And now the vestal, Reason, Shall watch the fire awaked by Love (TH. MOORE p. 241.).

:

Old-Engl. There is an abbeye of monkes, wel bylded and wel closed with zates of iron, for drede of the wilde bestes (MAUNDEV. p. 58.). In clothes black, y-dropped al with teeres (CHAUC., C. T. 2886). Anglosax.: þâ häfdon hi mid heom tvâ fluxan mid ælað gefylde (S. GUTHLAC 15.).

Otherwise, regarding to the relation of time of the activities, a temporal sentence might take the place of the member of the sentence with the participle.

Reluctant now I touch the trembling string, Bereft of him, who taught me how to sing (TICKELL, Poems). And they themselves once ferried o'er the wave That parts us, are emancipate and loos'd (Cowp. p. 185.).

Anglosax.: Drihten nolde geladod lichamlice sîðjan tô þäs cyninges untruman bearne (A.-S. HOMIL. I. 128,).

To the idea of the temporal that of a causal connection is readily associated, when the completed activity denoted by the participle may itself stand opposed, conditionally or concessively,

to the main action.

Plann'd merely, 'tis a common felony; Accomplish'd, an immortal undertaking (COLER., Picc. 4, 7.). Broken down in his power and resources by this signal defeat, yet faithful to his ally.. he rejected all overtures of peace (IRVING, Sk. B. Phil. of Pokanoket). Which, testified or not, remembered by all men, or forgotten by all men, does verily remain the fact (CARL., Past a. Pres. 2, 6.).

In former times we rather meet with the expression by the participle of the causal relation in the stricter sense. Old-Engl.: But they, converted at hir wise lore, Wepten ful sore (CHAUC.. C. T. 12342.). In Anglosaxon we may refer hither: pider pe Stephanus forestôp, mid Saules stânum oftorfod, pider folgode Paulus gefultumod purh Stephanes gebedu (A.-S. HOMIL. I. 52.).

2

The unclearness of the logical relations of the participle passing into one another is here, as with the participle of the present, taken away by particles: But experience, when dearly bought, is seldom thrown away altogether (ROGERS, It., M. Griffoni). I never heard of you till named of villains (DOUGL. JERROLD, Rent. Day 23.). But it would be awkward for Georgy, if discovered (BULW., Money 3, 2.). If deceived, I have been my own dupe (3, 4.). Artamène, though forbidden to speak, is therefore not forbidden to love (KAVANAGH, Fr. Women of Lett. 4.).

Comp. p. 68. In Anglosaxon we meet svilce as a more particular determination of the participle: Hi væron svâ svâ upâspringende blôstman on middeveardan cŷle ungeleáffulnysse, svilce mid sumere ehtnisse forste forsodene (A.-S. HOMIL. I. 84.).

4. The participle of the perfect becomes an adjective in the stricter sense, when the mind is not so much engaged with the finished activity as with the adherent quality of an object. There can be here no question of a fixed limit between the adjective and the non-adjective participle, although these participial forms frequently make the recollection of the verbal notion step into the background,

and a few, like forlorn, having lost the rest of their verbal forms, now only operate as adjeetives.

A foolish suitor to a wedded lady (SHAKSP., Cymb. 5, 4.). A man triumphant is a monstrous sight, A man dejected is a sight as mean (MILT., P. L. 8, 758.). Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those grave Senators (MACAUL., H. of E. VI. 119.). A tender pair. toy'd the ravish'd hours away (PARNELL, Hesiod 225.). To such benign, blessed sounds (TH. MOORE p. 144.). In civilized life (IRVING, Šk. B. Phil. of Pokan.). Scrooge resumed his labours with an improved opinion of himself (DICKENS, Christm. Car. 1.). Brutal savages, degraded Irish (CARLYLE, Past a. Pres. 1, 1.). The town was one of the strongholds of the Reformed Faith (MACAUL., H. of E. VI. 2.). By the ruined keeps of old Norman barons of the pale (7.). Poor forlorn Proteus (SHAKSP., Two Gentlem. 1, 2.). In a forlorn and dismantled state (DICKENS, Pickw. 2, 20.) and so on.

How near the participle may approach the adjective, properly socalled, is proved by the numerous adjectives which have assumed the form of the participle of weak verbs in ed, although no verb lies immediately at the root of them (see Vol. I. p. 447.), as well as the readiness of compounding genuine and imitated participles of this sort with other part of speech: You cannot now do worse Than take this out-of-fashion'd course (BUTL., Hud. 3, 3, 375.). Worldly wise Is but half-witted (YOUNG, N. Th. 5, 284.). Were they as vain as gaudy-minded man (6, 638.). He was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone (DICKENS, Christm. Car. 1.). It were so so blessed, trice-blessed, for himself and for us all! (CARL., Past a. Pres. 4, 8.) The huge tumultuous life of society is galvanic, devilridden (2, 6.). This is also shewn by the many participles compounded with the negative un, as, unarmed, unacquainted, unanswered, uneffected, unexpected, unbathed (Dryden), unbent, unblamed, undaunted, unheard, unknown, unspoken.

The substantive use of this participle is therefore readily effected in respect to persons: To the unknown beloved this, and my good wishes (SHAKSP., Twelfth N. 2, 5.). Thou knowest what a thing is poverty Among the fallen on evil days (SHELLEY III. 95.). For the purpose of burying the slain (MACAUL, H. of E. II. 182.). If these are the troubles that are to come upon the married, I'm sure a poor girl is better single (DOUGL. JERROLD, Rent. Day 2, 1.). The dear deceased! (BULW., Money 1, 1.) Names of things are rare, and most readily recognisable in borrowed forms, as in: Thinking more of the future and less of the past (TROLL., Framl. Parson. 1, 13.).

This participle has been used adjectively with prepossession from early times Old-Engl.: Jexabel the cursed queen (MAUNDEV. p. 111.). The blessed Virgine Marie (p. 134.). Seint Austyn a blessed lif .. ladde (P. PLOUGHM. p. 292.). Worth this Mede y-maried Unto a mansed sherewe (p. 30.). A schiten schepperd and a clene schepe (CHAUC, C. T. 506.), If any were so waryd men (Town. M. p. 55.). To my freyndes now wylle I fare, The chosyn childre of Israelle (p. 59.). Halfsax.: þæ king of Peytouwe, har mon iblowen (LAZAM. III. 76.). Cnihtes icorene, kene - wurd kempen (I. 367.).

Iwepnede peines (III. 7.). Anglosax.: Hvig heart pu hlæfdige svâ gedrêfedes môdes? (APOLLON. OF T. p. 2.). Mid gehyvedan môde hine sylfne ätŷvde bis ceaster-gevarum (p 3.). pät beclysede geat on Godes hûse getâcnode pone hâlgan mæigohâd (A.-S. HOMIL. I. 194.). Attor.. of pam tôsvollenum fôtum fleóv (I. 54.). Ealra gecorenra hálgena deáð is deórvurðe on Godes gesihoe (I. 48.).

Compound participial forms of the kind above denoted were also not wanting formerly. Old-Engl.: A wal that were whit-lymed (P. Ploughm. p. 301.). Halfsax.: Heor-lockede wif (LAZAM. III. 25.). Moni kineborene mon (I. 15.). (Anglosax.: pät he nâme scearp-ecgedne flint (A.-S. HOMIL. I. 92.). And so too compounding with the negative un is common Anglosaxon: unalyfed, unarimed, unbeveddod, ungelæred, unâfunden, unâgifen, unbesmiten, unbrocen, ungeboren, ungebunden, as even Gothic unbaurans, undivans, unsaltans, unpvahans, unbeistjops, unqueinps, unkunps, ungasaivans.

Forms used substantively correspond. Old-Engl.: So lerede us bi-ledes (WRIGHT, Polit. S. p. 155.). At suche houre schal he dispoyle the world, and lede his chosene to blisse (MAUNDEV. p. 114.). Halfsax.: Corineus him cleopede to alle his icorene (LAZAM. I, 84.). Anglosax.: Hig gaderjað his gecoreuan (MARC. 13, 27.). pâ earman forscyldegodan evylmjad on êcum ffyre (A.-S. HOMIL. I. 132.). Se âvyrgda (CAEDM. II. 316.) [the devil]. 5. The absolute participle of the perfect, both of transitive and intransitive verbs, has, like that of the present, become a frequent mean for abbreviating sentences. A temporal sentence is essentially represented by it, which represents the action ascribed to its subject as finished in the sphere of the verb of the sentence, when its logical relations to the main action may be of different kinds. The absolute case is to be judged as with the participle of the present.

Six frozen winters spent, Return with welcome home from banishment (SHAKSP., II. 1, 3.) Conscience, her first law broken, wounded lies (YOUNG, N. Th. 8, 700.). This said, he sat (MILT., P. L. 2. 417.). This done, find out the councillor (BULW., Rienzi 4, 5.). This ceremony ended the Tribune passed into the banquet-hall (5, 1.). O the tender tyes, Close-twisted with the fibres of the heart! Which broken, break them (YOUNG, N. Th. 5, 1063.). To the famed throng_now paid the tribute due, Neglected genius! let me turn to you (BYR., p. 326.). But he once past. . Sin and Death Pav'd after him a broad and beaten way (MILT., P. L. 2, 1023.). The phantom knight, his glory fled, Mourns o'er the field he heap'd with dead (SCOTT, L. Minstr. 5, 2.). The case, oblique in point of form, is often found: By whose aid This inaccessible high strength, the seat of Deity supreme, us dispossess'd, He trusted to have seiz'd (MILT., P. L. 7, 140.).

-

Old-Engl. The came pe zatis schitte (WYCLIFFE, Joh. 20, 26.). There appered first oure Lord to his disciples, aftre his resurrexioun, the gates enclosed, aud seyde to hem, Pax vobis (MAUNDEV. p. 91.). The preyer stynt of Arcita the strange, The rynges. . And eek the dores, clatereden ful fast (CHAUC.. C. T. 2423.). Whiche y-se and y-herde, the forsaid Adam hastied for to torne home to his contree (WRIGHT A. HALLIW., Rel. Ant. p. 191.). This participle also, in proportion to the usage of modern times as well as of Anglosaxon is not frequently met with in the older English, whereas an absolute case is else not rare (Vol. II. 1. p. 216.). In Anglosaxon the absolute dative stands: Hie pâ rade stôpen, heora andvlitan inbevrigenum, under loðum listum, þät hie leófum men geoce gefremedon

(CAEDM. 1578.). Forlætenre pære ceastre Nazareth, he com and eardode on Capharnaum (MATH. 4, 13.). Pinre dura belocenre bide pînne Fâder on diglum (6, 6.) Gefylledum dagum, pâ hig ongeán gevhurfon, belâf se Hælend on Hierusalem (Luc. 2, 43.) Veard dead nâ læfedum sæde (MARC. 12, 20.), pisum eallum pus gedonum, eóde Apollonius.. við þa sæ (APOLLON. OF T. p. 27.); intransitively: pissum pus gedône, se cyng Villelm cearde ongeán tô Normandige (SAX. CHR. 1078.). pisum pus gedône, se cyng fêrde tô Vinceastre (ib.); intransitively: Alle fêng tô Nordanhymbra rice, Idan fordgefarenum (560.). Thus too Goth. Comp. MARC. 1, 32. Luc. 8, 4; with at MATH. 8, 16. see p. 73.

Like the participle of the present, that of the perfect also sometimes stands without immediately leaning upon a substantive notion. Thus its subject is to be gathered from a possessive pronoun; Thus repuls'd, our final hope Is flat despair (MILT, P. L. 2, 142.). Placed midway the two perilous extremes.. his whole career received a modifying impulse from this position (LEWES, G. I. 17.). Adjectives are also treated thus: Once free, 'tis mine our horde again to guide (BYR., Bride 2, 20.), and even other adverbial members of sentences, which have to be referred to a logical subject: Equally without resentment or humanity, his virtues and even his vices were artificial (GIBBON, Decl. 2.). The reference to a substantive or pronoun contained in a preceding sentence is rarer: Thus saying, he took up his hat. . When gone, we all regarded each other for some minutes with confusion (GOLDSM., Vic. 13.). An indeterminately general subject may also be understood: A certain grandeur of soul which cannot be contemplated unmoved (LEWES, G. I. 4.).

6. The circumstance that the participle of the perfect was also formed from intransitive verbs and employed to form their tenses has been the occasion of the participle of transitive verbs sometimes passing into the meaning of the active. Such forms are not explained by being considered as adjectives, since even in the meaning the passive character must remain to them. Here belong the old drunk, drunken, (well pretty) spoken, drawn, that is, with drawn, sword.

I am not drunk now (SHAKPS., Oth. 2, 3.). A drunken monster (Temp. 2, 2.). This consummation of drunken folly (SCOTT, R. Roy 12.). Clarence is well spoken, and, perhaps, May move your heart to pity (Rich. III. 1, 3.). Methinks, y'are better spoken (Lear 4, 6.). A pretty spoken fellow (DOUGL. JERROLD, Rent. Day 1, 4.). Why are you drawn? (SHAKSP., Temp 2, 1.) I'm sure you're mistaken (WARREN, Diary 1, 18. cf. (SHAKSP., Cymb. 1, 5.) One might even refer hither sworn, forsworn, perjured: A new sworn brother (SHAKSP., Much Ado 1, 1). That they are patient I'll be sworn (SHERID. KNOWLES, Hunchb. 1, 2.). That Angelo's forsworn, is it not strange? (SHAKSP., Meas. for Meas. 5, 1.); yet the modern tongue has also combined swear, forswear and perjure, partly transitively, partly reflectively, in the active, with a personal object, so that the participles appear passive. The form learned rests upon the ancient confusion of leren, whence lered, with lernen teach). Comp. Old-Engl.: Who lerned thee on boke? (P. PLOUGHM. p. 146.). Hence Mod -Engl.: Scole to lerne chyldre in (PALSGR.), as in the modern popular speech. Thg combination of born with days in the

meaning of life days, life time is remarkable: You have bewitched me, I think, I was never so in my born days (SOUTHERN, Oroon. 2, 1.) often dialectically: I' au my born days, I nivver sa' sike a rascad (CRAVEN DIAL. I. 42).

Transfers of the passive participle to the domain of the transitive active remind us of Latin Forms like potus, coenatus, pransus, juratus, and the like. To potus there has answered from the earliest times a passive participle. Halfsax: Weoren swide blive and druncken of wine (Lazam.`III. 170.). Anglosax.: Man vîne druncen (Ps. 77, €5.); to juratus likewise. OldEngl.: Alle theih beth i-sworene holi churche holde to rihte (WRIGHT, POlit. S. p. 334.). Halfsax.: Kinges heo weoren ihouene and kinges isworene (Lajam. III. 209.); forsworn in the meaning of perjurus, not of the pass. pejeratus is expressed by the Anglosaxon forsvoren: pâ forsvorenan mid forsvorenum (A.-S. HOMIL. I. 132.). Interchanges of the passive with the active meaning are not unknown. Old-Engl.: And told him al, as ye han herd me sayd (CHAUC., C T. 11851.). Anglosax.: Heom pâ pus gesprecenum, þær väs gevorden seó mycele stefen svylce punres slege (Ev. NICOD. 27.). Symeone pâ pus gesprecenum. eall þät verod þæra hâlgena þâ vearð svyde geblyssigende (24. cf 28.). He is vuldor and bliss ealles gelyfedes folces (A.-S. HOMIL. I 144) that is, of the faithful people. Similarly Gothic: Usfullnoda þata gamelido pata qipano (MARC. 15, 28). Greek: ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφὴ ἡ λέγουσα.

The compound Participle of the Passive.

The modern language forms passive periphrastic participles with the participle of the perfect by the participles being and having been, as in the active by having and being, the latter whereof belongs to intransitive verbs (p. 78). The periphrasis answers to the Romance formation with étant and ayant été, which was as little necessary as the English to the ancient language, and is also frequently easy to be avoided even in Modern-English. The periphrastic forms of the passive are, however, distinguished from the simple participle, apart from the temporal gradation of being and having been, by their making more prominent the verbal character of the participles, and their reference to a relation to the main action which is otherwise denoted by a dependent sentence and effect the weakening of the participle down to an adjective notion.

The passive participle compounded with being is, in contradistinction to the periphrasis with the participle of intransitive verbs, not absolutely referred to the concluded past. By reason of the ductile nature of the participle of the perfect contained in the compound an action may be denoted which is to be thought as contemporaneous with the main action of the sentence also and one which is to be thought as precedent to it. The relation of time is essentially to be made out from the context. Moreover, this participle, like the simple participle, attaches itself to various elements of the sentence. 1. a) It accordingly stands predicatively, as it attaches itself to the subject or to the object of the sentence.

I won't stand being talked to by you (OXENF., Twice Killed 1, 2.). His seruant. Through both the wounds did drawe the slender twigs, Which being bound about his feeble limmes, Were