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tation of corn from Alexandria to Conftantinople; and was formerly found in all laboratories. A on which the emperor, without fuffering him to prefent, this furnace is much lefs employed, and make his defence, banished him to Treves. The even neglected. The reafon is, that all the an emperor, two years after, ordered him to be re- cient chemifts were in fearch of the art of ma#tored to his bithopric: but, on his return to A- king gold; and being excited by this powerful lexandria, his enemies brought frefh accufations motive, and confident of fuccefs, they fpared no against him, and chofe Gregory of Cappadocia trouble nor expence to accomplish this defign. to his fee; which obliged Atbanafius to go to They undertook, without hesitation, operations Rome, to reclaim it of pope Julius. He was which required great length of time, and unrethere declared innocent in a council held in 342, mitted heat. Whereas now, thefe alluring hopes and in that of Sardica, in 347, and two years af- having vanished, the cultivators of chemistry have ter was restored to his fee by order of the empe- no other view than to extend and perfect the theFor Conftans; but, after the death of that prince, ory of this effential part of natural philofophy. he was again banished by Conftantius, on which This motive, although undoubtedly much nobler he retired into the defarts. The Arians then elec than the former, feems, however, to be less powted one George in his room; who being killed, erful over moft men. For now, all long and lain a popular fedition under Julian, in 360, St A- borious operations, whence chemistry might rethanafius returned to Alexandria, but was banished ceive great advantages, are neglected, as being. ander Julian, and reftored to his fee under Jovian. tirefome and difguftful. There is, in fact, a conHe addrefied to that emperor a letter, in which fiderable difference betwixt the hope of explainhe propofed, that the Nicene creed fhould be the ing a philofophical phenomenon, and that of obRandard of the orthodox faith, and condemned taining an ingot of gold capable of producing thofe who denied the divinity of the Holy Ghoft. many others. Hence the inftruments employed He was alfo banished by Valens in 367, and after- in long operations, and particularly the athanor, wards recalled. He died on the ad of May 373. are now much neglected; and alfo, because the His works principally contain a defence of the fuel in the tower is apt to stick there, or fed down myftery of the Trinity, and of the incarnation at once in too great quantity. The lamp furand divinity of the Word and Holy Spirit. nace, which is a true athanor, may be fuccessfully There are three editions of his works which are employed in operations which do not require efteemed; that of Commelin, printed in 1600; much heat. that of Peter Nannius, in 1627; and that of father Montfaucon.

ATHANASY, immortality. Bailey. ATHANATI, [i. e. immortals, from a priva~ tive, and var, death,] a body of cavalry, among the ancient Perfians, confifting of 10,000 men, always complete, because, when any one of them died, another was immediately put into his place.

(1) * ATHANOR. n.f. [a chymical term, borrowed from adara; or as fome think, A digefting furnace to keep heat for fome time; that it may be augmented or diminished at pleasure, by opening or shutting fome apertures made on purpose with fliders over them, called regifters. Quincy.

(2.) ATHANOR, DESCRIPTION OF AN. Chemifts have given this name to a furnace fo contructed, that it can always maintain an equal heat, and lafts a long time, without addition of reth fuel. The body of the athanor has nothing in it particular, and is conftructed like ordinary furnaces. But, at one of its fides, or its middle, there is an upright hollow tower, which communicates with the fire place, by one or more floping openings. This tower ought to have a lid, which exactly clofes its upper opening. When the athator is to be used, as much lighted coal is put in the fire-place as is judged neceflary, and the tower is filled to the top with unlighted fuel. The tower is then to be exactly clofed with its lid. As fait as the coal in the fire-place is confumed, that in the tower falls down and fupplies its place. As the coal contained in the tower has no free communication with the external air, it cannot burn, til it falls into the fire-place. The athanor being much celebrated and ufed by ancient chemifts, it has been particularly defcribed by many authors,.

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ATHARER, in aftrology, a term ufed when the moon is in the same degree and minute with the fun.

ATHAROTH, or ATROTH, the name of fe» veral towns. Two appear to have been in Samaria in the tribe of Ephraim; the one 4 miles N. of Sebafte, or Samaria; the other on the confines of Benjamin and Ephraim, but moftly the refort of Ephraim. This is alfo called ATROTH-ADDAR in Joshua xvi. 5. from which, to Upper Bethoron, extended the greatest breadth of the tribe of Ephraim.

ATHBOY, a town of Meath, in Leinster, 3 miles SW. of Trim, and 28 NW. of Dublin.. Lon. 7. 2. W. Lat. 53. 20. N.

ATHE. See ATH, N° 2.

(1.) * ATHEISM. n. J. [from atbeift. It is on ly of two fyllables in poetry ] The disbelief of a Ġod.—God never wrought miracles to convince atheism, becaufe his ordinary works convince it. Bacon.

(2.) ATHEISM, abfurd and unreasonable as it is, has had its votaries and martyrs. In the 17th century, Spinola, a foreigner, was its noted defender. Lucilio Vanini, an Italian, a native of Naples, publicly taught atheism in France, about the beginning of the 17th century; and being convicted of it at Touloufe, was condemned and executed. See ATHEIST.

(1.) * ATHEIST. adj. Atheistical; denying God.

Nor ftood unmindful Abdiel to annoy The atheist crew. Milton's Paradife Loft. (2.) ATHEIST. n. f. [9., without God.] One that denies the exiftence of God. - No atheist, as fuch, can be a true friend, an affectionate relation, or a loyal fubject. Bentley.

(3.) ATHEIST may also be defined, a perfon

Who

who does not believe in any thing fuperior to the material world. Many people both ancient and modern, have pretended to be, or have been reckoned atheists by the world; but it is justly quef tioned, whether any man ever ferioully adopted fuch a principle. Thefe pretentions, are often, indeed, founded on pride and affectation. Such motives, together with an honest indignation against the impositions and intolerance of fuperftition and priesteraft, (which had so often deluged France with blood,) feem to have co-operated to produce that extraordinary moral phenomenon, exhibited in the French Convention, of several of the leading members openly avowing themfelves atheists in confequence of which the whole nation has been moft abfurdly branded with atheifm, from this philofophical vanity, or rather fceptical folly of a few individuals. Cicero, however, reprefents it as a probable opinion, that they, who apply themselves to philofophy, believe there are no gods. This must doubtlefs be meant of the academic philofophy, to which Cicero himfelf was attached, and which taught to doubt of every thing. On the contrary, the Newtonian philofophers, continually recur to a Deity, whom they always find at the head of their chain of natural caufes. Among the modern philofophers, who have been the principal advocates for the existence of a Deity, are Sir Ifaac Newton, Boyle, Cheyne, Nieuwentyt, &c. To which may be added many others, who, though of the clergy, yet have distinguished themselves by their philofophical pieces in behalf of the existence of a God; e. g. Derham, Bentley, Whifton, Ray, Samuel and John Clarke, Fenelon, &c. So true is that faying of Lord Bacon, that though a fmattering of philofophy may lead a man into atheifm, a deep draught will certainly bring him back again to the belief of a God and Providence: agreeably to what the poet obferves of learning in general:

"A little learning is a dangerous thing : Drink deep, or tafte not the Pierian spring." It would feem that Archbishop Tillotfon doubted whether any man ever was an atheift at heart; and he justly obferves that Speculative atheism is unreafonable on five accounts: 1. Becaufe it gives no tolerable account of the exiftence of the world: 2. It does not give any reasonable account of the univerfal confent of mankind in this comprehenfion, that there is a God: 3. It requires more evidence for things than they are capable of giving 4. The athieft pretends to know what no man can no: 5. Atheism contradicts itfelf.- Under the first of thefe he advances the following arguments: "I appeal to any man of reafon whether any thing can be more unreafonable than obftinately to impute an effect to chance, which carries in the very face of it all the arguments and characters of a wife defign and contrivance. Was ever any confiderable work, in which there was required a great variety of parts, and a regular and orderly difpofition of thofe parts, done by chance? Will chance fit means to ends, and that in ten thousand inftances, and not fail in any one? How often might a man, after he had jumbled a fet of letters in a bag, fling them out upon the ground before they would fail into an exact poem ;

yea, or fo much as make a good difcourfe in profe? And may not a little book be as eafily made as the great volume of the world? How long might a man be in fprinkling colours upon canvas with a careless hand, before they would happen to make the exact picture of a man? And is a man easier made by chance than his picture? How long might twenty thousand blind men, who fhould be fent out from feveral remote parts of England, wander up and down before they would all meet upon Salisbury plain, and fall into rank and file in the exact order of an army? Yet this is much more eafy to be imagined than how the innumerable blind parts of matter should rendezVous themfelves into a world. A man that fees Henry the Seventh's chapel at Westminster, might with as good reafon maintain, (yea, with much better, confidering the vaft difference betwixt that little ftructure and the huge fabric of the world,) that it was never fo contrived or built by any means, but that the ftones did by chance grow into thofe curious figures, into which they feem to have been cut and graven; and that upon a time (as tales ufually begin) the materials of that building, the ftone, mortar, timber, iron, lead, and glats, happily met together; and very fortunately ranged themfelves into that delicate order in which we see them now, fo clofe compacted, that it must be a very great chance that parts them again. What would the world think of a man that should advance fuch an opinion as this, and write a book for it? If they would do hảm right, they ought to look upon him as mad, but yet with a little more reafon than any man can have to fly that the world was made by chance, or that the first men grew out of the earth as plants do now. For, can any thing be more ridiculous, and against all reafon, than to afcribe the production of men to the first fruitfulness of the earth, without fo much as one inftance and experiment, in any age or hiftory, to countenance to monstrous a fuppofition? The thing is, at first fight, fo grofs and palpable, that no difcourfe about it can be more apparent. And yet, thefe thameful beggars of principles give this preca rious account of the original of things; affume to themfelves to be the men of reafon, the great wits of the world, the only cautious and wary perfons that hate to be impofed upon, that muft have convincing evidence for every thing, and can admit of nothing without a clear demonstration for it."

ATHEISTICAL. adj. [from atheist.] Given to atheifin; impious.-Men are athiflicul, because they are firft vicious; and question the truth of christianity, because they hate the practice South.

* ATHEISTICALLY. adv. [from ath-ifical In an atheistical manner.-Is it not enormous, that a diving, hearing a great finner talk atheistically, and feoff profanely at religion, thould,"in ftead of vindicating the truth, tacitly approve the fcoffer? South.

ATHEISTICALNESS. n. f. [from atheistical The quality of being atheistical.-Lord, purge out of all hearts profanenefs and atheiflicalne Hammond's Fundamentals.

* ATHEISTICK, adi. [from atheif.] Given

to

to atheism.-This argument demonftrated the exiftence of a Deity, and convinced all atheistick gainfayers. Ray on the Creation.

*ATHEL. ATHELING, ADEL, and ETHEL. from adel, noble, Germ. So Ethelred is noble for counsel; Abelard, a noble genius; Athelbert, eminently noble; Ethelsward, a noble protector. Gibon's Cambien.

ATHELARTON, a village in Staffordshire, near Penkridge.

ATHELHAMSTON, a village in Dorfetfhire, E. of Puddleston, near the Frome.

ATHELING, ADELING, EDLING, ETHLING, or ETHELING, [from ethel, noble, Sax.] a title among the Anglo-Saxons, properly belonging to the heir apparent to the crown. This appellation was firft conferred by king Edward the Confeffor, on Edgar, to whom he was great uncle, when, being without any iffue of his own, he intended to make him his heir. See EDGAR.

ATHELNEY, an island in Somerfetthire, formed by the junction of the rivers Thone and Parret, a few miles below Taunton.

(1.) ATHELSTANE, a Saxon king of England, natural fon of Edward the elder, and grandfon of the great Alfred. He fucceeded in 925, and reigned 16 years. There was a remarkable law palled by this prince, which thews his juft fentiments of the advantages of commerce, as well as the early attention paid to it in this country: viz. that any merchant who made three voyages, on his own account, beyond the British Channel, fhould be intitled to the privilege of a thane, or gentleman.

(2.) ATHELSTANE, king of Northumberland, or, according to Buchanan, a Danifh chief, who got a grant of that country from king Alfred, flourished about the beginning of the 9th century; and, carrying on a prædatory war in Scotland, was killed in battle by Hungus king of the Picts, at the village fince named from him ATHELSTANEFORD, (See N° 2.) near the rivulet, called Lugdon Burn; which is faid to be a corruption of Rug doan, and to have taken its name from the circumstance of Athelftane being rugged down, or pulled from his horfe, in the battle.

(1.) ATHELSTANE, the ancient name of Eddeftone. See EDDLESTONE.

(1.) ATHELSTANEFORD, a parish of Scotland, in the county of Haddington, feparated from that of Haddington, on the S. and SW. by the Lugdown, and from that of Dirieton on the N. by the Peffer. It is an oblong square, 4 miles long, and between 2 and 3 broad, and contains about 3750 acres. The lands are flat, and m a high ftate of cultivation; the foil excellent, and the climate healthy. Yams have been culti vated with advantage. There are no beggars in it, and there never was any affeflment for the poor, there being but few, and their funds fufScient for their fupport. By Mr Goldie, the mihifter's report to Sir J. Sinclair, it appears, that the population, in 1792, was 927, of whom there were 79 more females than males. It rears about 800 fheep, 160 milk cows, and about as many borfes. The rents of the farms, compared with thofe of other parts of the country, are generally allowed to be good bargains. "This circum

VOL. III. PART I,

ftance," adds Mr Goldie," is not attended with any of thofe bad confequences, which landlords of felfifh views foolishly fufpect, and wish to make the world believe. It neither encourages indolence, nor produces a fpirit of infolence. The reverte is the fact. It preferves and cherishes that bond of affection, which ought always to fubfift between landlords and their tenants. The farmers look up to their fuperiors, with the most grateful respect, and carry on their improvements, with fpirit and fucceis. They can afford to live fuitably to their station, to educate their families properly, and make decent provifion for them in life."

(2.) ATHELSTANEFORD, a village in the above mentioned parith, (N° 1.) fo named from ATHELSTANE, king or viceroy of Northumberland, being killed near it. (See N° 1.) In 1792, it contained 387 inhabitants, which was an increafe of 92, within 14 years, owing to the liberal encouragement given by the late Sir David Kinloch, to fettlers on his eftate. "The houfes," fays Mr Goldie, "are built upon a feu tack of 38 years, at the expence of the people, who pay to the proprietor a trifle annually, for the ground on which the houfe ftands. They have large gardens, of an excellent foil, at the fame proportion of rent which a farmer would chearfully pay for it. Befides this, the feuers of thefe houfes hold, in a conjunct leafe, about 100 acres of good land at a moderate rent. This land is divided among them into fmall lots. Two of their number have each a pair of horfes. With thefe they labour the land for the community, at a reasonable hire, and drive coals and other carriages that are neceffary for the village. With the produce of this land, the inhabitants fupply themfelves with meal and potatoes, and many of them have it in their power to keep a cow. In this manner, they are enabled to live comfortably, to clothe and educate their children decently, and to affift in fetting them out in the world. There is no village in this country, where the inhabitants have improved more of late years in comfort and convenience, than the village of Athelftaneford. Formerly their dwellings were no better than fm ll, dirty, dark hovels; now they are all neat, commodious houfes, generally with two apartments, and well lighted. The expence of building one of thefe houfes is from L. 15 to L. 20; and fome, that are larger and better finished, colt confiderably more. In point of fituation, the village is truly beautiful. It stands open and elevated, and commands the moft delightful and extenfive profpects," of the Frith of Forth, coaft of Fife, &c.

ATHENA, in the ancient phyfic, a plafter or liniment, commended against wounds of the head and nerves, of which we find defcriptions given by Oribalius, Elius, and Ægineta.

ATHENEA, a feaft of the ancient Greeks, held in honour of Minerva, whom they called Apan. They were afterwards called Panathenaa.

ATHENÆUM, in antiquity, a public place wherein the profeffors of the liberal arts held their affemblies, the rhetoricians declaimed, and the poets rehearfed their performances. These places, of which there were a great number at Athens, were built in the manner of amphitheatres,

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TOULON; by others to be the fame with Antipe lis or ANTIBES.

and encompaffed with feats, called cunei. The three moft celebrated Athenæ were thofe at Athens, at Rome, and at Lyons, the fecond of which was built by the emperor Adrian.

(1.) ATHENAEUS, a Greek grammarian, born at Naucratis in Egypt in the 3d century, one of the most learned men of his time. Of all his works we have none extant but his Deipnofophis, i. e. the fophifts at table; there is a great fund of facts and quotations in this work, which render it very agreeable to admirers of antiquity, as they are no where elfe to be met with.

(2.) ATHENAUS, a mathematician, who wrote a treatife on mechanics, which is inferted in the works of the ancient mathematicians, printed at Paris in 1693, in folio, in Greek and Latin.

(3.) ATHENAUS, a phyfician born in Cilicia, cotemporary with Pliny, and founder of the pneumatic fect. He taught that the fire, air, water, and earth, are not the true elements, but that their qualities are, viz. heat, cold, moifture, and drynefs; and to these he added a fifth element which he called fpirit, whence his fect had their name, PNEUMATICS.

ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian philofopher, who flourished about the middle of the ad century; and was equally remarkable for his zeal for Chriftianity, and his great learning; as appears from the Apology which he addreffed to the emperors Aurelius Antoninus, and Lucius Commodus; as well as from another work ftill extant, upon the Resurrection. They are both written in a ftyle truly Attic.

ATHENATORIUM, among chemifts, a thick glafs cover, placed on a cucurbit, having a lender umbo, or prominent part, which enters like a ftopple, within the neck of the cucurbit.

ATHENE, [Ann, Gr.] the name given by the Greeks to Minerva. See MINERVA. ATHENIAN, adj. belonging to Athens: alfo a perfon curious of novelties.

ATHENIANS, the inhabitants of Athens, but applied in a more extenfive fenfe, to the whole pcople of Attica. See ATHENS, § 5, 6. and ATTICA. ATHENIPPUM, in the ancient phyfic, a collyrium, commended againft divers difcafes of the eyes; thus denominated from its inventor Athenippus. It is defcribed by Scribonius Largus, and Gorræus. Galen mentions another athenippum, of a different compofition, by which it appears, this was a denomination common to feveral colly riums.

ATHENODORUS, a famous ftoic philofopher, boin at Tarfus, who went to the court of Auguttus, and was made by him tutor to Tiberius. Auguftus had a great eitem for him, and found him by experience a man of virtue and probity. He ufed to speak very freely to the emperor. Before he left the court to return home, he warned the emperor not to give himfelf up to anger, but, whenever he fhould be in a pallion, to rehearfe the 14 letters of the alphabet, before he refolved to fay or do any thing. He did not live to fee his bad fuccefs in the education of Tiberius.

ATHENOPOLIS, a town of the Maffilienfes, an ancient nation of Gaul. It is conjecured by Harduin to be the fame with Tele Martius, now

ATHENREE, or a town of Ireland in the ATHENRY, Scounty of Galway, 8 miles E. of Galway, and 91 W. of Dublin. It is governed by a portreive, and has a barrack for companies of foot. It was formerly a place of confiderable ftrength; but, like the numerous churches and cafties which furround it, has felt the refiftlefs force of time. Some of the walls and towers, however, ftill remain. Lon. 8. 48. W. Lat. 53. 14. N.

(1.) ATHENS, a celebrated city of ancient Greece, the capital of the kingdom of Attica, fitu. ated 100 miles NE. of Lacedæmon, and 320 S. by W. of Conftantinople. See ATTICA. It is the capital of Livadia and is feated on the gulf of Engia. Lon. 23. 57. E. Lat. 38. 5. N.

(2.) ATHENS, ANCIENT DIVISION OF. In early times, that which was afterwards called the citodel was the whole city; and named Cecropia, from its founder Cecrops, whom the Athenians affirmed to have been the first builder of cities, and called this therefore by way of eminence Polis, or the city. In the reign of Erichthonius it loft the name of Cecropia, and acquired that of Athens, from Ad, the Greek name of the goddefs Minerva, who was esteemed its protectrefs. This old city was feated on the top of a rock, in the midst of a large and pleasant plain, which, as the number of inhabitants increased, became full of buildings; which induced the diftinction of Acropolis and Catapolis, i. e. of the upper and lower city. The extent of the citadel was 60 ftadia; it was furrounded by olive trees, and fortified with a ftrong palifade; in fucceeding times it was encompaffed with a strong wall, in which there were one very large and 8 fmall gates.

(3.) ATHENS, ANCIENT EDIFICES OF. The citadel was adorned with innumerable edifices.— The most remarkable of these were, 1. The magnificent temple of Minerva, ftyled Parthenion, becaufe that goddefs was a virgin. The Perfians deftroyed it; but it was rebuilt with ftill greater fplendor by the famous Pericles, all of the finest marble, with fuch skill and ftrength, that, in fpite of the depredations of time and barbarians, it remains perhaps the firft antiquity in the world, and ftands an evidence of the prodigious magnificence of Athens in her flourishing ftate. 2. The temple of Neptune and Minerva, divided into two parts: one facred to the god, in which was the falt fourtain faid to have fprung upon the ftroke of his trident; the other to the goddess protectrefs of Athens, wherein was the facred olive which the produced, and her image which feil down from heaven in the reign of Erichthonius. At the back of Minerva's temple was the public treasury, which was burnt to the ground through the knavery of the treafurers, who having mifapplied the revenues of the ftate, took this fhort method of inaking up their accounts. The lower city com prehended all the buildings furrounding the cita del, the fort Munychia, and the havens Phalerum and Piræus, the latter of which was joined to the city by walls five miles in length; that on the N. was built by Pericles, but that on the S. by Themiftocles;

mitocles; but by degrees the turrets which were at firft erected on thofe walls were turned into dwelling houfes for the accommodation of the Athenians, whofe large city was now become too fmall for them. The lower city has 13 great gates. Among the principal edifices which adorned it, we may reckon, 1. The temple of Thefeus erected by Conon, near its centre. Adjacent thereto, the young people performed their exercies. It was alfo a fanctuary for diftreffed perfons, faves or free. 2. The Olympian temple erected in honour of Jupiter, the honour of Athens, and of all Greece. The foundation of it was laid by Pififtratus: it was carried on but flowly in fucceeding times; 700 years elapfing before it was finished, which happened under the reign of Adrian, who was particularly kind to Athens: this was the firft building in which the Aenians beheld pillars. 3. The pantheon dedicated to all the gods; a moft noble ftructure, fupported by 110 marble pillars, and having over its great gate two horfes carved by Praxiteles. In everal parts of it were faoi or porticoes, wherein people walked in rainy weather, and from whence a fect of philofophers were denominated STOICS, because Zeno, their founder, taught in thofe porticoes.

a marfhy unwholesome place, till Cimon got it drained; and then it became extremely pleasant and delightful, being adorned with thady walks, where Plato read his lectures, and from thence his fcholars were styled ACADEMICS. The Cynofarges was a place in the suburbs not far from the Lyceum; it was famous on many accounts; but, particularly for a noble gymnasium erected there, appointed for the special ufe of fuch as were Athenians only by one fide. Themistocles got much ill-will, by carrying many of the nobility to exercife with him here, becaufe, being but of the half blood, he could exercise no where else but in this gymnafium. Antifthenes inftituted a sect of philofophers, who from the name of this diftrict, as many think, were ftyled CYNICS. (6.) ATHENS, CLIMATE, POPULATION, RELIGION, &C. OF. Athens is ftill a confiderable city both in extent and number of inhabitants. It enjoys a fine temperature, and a ferene iky. The air is clear and wholefome, though not fo delicately foft as in Ionia. It contains about 15,000 inhabitants who speak a corrupted kind of Greek; and who are of the Greek church. The town ftands beneath the Acropolis or citadel; not encompaffing the rock as formerly, but spreading into the plain, chiefly on the W. and NW.— (4) ATHENS, ANCIENT HAVENS OF. The Corfairs infefting it, the avenues were fecured, avens of Athens were three; Firft, the Pyræus, and in 1676 the gates were regularly fhut after which was diftant about 35 or 40 ftadia from the funfet. It is now open again; but feveral of the city, till joined thereto by the long walls before- gateways remain, and a guard of Turks patrole entioned, after which it became the principal at midnight. Some males of brick work, ftandharbour of the city. It had three docks; Can- ing feparate, without the town, belonged pertars, Aphrodifium, and Zea: the firft was fo haps to the ancient wall, of which other traces ailed from an ancient hero, the fecond from the allo appear. The houfes are mostly mean and sudeis Venus who had there two temples, and fragging; many with large areas or courts bethe third from bread-corn. There were in this fore them. In the lanes, the high walls on each Put five porticoes, which joining together form- fide, which are commonly white-washed, reflect one great one, called from thence Macra Stoa, ftrongly the heat of the fun. The streets are very the great portico. There were likewife two irregular; and anciently were neither uniform nor markets or fora; one near the long portico handfome. They have water conveyed in chanother near the city. The fecond port was nels from mount Hymetrus, and in this bazar or Humidia, a promontory not far diftant from Py. market-place is a large fountain. The Turks es; a place very ftrong by nature, and after- have feveral mofques and public baths. The s rendered far ftronger by art. It was of Greeks have convents for men and women; with this that Epimenides faid, if the Athenians forefaw many churches, in which fervice is regularly perthat michief it would one day produce to them formed; and befides thefe, they have numerous would eat it away with their teeth. The Oratories or chapels, fome in ruins or confifting cording to Thucydides 25 ftadia, but according of the faints to whom they are dedicated. A porand was Phalerum, diftant from the city, ace of bare walls, frequented only on the anniversaries to Paufanias only 20. This was the most ancient trait of the owner on a board is placed in them barbour of Athens, as Pyræus was the most ca- on that occafion, and removed when the folem

C

pacious.

ATHENS, ANCIENT SCHOOLS OF. There

e two places at Athens, called Ceramicus, one

nity of the day is over.

(7.) ATHENS, PRESENT STATE OF. Athens is now called SETINES, or according to Dr Chandler

23 of all forts; the other in the fuburbs, in undergone various revolutions in modern times; thin the city, containing a multitude of build- ATHINI. It is the fee of an archbithop, and has hich was the academy and other edifices. There having been taken by the Venetians in 1464 and were many Gymnafia in Athens, the moft re- 1687; but they were at laft obliged to abandon it kable were the Lyceum, Academia, and Cy- to the Turks, under whofe dominion it ftill reThe; fome fay it was built by Pifaftratus, others its prefent ftate. Anges. The Lyceum ftood on the banks of I- mains. The Dr gives the following account of

"The city of Cecrops is now a

Pericles, others by Lycurgus. Here Ariftotle fortrefs with a thick irregular wall, ftanding on bear him as they walked, whence his difciples about twice as long as broad. Some portions of ght philofophy, inftructing fuch as came to the brink of precipices, and enclofing a large area tics without the city was fix ftadia from its particularly at the two extreme angles; and in rived the name of PERIPATETICS. The cera- the ancient wall may be discovered in the outside a. The academy made part thereof. It was many places it is patched with pieces of columns,

B 2

and

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