(r.) BANDA, an island in the Indian ocean, the chief of the BANDA ISLANDS, to which it gives nime. See N° 2. It is hardly 20 miles in length It is 70 miles SE. of Amboyna. Lon. 128. 5. E. Lat. 4. 50. S.

(2.) BANDA ISLANDS, the general name of five iflands in the Eaft Indies, belonging to the Dutch. Two of them are uncultivated, and almoft entirely uninhabited; the other 3 claim the diftin&tion of being the only islands in the world that produce the nutmeg. If we except this valuable fpice, the inlands of Banda, like all the Moluccas, are barren to a dreadful degree. What they produce in fuperfluities, they want in neceffaries. The lands will not bring forth any kind of corn; and the pith of the fago ferves the natives of the country instead of bread. As this food is not fufficient for the Europeans who fettle in the Moluccas, they are allowed to fetch provifions from Java, Macaf fir, or the extremely fertile island of Bali. The company itself carries some merchandize to Banda. This is the only fettlement in the Eaft Indies that can be confidered as an European colony; because it is the only one where the Europeans are proprietors of lands. The company finding that the inhabitants of Banda were favage, cruel, and treacherous, because they were impatient under their yoke, refolved to exterminate them. Their poffeffions were divided among the white people; who got flaves from fome of the neighbouring inlands to cultivate the lands. Thefe white people are for the most part Creoles, or malecontents who have quitted the fervice of the company. In the small island of Rotinging, there are likewife feveral banditti, whom the laws have branded with difgrace; and young men of abandoned principles, whofe families wanted to get rid of them: fo that Banda is called the island of correction. The climate is fo unhealthy, that thefe unhappy men live but a fhort time. It is on account of the lofs of fo great a number of hands, that attempts have been made to transfer the culture of the nutmeg to Amboyna; and the company were likewife probably influenced by other frong motives of intereft, as their trade could be carried on with 1 fs expence and greater fafety. But the experiments that have been made have proved unfuccefsful, and matters remain in their former state. The particular names of these islands are BANDA, (N.) Lantor, Poleron, Rofinging, Poolaway, and Gonapi. They lie between 127° and 128° Lon. W. and between 4° and 5o Lat. S.

* BANDAGE. n. f. [bandage, Fr.] 1. Something bound over another.-Zeal too had a place among the reft, with a bandage over her eyes; though one would not have expected to have feen her reprefented in fnow. Addifen.-Cords were faftened by hooks to my bandages, which the workmen had girt round my neck. Gulliver. 2. It is ufed in furgery, for the fillet or roller wrapped over a wounded member; and, fometimes, for the act or practice of applying bandages.

BANDARRA, Gonzales, a Portuguese fanatic, of the 16th century, who, pretending to be a prophet, raised some disturbance, in and 1541, made a narrow efcape from being burnt for herely, by the inquifition. He died in 1556.

BANDALEER, or BANDELEER, in military afVOL. III. PART I.

fairs, a large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, and hanging under the left arm; word by the ancient mufqueteers, both for the fuftaining of their fire-arms, and for the camiage of their mufket-charges, which being put up in little wooden cafes, coated with leather, were hung, to the number of twelve, to each bandaleer.

* BANDBOX. n. f. [from band and box.} A flight box used for bands and other things of fmall weight-My friends are furprized to find two bandboxes among my books, till I let them fee that they are lined with deep erudition. Addi on.

BANDELET. n. f. {bandalet, Fr. in architec ture.] Any little band, flat moulding, or fillet. BANDELLO, Mathew, bishop of Agen, was born at Caftelnovo, in the Milanefe, about the end of the 15th century. He was firft a dominican monk, and distinguished himself by writing novels in the manner of Boccace. When his country was invaded by the Spaniards, he went to France, and there, in 1550, obtained the biskopric of Agen, but refigned it in 1555. He died in 1561. The beft addition of his novels, is that printed at London, in 4 vols 4to. 1740.

BANDEN, a bill of Scotland, in Fifefhire, which commands an extenfive view of the Strath of Eden, from Kinrofs to St Andrew's Bay. The remains of an an 'ient rampart and circumvallation, 200 yards in diameter, and of a circular form, are to be feen upon it.

BANDER-ABASSI. See GOMBRON.

Bander-Congo, a small sea port town in Afia, feated on the E. fide of the Perfian Gulph; 8 miles W. of Gombron, and 190 of Bander-Abaffi. Lon. 54. 10. E. Lat. 19. o. N. Mr Walker places it in Lon. 128. 5. E. Lat. 4. 50. S.

BANDERET, a general, or one of the commanders in chief of the forces. This appellation is given to the principal commanders of the troops of the canton of Bern in Switzerland, where there are 4 banderets, who command all the forces of that canton.

BANDEROLL, a little flag, in form of a gui. don, extended more in length than in breadth, ufed to be hung out on the mafts of veffels, &c. BANDI. See ANGOLA.

BANDINELLI, Bacio, a celebrated sculptor and painter of Florence, born in 1487. Though he diltinguished himself by his skill in both lines, he chiefly excelled in fculpture; and his group of the Lacoon is much admired. He died in 1559.

BANDIRRAN, S. a village locally fituated in the parish of Collace, in Angus-fhire, but belonging to that of Caputh, in Perthshire, quoad facra. *BANDIT. n. f. [band to, Ital.] A man outlawed.

No favage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer, Will dare to foil her virgin purity. Mitton. (1.) BANDITTI; 1. perfons preferibed or outlawed; fometimes denominated banniti, or forris banniti; 2. Robbers who infeft the roads in troops especially in Italy, France, and Sicily. Mr Brydone, in his Tour through Sicily, informs us, that in the eaftern part, called Val Demoni, from the devils that are fuppofed to inhabit Mount Etna, it has ever been found altogether impracticable to extirpate the banditti; there being numberless caverns and fubterraneous paffages round that mountain, where no troops could poffibly pursue them:

G

befides

neum to wine, and is used in those countries where Mahometanifm is established; which prohibiting the ufe of that liquor absolutely, the poor mul ul. mans have recourfe to fuccedanea, to roufe their fpirits. The principal are opium and bangue. As to the opinion among Europeans, that the Turks prepare themfelves for battle by a dofe of bangue, which roufes their courage, and drives them, with eagerness, to certain death; Dr Maurocordato affures us that it is a popular error; the Turks think they are then going affuredly to receive the crown of martyrdom; and would not for any confideration, lofe the merit of it, which they would do, were they to eat the baugue, it is prohibited by their apoitle, among other things which intoxicate.

BANHAM, a village in Norfolk, between New Buckenham and Harling.

weight and importance, and which were to be inculcated in a manner analogous to other truths; demanding only from their more interefting im port, proportionably higher degrees of care, attention, and affiduity in the promulgation of them. It is fcarcely to be imagined, in these times, with what degree of falfe and malignant rancour, these plain, fimple, and rational principles were attacked by the zealots and champions of the church, (See HOADLY.) On the meeting of the convocation, a committee was appointed to examine this famous publication, and a reprefentation was quickly drawn up, in which a moft heavy charge was paffed upon it, as tending to fubvert all government and difcipline in the church of Christ; to reduce his kingdom to a fate of anarchy and confufion; to impugn and impeach the royal fupremacy in matters ecclefiaftical, and the authority of the legiflation to enforce obedience in matters of religion, by fevere fanction. A fudden ftop, however, was put to these difgraceful proceedings, by royal prorogation; and from that period the convocation has never been convened, but as a matter of mere form, and for the purpose of being again prorogued. The controverfy which then commenced was carried on for feveral years, with great ability and animation, on the part of the bishop, aided by various excellent pens, though oppofed by men whofe learning and talents gave an artificial luftre to bigotry and abfurdity. No controverfy, however, upon the whole, ever more fully and completely anfwered the purpose intended by it. The obfcurity in which this fubject had been long involved, was diffipated; the public mind was enlightened and convinced; church authority, the chimera vomiting flames, was deftroyed; and the name of Hoadly, will be tranfinitted from generation to generation, with increase of honour, of esteem, and grateful veneration.”

BANGUE, a fpecies of opiate, much ufed throughout the eaft, for drowning cares and infpiring joy. By the Perfians it is called beng; by the Arabs, effrar, corruptly aferal, and affarth; by the Turks, bengitie, and vulgarly called maftack; by the European naturalifts, bangue or bange. It is the leaf of a kind of wild hemp, growing in the Countries of the Levant; it differs little, either as to the leaf or feed, from our hemp, except in fize. Some haye mistaken it for a fpecies of Althea. There are divers manners of preparing it, in dife ferent countries. Olearius defcribes the method ufed in Perfia. Mr Sale tells us, that, among the Arabs, the leaf is made into pills, or conferves. But the moft diftinct account is given by Alexander Maurocordato counfellor and phy Ecian of the Ottoman Porte, in a letter to Wedelius. According to this author, bangue is made of the leaves of wild hemp, dried in the thade, then ground to powder; put into a pot wherein butter has been kept; fet in an oven till it begin to torrify; then taken out, and pulverized again; thus to be used occasionally, as much at a time as will lie on the point of a knife. Such is the Turkish bongue. The effects of this drag are, To confound the understanding; fet the imagination loofe; induce a kind of fully, and forgetfulnefs, wherein all cares are left, and joy and gaiety fake place thereof. Bangue in reality, is a fucceda

BANJALORE. See BANGALORE. BANIALUCH, or BAGNALUCH, a city of European Turky, the capital of Bosnia, upon the frontiers of Dalmatia, near the river Setina. Lon. 18. 20. E. Lat. 44. 20. N.

BANIAN DAYS, in marine language, a term among failors, for thofe days in which they have no ftefh meat. It seems to be derived from the practice of the people mentioned in the next article.

BANIANS, a religious fect in the empire of the Mogul, who believe a metempfychofis; and will therefore eat no living creature, nor kill even noxious animals, but endeavour to release them when in the hands of others.-The name Banian is ufed varioufly, which has occafioned much confusion, and many miflakes. Sometimes it is taken in a lefs proper fenfe, and extended to all the ido laters of India, as contradistinguished from the Mahometans: in which fenfe, Banians include the Bramins and other cafts. Barions, in a more proper fenie, is reftrained to a peculiar caft, cr tribe, of Indians, whofe office or profeffion is trade and merchandize: in which fenfe, Banians ftand contradiftinguished from BRAMINS, CUT TERY, and WYSE, the 3 other cafts into which the Indians are divided. The four cafts are ablolutely feparate as to occupation, relation, mar riage, &c. though all of the fame religion; which is more properly denominated the religion of the Bramins, who make the ecclefiaftical tribe, that of the Banians, who make the mercantile. Th proper Banians are called, in the Shafter, or boo of their law, by the name of SHUDDERY; unde which are comprehended all who live after the manner of merchants, or that deal and tranfad for others, as brokers; exclufive of the mechanics or artificers, who make another caft, called Wyfe Thefe Banians have no peculiar fect or religion uniefs it be, that two of the eight general pre cepts given by their legiflator Bremaw to the In dian nation, are, on account of the profeffion o the Banians, fuppofed more immediately to relat to them, viz. thofe which enjoin veracity in thei words and dealings, and avoiding all practices o circumvention in buying and felling.-Some of the Banians, quitting their profeflion, and retiring from the world, commence religious, affume peculiar habit, and devote themfelves more im mediately to God, under the denomination of

of the academy of infcriptions and belles lettres, and ecclefiaftic of the diocefe of Clermont in Auvergne; died in November 1741, aged 69. He is principally celebrated for his tranflation of the Metamorphofes of Ovid, with hiftorical remarks and explanations; which was published in 1732, at Amfterdam, in folio, finely ornamented with copperplates, by Picart; and reprinted at Paris, 1738, in 2 vols 4to; and for his Mythology, or fables of the ancients explained by hiftory; a work full of the most important information, which was tranflated into English, and printed at London in 1741, in 4 vols 8vo.

BANILLIA, in the materia medica, a name used by fome for the vanillia, or vanilloes, used in making the fcented chocolate.

BANINGHAM, a village in Norfolkshire, near Erpingham.

* To BANISHI. v. a. [banir, Fr. banio, low Lat. probably from ban, Teut an outlawry, or profcription.] 1. To condemn to leave his own country.

Oh, fare thee well! Thofe evils thou repeat'ft upon thy felf, Have banish'd me from Scotland. Shakespeare. 2. To drive away.

Banish bufinefs, banish forrow, To the gods belongs to-morrow. * BANISHER. 7.s. [from banish.] forces another from his own country. In mere spite,

VERTEA. Thefe, though they do not hereby change their caft, are commonly reckoned as bramins of a more devout kind; as monks in the Romish church, though frequently not in orders, are reputed as a more facred order than the regular clergy. The name Banian imports, in the Bramin language, a people innocent and harmless; void of all guile; fo gentle, that they cannot endure to fee either a fly or a worm injured; and who, when struck, will patiently bear it, without refifting or returning the blow. Their mien and appearance is defcribed by Mr Lord, in terms a little precife, but very fignificant: “A people prefented themselves to my eyes clothed in linen garments, fomewhat low defcending, of a gefture and garb, as I may fay, maiden'y, and well nigh effeminate, of a countenance thy and fomewhat eftranged."-Gemelli Careri divides the Banians into 22 tribes, all diftinét, and not allowed to marry with each other. Lord affures us they are divided into 82 cafs or tribes, correfpondent to the cafts or divifions of the Bramins or priefts, un der whofe difcipline they are, as to religious matters; though the generality of the Banians choose to be under the direction of the two Bramin tribes, the Vifalnagranaugers and Vulnagranaugers. The Banians are the great factors, by whom most of the trade of India is managed; in this refpect, equal to the Jews and Armenians, and not behind either, in point of skill and experience, in whatever relates to commerce. Nothing is bought but by their mediation. They feem to claim a kind of jus divinum to the adminiftration of the traffic of the nation, grounded on their facred books, as the Bramins do to that of religion. They are difperfed, for this purpofe, through all parts of Afia, and abound in Perfia, particularly at Ifpahan and Gombroon, where many of them are extremely rich, yet not above acting as brokers, where a penny is to be got. The chief agents of the English, Dutch, and French Eaft India companies, are of this nation; they are faith ful, and generally trufted with the cath of thofe companies in their keeping. They act alfo as bankers, and can give bills of exchange for moft cities in the Eaft Indies. Their form of contract in buying and felling is remarkable; being done without words, in the profoundeft filence, only by touching each other's fingers; the buyer loofening his pamerin, or girdle, spreads it on his knee, and both he and the feller having their hands underneath, by the intercourfe of the fingers, mark the price of pounds, fhillings, &c. demanded, offered, and at length agreed on. When the feller takes the buyer's whole hand, it denotes a thousand; and, as many times as he fqueezes it, as many thousand pagods, or roupees, according to the fpecies in queftion, are demanded: when he only takes the five fingers, it denotes 500; and when only one, 100: taking only half a finger, to the fecond joint, denotes 50: the fmall end of the finger, to the first joint, lands for 10! BANIAN TREE. See FICUS.

BANJAR, a river in the island of Borneo, in the Eaft Indies, in the mouth of which there is a floating town, where the English Eaft India Company have a factory.

BANIER, Anthony, licențiate in laws, member

To be full quit of those my banishers, Stand I before thee here.

Cosuley. He that

Shakespeare.

( 1.) * BANISHMENT. n. f. [banissement, Fr.] 1. The act of banishing another; as, he fecured himself by the banishment of his enemies. 2. The ftate of being banifhed; exile.

Now go we in content To liberty, and not to banishment. Shakefp. (2.) BANISHMENT, exile, among us is of two kinds: the one voluntary, and upon oath; the other by compulfion, for fome offence or crime. The former properly called abjuration, is now ceafed; the latter is chiefly enjoined by judgment of parliament. Yet outlawing and transportation may also be confidered as a species of exile.

BANISTER, John, a physician and furgeon in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was educated at Oxford, where, fays Anthony Wood, he ftudied logicals for a time; but afterwards applied himself folely to phyfic and furgery. In 1573 he took the degree of M. B. and, obtaining a licence from the univerfity to practife, fettled at Nottingham, where he lived many years in great repute, and wrote feveral medical treatifes. His works were collected and published in 1633, 4to.

BANISTERIA, in botany: A genus of the trigynia order, belonging to the decandria class of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 23d order, Tribilata. The calyx is quinquepartite, with nectarious pores on the outfide of the bafe; the petals are roundith and ungulated; the feeds are three, with membranaceous wings, There are 7 fpecies, all natives of warm countries, but poflefling no remarkable properties.

BANISTER, the fame with BALUSTER. (1.) * BANK. ». f. [bgne, Sax.] 1. The earth

ariling