BAULOT, or BEAULIEU (JAMES), a celebrated lithotomist, was born in 1651, in a village of the bailiwick of Lons-le-Saunier in Franche Comté, of very poor parents. He quitted them early in life, in order to enter into a regiment of horse, in which he served some years, and made an acquaintance with one Pauloni, an empirical surgeon, who had acquired a name for lithotomy. After having taken lessons under this person for five or six years, he repaired to Provence. There he put on a kind of monastic habit, but unlike any worn by the several orders of monks, and was ever afterwards known only by the name of friar James. In this garb he went to Languedoc, then to Roussillon, and from thence through the different provinces of France. He at length appeared at Paris, but soon quitted it for his more extensive perambulations. He was seen at Geneva, at Aix-la-Chapelle, at Amsterdam, and practised everywhere. His success was various, but his method was not uniform, and anatomy was utterly unknown to this bold operator. He refused to take any care of his patients after the operation, saying, "I have extracted the stone; God will heal the wound." Being afterwards taught by experience that dressings and regimen were necessary, his treatments were constantly more successful. He was indisputably the inventor of the lateral operation. His method was to introduce a sound through the urethra into the bladder with a straight bistory, cut upon the staff, and then he carried his incision along the staff into the bladder. He then introduced the forefinger of the left hand into the bladder, searched for the stone, which, having withdrawn the sound, he extracted by means of forceps. Professor Rau of Holland improved upon this method, which afterwards suggested to our countryman, Cheselden, the lateral operation, as now, with a few alterations, very generally practised. In gratitude for the numerous cures this operator had performed in Amsterdam, the magistracy of that city caused his portrait to be engraved, and a medal to be struck, bearing for impress his bust. After having appeared at the court of Vienna and at that of Rome, he made choice of a retreat near Besançon, where he died in 1720, at the age of sixty-nine. The history of this hermit was written by M. Vacher, surgeon-major of the king's armies, and printed at Besançon, in 1757, 12mo.1

1 Dict. Hist.

BEAUME (ANTONY), an eminent French chemist, was born at Senlis, Feb. 26, 1728, and devoted his time to the study of pharmacy and chemistry. In 1752 he was admitted as an apothecary at Paris, and in 1775 was elected a member of the royal academy of sciences. He more recently became a member of the National Institute, and died at Carrieres near Paris, March 14, 1805. He published, 1. "Plan d'un cours de Chimie experimentale et raisonnée," Paris, 1757, 8vo. Macquer, the celebrated chemist, had a hand in this work. 2. "Dissertation sur l'Ether," ibid. 1757, 12mo. 3. "Elemens de Pharmacie theorique et pratique," ibid. 1762, and eight editions afterwards. 4." Manual de Chimie," ibid. 1763, 1765, 1769, 12mo. 5. "Memoire sur les argiles, ou, recherches sur la nature des terres les plus propres a l'agriculture, et sur les moyens de fertiliser celles qui sont steriles,” ibid. 1770, 8vo. 6. "Chimie experimentale et raisonnée," ibid. 1773, 3 vols. 8vo.

This extends only to the mineral

BAUME (JAMES FRANCIS DE LA), canon of the collegiate church of St. Agricola d'Avignon, was born at Carpentras in the Comtat Venaissin, in 1705. His passion for the belles-lettres attracted him to Paris, and after having made some stay there, he published a pamphlet entitled "Eloge de la Paix," dedicated to the academie Françoise; it is in the form of a discourse, an ode, and an epopea, but has little merit in any of these styles. This did not, however, prevent him from meditating a work of greater length. He carried the idea of his design with him into his province, and there he completed it. "The Christiade, or Paradise regained," which is here meant, occasioned its author a second journey to Paris, where his poem was printed, in 1753, 6 vols. 12mo. The work, well executed as to the typographical part, is written in a pompous, affected, and often ridiculous style, and the sacred subject was so much burlesqued, that it was condemned by the parliament of Paris, and the author fined. He died at Paris in 1757. He wrote besides several small pieces, as the "Saturnales Françoises," 1736, 2 vols. 12mo, and he worked for upwards of ten years on the "Courier d'AvigHe was a man of a warm imagination, but void both of taste and judgment.

non."

1 Dict. Hist,

2

2 Ibid.

BAUMGARTEN (ALEXANDER THEOPHILUS), a philosopher of the German school, was born at Berlin, June 17, 1714. He studied divinity at Halle, at a time when it was a crime to read the writings of the celebrated Wolff, but these he perused with avidity, and cultivated the friendship of their author. Mathematics became afterwards his favourite study, and he conceived at the same time the idea of elevating the belles-lettres to a rank among the sciences, and the science according to which he explained his principles on this subject, he called Esthetics. At Halle, he was professor of logic, metaphysics, the law of nature and moral philosophy. He died at Francfort on the Oder, May 26, 1762. His principal works are: 1. "Disputatio de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus," Halle, 1735, 4to, in which he discloses the principles of his Esthetics. 2. "Metaphysica," Halle, 1739, 1743, and 1763, Svo, a work highly praised by his countrymen. 3. "Etica philosophica," ibid. 1740, 1751, 1762. 4. "Esthetica,' Francfort, 1750, 1758, 2 vols. 8vo, but not completed. 5. "Initia philosophiæ practice primæ," ibid. 1760, 8vo. His brother Siegmond, was a Lutheran divine, and a most voluminous writer. He died in 1757. One of the best of his works which we have seen, is a supplement to the English Universal History, printed about 1760.1

BAUNE (JAMES DE LA), a learned French Jesuit, was born at Paris, April 15, 1649, and entered the society in 1665. He had taught grammar and the classics in the Jesuits college of Paris, for five years, and had completed his theological studies, when about the end of 1677 he was appointed tutor to the duke of Bourbon, and obliged to return to his studies again for five years, after which he was appointed professor of rhetoric, and filled that office for the same number of years. As soon as he found leisure from these engagements, he began to collect the works of father Sirmond, which he published in 1696, in 5 vols. fol. at Paris, and which were afterwards reprinted at Venice, in 1729. He also intended to have collected the works of the celebrated Petau, but the weakness of his sight began now to interrupt his literary labours, and he was at the same time ordered to Rouen as rector of the college. Three years after he returned to Paris, whence he went to Rome, to be present at the general assembly

1 Dict. Hist.

of the society. The rest of his life he passed partly at Rouen, and partly at Paris, where he died Oct. 21, 1725. Besides the edition of the works of Sirmond, we owe to his labours, 1. "Symbola Heroica," Paris, 1672, 4to. 2. "In funere Gabrielis Cossartii carmen," Paris, 1675, 4to. 3. "Panegyrici veteres, ad usum Delphini," ibid. 1676, 4to, which Dr. Clarke says is one of the scarcest of the Delphin editions; it was reprinted at Amst. 1701, 8vo; Venice, 1725, 4to; and again in 1728, with the notes of Schwartz. There is also a London edit. 1716, 8vo, which contains only the panegyric of Pliny, with the notes of de la Baune, Lipsius, Baudius, &c. 4. "Ludus poeticus in recentem cometam," Paris, 1681, 4to. 5. "Ludovico duci Borbonio, Oratio," ibid. 1682, 12mo. 6. "Ferdinando de Furstenberg, pro fundata missione Sinensi, gratiarum actio," ibid. 1683, 4to. 7." In obitum ejusdem, carmen," 1684, 4to. 8. "Ludovico magno liberalium artium parenti et patrono, panegyricus," ibid. 1684, 12mo. 9. "Augustiss. Galliarum senatui panegyricus," ibid. 1685, 4to. 10. "Laudatio funebris Ludovici Borbonii principis Condæi," ibid. 1687, 4to. Many of his Latin poems were inserted in a collection entitled "Collegii Parisiensis societ. Jesu, festi plausus ad nuptias Ludovici Galliarum Delphini, et Marie-Anne-Christianæ-Victoria Bavaræ," ibid. 1680, fol.1

BAUR (JOHN WILLIAM), an eminent painter, was born at Strasburg, in 1610, and was a disciple of Frederick Brendel. He had an enlarged capacity, but the liveliness of his imagination hindered him from studying nature, or the antique, in such a manner as to divest himself of his German taste, though he went to Rome to improve himself in the art. In Italy, he applied himself entirely to architecture, as far as it might contribute to the enrichment of his landscapes, which were his favourite subjects; and for his scenes and situations he studied after the rich prospects about Frascati and Tivoli, which could afford him the most delightful sites, views, and incidents. He was fond of introducing into his designs, battles, marchings of the army, skirmishes, and processions; but although he resided for a considerable length of time in and about Naples and Rome, he never arrived at a grandeur of design; nor could ever express the naked but indifferently. It must, how

1 Moreri from a MS. of Father Oudin.

ever, be said in his commendation, that his pencil was light, his composition good, and his dispositions eminently picturesque. He painted with great success in water-colours on vellum, and etched the Metamorphoses of Ovid, and a great many other plates, from his own designs; his works were completed by Melchior Kussel, to the amount of five hundred prints, including those by his own hand. Of his engravings from the Metamorphoses, which are generally preferred to the rest, and consist of one hundred and fifty, Mr. Strutt says that the figures which are introduced are generally small, and very incorrect in the drawing; the back-grounds are dark and heavy, and the trees want that lightness and freedom which are necessary to render the effect agreeable. The pieces of architecture which he is very fond of introducing into his designs, appear to be well executed; and the perspective is finely preserved. In his manner of engraving he seems in some degree to have imitated Callot; and the nearer he approaches to the style of that master, the better are his productions. These designs manifest great marks of a superior genius, but without cultivation, or the advantage of a refined judgment to make a proper choice of the most beautiful objects. Argenville mentions a peculiarity of him, that when at work, he might be heard muttering in Spanish, Italian, or French, as if holding a conversation with the persons he was painting, and endeavouring to hit their characters, gestures, and habits. About 1638, he fixed his residence at Vienna, at the invitation of the emperor Ferdinand III. and there he married, but while happy in his family and in the patronage of the emperor, he was attacked by an illness which proved fatal in 1640, when he was only thirty years of age.1

BAUSCH (JOHN LAURENCE), was born at Schweinfurt, Sept. 30, 1605; his father, Leonard Bausch, a physician in that place, acquired some fame about the beginning of the seventeenth century, by his commentary on two of the books of Hippocrates, which was published at Madrid, 1694, fol. His son was early inclined to his father's profession, and after studying medicine in Germany, went to Italy, and lastly, took his doctor's degree at Altdorf, in 1630. He practised afterwards at Schweinfurt, and em

? Pilkington.-Strutt,-D'Argenville, vol. III.