geea to Mansurowur, which is placed agreeable to Major Hearsey's intelligence I fancy not far from the truth, as its distance from Shipke agrees well with the accounts I received, the horizontal distance is about 167 miles. If, therefore, only 35 feet be allowed for the fall of the river per mile, from Numgeea upwards, it will give the extreme height of Mansurowur, or Mapang Lake, above 14,000 feet; and I am inclined to think this estimate rather under the truth than otherwise, for Mansurowur is unquestionably very elevated, from the circumstance of four large rivers, and perhaps five, taking their rise in that quarter.

1st, The Sutluj issuing from the lake itself.

2d, The Sind, or Sing-Ke-Choo, known likewise by the name of Sind-Ke-Kampa, has its source north-east of Mansurowur. It is described as being a very large river, and the principal branch of the Indus, being frequently named Attuk even near Garoo, three marches to the eastward of which it passes, running close south of the capital of Ludak, and three or four days journey to the northward of the valley of Kash

meer.

3d, The Tamjoo-Kampa springs from the mountains east of Mapang, and at first flows towards the eastward.

4th, The Manja-Choo rises to the south of Mansurowur, and runs south-east. The latter two rivers I conclude to be

the Burumpooter and Gogra.

. I likewise heard of a fifth river, (but only from the accounts of one person,) said to be crossed eight or ten marches eastnorth-east of Garoo. Its source is reckoned near Mapang, and it runs north-east, so that it is perhaps one of the great Chinese rivers.

On the 8th Nov. we marched 8 miles, to Kotgoor, where there is a cantonment for two companies of the 1st Museeree Battalion. The road at the beginning of this day's march lay close upon the left bank of the Sutluj, and there was a steep ascent of 3500 feet, latterly winding amongst beautiful woods of oak, pine, and yew.

On the 10th we proceeded 7 miles, to Hutoo, in order to make some astronomical observations, and get the bearings and elevations of the surrounding objects. The ascent from Kotgoor is not less than 4000 feet. The road at first was good, but afterwards became steep and rugged. Hutoo consists of two small

forts, upon the top of a hill, 10,600 feet above the level of the sea, connected on the north-east with the snowy mountains. The prospect from this spot is very extensive, upwards of fifty forts, with from four to six towers each, may be distinctly counted in the Rajahships of Kooloo, Sooked, and Mundee north-west of the Sutluj. Beyond these are seen high mountains, covered with snow. To the north-east and east appears the great Himalaya chain, extending until it is lost in the horizon, whilst to the south and south-west, the hills decrease in height to the plains, which are clearly distinguished at a distance.

We were detained here until the 16th, for we were involved in mist for several days, during which time we could not see half a mile on any side. The thermometer did not get above 34° in a house, with a blazing fire for two snowy days, and at sunrise it was 28°; but, when the clouds cleared away, it rose to 40° and 41° at noon. After completing our observations, we returned, on the 16th, to Kotgoor, where we stayed a couple of days, and on the 19th marched to Jeemoo, 9 miles. The road, for about four miles, was generally good, passing many villages, and lying upon the face of a left-hand range, through dark forests of various sorts of trees, to a small stream, from whence there was a very steep ascent of 2400 feet, through a thicket, to Nagkanda Pass, 9000 feet high. We here found a great many hazel trees; but all the nuts were rotten. From the Pass to Camp we had a moderate descent of three miles, on the slope of a range that lay upon our right.

On the 20th we marched to Muteeana, nine miles. The road for near six miles was good, upon the right bank of a rivulet, and crossed by many brooks, to Mandunee, where there is a handsome temple, built in the Chinese style. After leaving it, we crossed the Kuljehur, a stream coming from the northward, that divides Keoonthul from Koomarsaeen, two small states under chiefs called Ranas. The descent to the Kuljehur was steep, and the ascent to Camp equally so, each about 1000 feet. The mountains we passed are wooded with pines and oaks in the valleys, but above produce little except

grass.

We marched to Bunce on the 21st Nov. 143 miles. The road consisted of easy ascents and descents, near the top of

a range, upon soil, and through a very highly cultivated country, abounding with villages.

On the 22d we proceeded to Semla, 11 miles, and next day made a forced march of 22 miles, to Soobathoo. The latter part of the road has already been described.

Throughout the above tour, the road was surveyed with some care, and a number of peaks were fixed trigonometrically, which agree well together. We were extremely lucky in having clear weather, and always managed to get two, but most commonly four, meridian altitudes of stars, contained in Mr. Pond's catalogue, at every halting place except one.

We had two sextants, and a Troughton's reflecting circle, having a stand, with the last of which instruments the latitudes were usually observed. We carried no less than fourteen excellent barometer tubes with us, only two of which returned in safety. Before setting out, they were all found to stand at the same point; and the height was always measured from the surface of the mercury. At every Camp we tried the height of the boiling point, with a good thermometer, which never gave the altitude above 200 feet different from the barometer. The largest theodolite was constructed by Troughton, and graduated both vertically and horizontally, to twenty seconds; the elevations of most mountains, subtending small angles, were taken with it, and those above 10° were observed either with the sextant or circle, and artificial horizon.

The height of the colossal Tuzheegung, whose summit is almost 22,500 feet above the level of the sea, was determined by angles of elevation between 4° and 24°, taken at eight different stations, varying from 9000 to 19000 feet in height, and from two to about thirty miles distant from it, allowing onefifteenth for terrestrial refraction; and the extreme difference between any two of the observations does not amount to 250 feet. The Kylas peaks, besides many others, were calculated from many stations at various distances, and none of them differ above 500 feet from one another. The next highest peak to the Tuzheegung that we saw is above 21,000 feet. It was seen from Hutoo, 53 miles distant, under an angle of 1° 47', and its altitude, deduced from this, comes within 200 feet of what the observation at Rogee gives it, when the distance was eight miles, and the elevation 15°.

ART. IV. List of the Localities of some of the rarer Scottish Minerals. By JOHN MACCULLOCH, M.D. F.R.S. F. L.S. and M. G.S. Chemist to the Board of Ordnance, and Professor of Chemistry in Addiscombe College. Communicated by the Author.

As no mineralogist has yet thought proper to draw up a list of such minerals as are found in our own country, the following contribution is offered towards this object. To know what species we possess, out of the extensive list of minerals now ascertained, is not only a subject of rational curiosity, but is of use to the student, by engaging his attention, and by exciting his industry and observation during his investigations. To find in its native place the mineral he has only seen in cabinets, is an event always highly interesting; while it is no less useful in making him acquainted with all their obscurer modifications or varieties, which, from that very cause, their being less perfect, are rarely admitted into collections. A quick eye for the discrimination of minerals in their obscurer forms, or when intermixed with other substances, can indeed scarcely be obtained without practice of this nature; while it also accustoms the young observer to keep his attention alive to the objects around him, and thus, not only to find substances already known, but to be the discoverer of new minerals.

He will thus also learn, not to trust to the mere physiognomy of minerals in his investigations, but to acquire that fundamental knowledge of their real distinctions, without which he will frequently find himself at a loss in recognising any particular substance under a different aspect from that with which alone he has been familiar. He will not be long in discovering, in his attempts to investigate or name minerals in their native place, that the merely empirical knowledge of their best characterised appearances which he has acquired in cabinets, will not go far in ascertaining them in nature.

The completion of a geographical list of native minerals, may thus eventually add, not only to the amusement, but to the instruction of the student. It is true, that in the systems of mineralogy drawn up by our several native writers,

many such localities have been recorded. But even those which are generally known, are not all to be found in any one of these works, nor can they be extracted without labour; while these writers, with all their industry, have not always been able to obtain the yet unpublished knowledge, of this nature, which is dispersed among many individuals.

There are many persons whom this list may probably induce to transmit to this Journal, such localities of this nature as they are acquainted with. When thus rendered more perfect, it will be of use, not merely for the purposes already suggested, but will form a fund on which the future writers of mineralogical systems may draw with little labour.

I have here only pretended to give the places and names of such minerals as I have myself found; some of which, it is true, have been long known to many other persons as indigenous to Scotland. There are many others in that country which ought to be recorded; but that task is best left to those who have seen them in their native places.

I would willingly have described the exact spots of those which I have named in a more particular manner, but that could not have been done without prolonging this paper to an inconvenient length, nor even then could a mineralogist have been directed to them with unerring precision.

The minerals of most common occurrence are not noticed, for the most obvious reasons; but all the varieties of such of these as are rare, or in any way interesting, are mentioned.

If such a list shall hereafter be rendered tolerably complete in the way here suggested, it might easily be reprinted in a condensed form, as a manual to the travelling mineralogist.

QUARTZ.

Of this very common mineral, it is only necessary to notice the varieties which are rare, and which more particularly comprise those that present peculiarities of colour.

Foetid.-At Pol Ewe and Loch Greinord, on the western coast of Scotland. This is found in gneiss, forming veins, and the smell often resembles that of putrid sea weed. It is sensible only on friction, and diminishes when the specimens have been so long kept as to lose their water.

Green. Coloured by chlorite. In Bute; on the shore of