-stungen (III_101.) [=_qui quem]. pa hefenliche quene pa drihten akende (II. 468.). pe (also peo), pa and pat in general interchange in the same meaning.

b. The originally interrogative pronoun which, which has also been preserved as such, and is referred to all substantive notions, and whose Anglosaxon form hvile hvyle, hvele might pass from the interrogative into the indeterminate, (Comp. Lat. quis aliquis), but not into the relative meaning, has, in English, like other interrogative words, become also relative. This relative has, as Mätzner, engl. Gr. II. 2.

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