1863, 1880. REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA REFERRED TO IN THE FOREGOING ORder.

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Preliminary (a).

Art. 1. In the following rules every steam ship which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing ship; and every steam ship which is under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a ship under steam. The Jennie S. Barker, L. R. 4 Ad. 456; 44 L. J. Ad. 20.

Rules concerning Lights.

Art. 2. The lights mentioned in the following articles, numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, and no others, shall be carried in all weathers, from sunset to sunrise: The Anglo Indian, 33 L. T. N. S. 233; 23 W. R. 882.

Art. 3. A seagoing steam ship when under way shall carry,-
(a.) On or in front of the foremast, at a height above the hull
of not less than 20 feet, and if the breadth of the ship
exceeds 20 feet then at a height above the hull not less
than such breadth, a bright white light, so constructed as
to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the
horizon of 20 points of the compass; so fixed as to throw
the light 10 points on each side of the ship, viz. from right
ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side; and of
such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a
clear atınosphere, at a distance of at least five miles.
(b.) On the starboard side, a green light so constructed as to show
an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of
10 points of the compass; so fixed as to throw the light
from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on the star-
board side; and of such a character as to be visible on a
dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least
two miles.

(c.) On the port side a red light, so constructed as to show an
uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of
10 points of the compass; so fixed as to throw the light
from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on the port
side; and of such a character as to be visible on a dark
night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least two
miles.

(d.) The said green and red side lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow.

Art. 4. A steam ship, when towing another ship, shall in addition to her side lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one

(a) The numbers in parentheses in the margin are the numbers of the Regulations of 1863 which correspond with those of 1880. The cases referred to have either been decided on the rules of 1863 which under different numbers are still in force, or on the new rules.

over the other, not less than three feet apart, so as to distinguish her 1863. 1880. from other steam ships. Each of these lights shall be of the same construction and character, and shall be carried in the same position, as the white light which other steam ships are required to carry.

Art. 5. A ship, whether a steam ship or a sailing ship, when employed either in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable, or which from any accident is not under command, shall at night carry, in the same position as the white light which steam ships are required to carry, and, if a steam ship, in place of that light, three red lights in globular lanterns, each not less than 10 inches in diameter, in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet apart and shall by day carry in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet apart, in front of but not lower than her foremast head, three black balls or shapes, each two feet in diameter.

These shapes and lights are to be taken by approaching ships as signals that the ship using them is not under command, and cannot therefore get out of the way.

The above ships, when not making any way through the water, shall not carry the side lights, but when making way shall carry them. (A new regulation.)

Art. 6. A sailing ship under way, or being towed, shall carry the same lights as are provided by Article 3 for a steam ship under way, with the exception of the white light, which she shall never carry: The Esk and The Gitana, L. R. 2 Ad. 350; 38 L. J. Ad. 33; The Mary Hounsel, L. R. 4 P. D. 204; 48 L. J. Ad. 54.

Art. 7. Whenever, as in the case of small vessels during bad weather, the green and red side lights cannot be fixed, these lights shall be kept on deck, on their respective sides of the vessel, ready for use and shall on the approach of or to other vessels be exhibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side.

To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy, the lanterns containing them shall each be painted outside with the colour of the light they respectively contain, and shall be provided with proper screens.

Art. 8. A ship, whether a steam ship or a sailing ship, when at anchor, shall carry, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding 20 feet above the hull, a white light, in a globular lantern of not less than eight inches in diameter, and so constructed as to show a clear, uniform and unbroken light visible all round the horizon, at a distance of at least one mile: The C. M. Palmer, 29 L. T. N. S. 120; 2 Asp. M. C. 94.

Art. 9. A pilot vessel, when engaged on her station on pilotage duty, shall not carry the lights required for other vessels, but shall carry a white light at the masthead, visible all round the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed fifteen minutes: The Mary Hounsel, L. R. 4 P. D. 204; 48 L. J. Ad. 54.

A pilot vessel, when not engaged on her station on pilotage duty, shall carry lights similar to those of other ships.

Art. 10. By the order in council of 26th August, 1881, the opera

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1863. 1880. tion of Art. 10 of the new Regulations for preventing Collisions at Sea sanctioned by the order in council of the 14th August, 1879, has been suspended until the 1st September, 1882, and the following article, Article 9 of the old Regulations of 1863, remains in force till that date:

(10.)

Open fishing boats and other open boats shall not be required to carry the side lights required for other vessels; but shall, if they do not carry such lights, carry a lantern having a green slide on the one side and a red slide on the other side; and on the approach of or to other vessels, such lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side.

Fishing vessels and open boats when at anchor, or attached to their nets and stationary, shall exhibit a bright white light.

Fishing vessels and open boats shall, however, not be prevented from using a flare-up in addition, if considered expedient: The Edith, 10 Ir. Rep. Eq. 345 (C. A.); The Englishman, L. R. 3 P. D. 18; 37 L. T. N. S. 412.

Art. 11. A ship which is being overtaken by another shall show from her stern to such last mentioned ship a white light or a flare-up light. (A new regulation.)

Sound Signals for Fog, &c.

Art. 12. A steam ship shall be provided with a steam whistle or other efficient steam sound signal, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstructions, and with an efficient fog horn to be sounded by bellows or other mechanical means, and also with an efficient bell (a). A sailing ship shall be provided with a similar fog horn and bell: The Milanese, 43 L. T. 107.

In fog, mist, or falling snow, whether by day or night, the signals described in this article shall be used as follows; that is to say, (a.) A steam ship under way shall make with her steam whistle, or other steam sound signal, at intervals of not more than two minutes, a prolonged blast.

(b.) A sailing ship under way shall make with her fog horn, at intervals of not more than two minutes, when on the starboard tack one blast, when on the port tack two blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam three blasts in succession: The Love Bird, L. R. 6 P. D. 80. (c.) A steam ship and a sailing ship when not under way shall, at intervals of not more than two minutes, ring the bell. (This regulation is stricter and more extensive than the corresponding one of 1863.)

Speed of Ships to be moderate in Fog, &c.

Art. 13. Every ship, whether a sailing ship or steam ship, shall, in a fog, mist, or falling snow, go at a moderate speed: The Pensylvania, 23 L. T. N. S. 55.

(a) In all cases where the regulations require a bell to be used, a drum will be substituted on board Turkish vessels.

Steering and Sailing Rules.

Art. 14. When two sailing ships are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other, as follows, viz. :—

(a.) A ship which is running free shall keep out of the way of
a ship which is close-hauled: The Peckforton Castle, L. R.
2 P. D. 222; L. R. 3 P. D. (C. A.) 1.

(b.) A ship which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out
of the way of a ship which is close-hauled on the starboard
tack: The Rosalie, L. R. 5 P. D. 245.

(c.) When both are running free with the wind on different
sides, the ship which has the wind on the port side shall
keep out of the way of the other.

(d.) When both are running free with the wind on the same side,
the ship which is to windward shall keep out of the way of
the ship which is to leeward.

(e.) A ship which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other ship: The Spring, L. R. 1 Ad. 99; 14 W. R. 975. (This regulation is new in form.)

1863, 1880.

(11.) (12.)

Art. 15. If two ships under steam are meeting end on, or nearly (13.) end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard, so that each may pass on the port side of the other: The Jesmond and The Earl of Elgin, L. R. 4 P. C. 1; 8 Moo. P. C. N. S. 179; The Concordia, L. R. 1 Ad. 93; 14 L. T. N. S. 896.

This article only applies to cases where ships are meeting end
on, or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk
of collision, and does not apply to two ships which must,
if both keep on their respective courses, pass clear of each
other.

The only cases to which it does apply are, when each of the two
ships is end on, or nearly end on, to the other; in other
words, to cases in which, by day, each ship sees the masts of
the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own; and
by night, to cases in which each ship is in such a position
as to see both the side lights of the other.

Art. 16. If two ships under steam are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the ship which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other: The Ranger and The Cologne, L. R. 4 P. C. 519; 27 L. T. N. S. 769; The Concordia, L. R. 1 Ad. 93; 14 L. T. N. S. 896; The Nor, 30 L. T. N. S. P. C. 576; The Ada, 28 L. T. N. S. P. C. 825; The Chanonry, 42 L. J. Ad. 58; 28 L. T. N. S. 284; The Velocity, L. R. 3 P. C. 44; 39 L. J. Ad. 20; The Franconia, L. R. 2 P. D. 8; 37 L. T. N. S. 721; The Oceano, L. R. 3 P. D. 60 (Thames Rules).

(14.)

Art. 17. If two ships, one of which is a sailing ship, and the other (15.) a steam ship, are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam ship shall keep out of the way of the sailing ship: The Jennie S. Barker, L. R. 4 Ad. 226; 44 L. J. Ad. 20; The American and Syria, L. R. 4. Ad. 226; The Warrior, L. R. 3 Ad. 532 ; 27 L. T. N. S. 101; The Norma, 35 L. T. N. S. 418.

Art. 18. Every steam ship, when approaching another ship, so as

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1863. 1880. to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed or stop and reverse, if necessary: The Jesmond and Earl of Elgin, L. R. 4 P. C. 1; 8 Moo. P. C. N. S. 179; The Norma, 35 L. T. N. S. 418; The Frankland, L. R. 4 P. C. 529; 27 L. T. N. S. 43.

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(18.)

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(20.)

Art. 19. In taking any course authorized or required by these Regulations, a steam ship under way may indicate that course to any other ship which she has in sight by the following signals on her steam whistle, viz.,

One short blast to mean "I am directing my course to star-
board":

Two short blasts to mean "I am directing my course to port":
Three short blasts to mean "I am going full speed astern.”
The use of these signals is optional; but, if they are used, the
course of the ship must be in accordance with the signal made.

(This regulation is new.)

Art. 20. Nothwitstanding anything contained in any preceding article, every ship, whether a sailing ship or a steam ship, overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the overtaken ship: The Chanonry, 42 L. J. Ad. 58; 28 L. T. Ñ. S. 284; The Earl Spencer, L. R. 4 Ad. 431; 33 L. T. N. S. 23.

Art. 21. In narrow channels every steam ship shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or midchannel which lies on the starboard side of such ship.

Art. 22. Where by the above rules one of two ships is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course: The Aimo and Amelia, 29 L. T. N. S. 118; The Spring, L. R. 1 Ad. 99; 14 W. R. 975; The William Frederick, L. R. 4 App. Cas. 669; 41 L. T. 535; The Warrior, L. R. 3 Ad. 533; 27 L. T. N. S. 101.

Art. 23. In obeying and construing these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger: The American and Syria, L. R. 6 P. C. 127; 43 L. J. Ad. 30 ; The Ada, 28 L. T. N. S. P. C. 825; The Warrior, L. R. 3 Ad. 533; 27 L. T. N. S. 101.

No ship, under any Circumstances, to neglect proper Precautions.

Art. 24. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any ship, or the owner, or master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper look-out, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case: The John Fenwick, L. R. 3 Ad. 500; 41 L. J. Ad. 38; The American and Syria, L. R. 6 P. C. 127; 43 L. J. Ad. 30; The Thomas Lea, 35 L. T. N. S. 406; The Philotaxe, 37 L. T. N. S. 540.

Reservation of Rules for Harbours and Inland Navigation.

Art. 25. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbour, river, or inland navigation.